â
Male domination is so rooted in our collective unconscious that we no longer even see it.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
Every established order tends to produce the naturalization of its own arbitrariness.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
The mind is a metaphor of the world of objects.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
Taste is first and foremost distaste, disgust and visceral intolerance of the taste of others.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste)
â
Unless saved by exceptional talent, he necessarily pays a price for clarity.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Academic Discourse: Linguistic Misunderstanding and Professorial Power)
â
In the case of sociology however, we are always walking on hot coals, and the things we discuss are alive, they're not dead and buried
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
I would simply ask why so many critics, so many writers, so many philosophers take such satisfaction in professing that the experience of a work of art is ineffable, that it escapes by definition all rational understanding; why are they so eager to concede without a struggle the defeat of knowledge; and where does their irrepressible need to belittle rational understanding come from, this rage to affirm the irreducibility of the work of art, or, to use a more suitable word, its transcendence.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field (Meridian-Crossing Aesthetics))
â
Femininity is imposed for the most part through an unremitting discipline that concerns every part of the body and is continuously recalled through the constraints of clothing or hairstyle.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
While economics is about how people make choice, sociology is about how they donât have any choice to make. Bertrand Russell
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Social Structures of the Economy)
â
Only in imaginary experience (in the folk tale, for example), which neutralizes the sense of social realities, does the social world take the form of a universe of possibles equally possible for any possible subject.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Logic of Practice)
â
To subject to scrutiny the mechanisms which render life painful, even untenable, is not to neutralize them; to bring to light contradictions is not to resolve them. But, as skeptical as one might be about the efficacy of the sociological message, we cannot dismiss the effect it can have by allowing sufferers to discover the possible social causes of their suffering and, thus, to be relieved of blame.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Weight of the World: Social Suffering in Contemporary Society)
â
The radical questionnings announced by philosophy are in fact circumscribed by the interests linked to membership in the philosophical field, that is, to the very existence of this field and the corresponding censorships.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste)
â
As if femininity were measured by the art of 'shrinking'... women are held in a kind of invisible enclosure (of which the veil is only the visible manifestation) circumscribing the space allowed for the movements and postures of their bodies (whereas men occupy more space, especially in public places). This symbolic confinement is secured practically by their clothing by their clothing which (as was even more visible in former times) has the effect not only of masking the body but of continuously calling it to order.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Masculine Domination)
â
Every established order tends to make its own entirely arbitrary system seem entirely natural.â âPierre Bourdieu1
â
â
Gillian Tett (The Silo Effect: Why putting everything in its place isn't such a bright idea)
â
I have analyzed the peculiarity of cultural capital, which we should in fact call informational capital to give the notion its full generality, and which itself exists in three forms, embodied, objectified, or institutionalized.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology)
â
Those who suppose they are producing a materialist theory of knowledge when they make knowledge a passive recording and abandon the âactive aspectâ of knowledge to idealism, as Marx complains in the theses on Feuerbach, forget that all knowledge, and in particular all knowledge of the social world, is an act of construction implementing schemes of thought and expression, and that between conditions of existence and practices or representations there intervenes the structuring activity of the agents, who, far from reacting mechanically to mechanical stimulations, respond to the invitations or threats of a world whose meaning they have helped to produce.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste)
â
Le néo-libéralisme reprend les plus vieilles idées du patronat, sous un message chic et moderne. C'est une "révolution" conservatrice qui veut imposer un retour à une forme de capitalisme sauvage et cynique, qui organise l'insécurité et la précarité, qui se réclame du progrÚs mais qui glorifie l'archaïque loi du plus fort.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
The science called âeconomicsâ is based on an initial act of abstraction that consists in dissociating a particular category of practices, or a particular dimension of all practice, from the social order in which all human practice is immersed.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Social Structures of the Economy)
â
Taste classifies, and it classifies the classifier.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste)
â
We need some heterodoxy in social science in order for them to avoid death by suffocation under dogmatism.
â
â
Bourdieu, Pierre (Contrafuegos. Reflexiones para servir a la resistencia contra la invasiĂłn neoliberal)
â
Historical anthropologist Francois Richard finds it helpful to use a term coined by the renowned sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, calling Goree a site of 'sincere fiction.
â
â
Clint Smith (How the Word Is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery Across America)
â
The function of sociology, as of every science, is to reveal that which is hidden." Pierre Bourdieu
â
â
D.K. Publishing (Sosyoloji Kitabı)
â
Music is the 'pure' art par excellence. It says nothing and has nothing to say. Never really having an expressive function, it is opposed to drama, which even in its most refined forms still bears a social message and can only be 'put over' on the basis of an immediate and profound affinity with the values and expectations of its audience. The theatre divides its public and divides itself. The Parisian opposition between right-bank and left-bank theatr, bourgeois theatre and avant-garde theatre, is inextricably aesthetic and political.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste)
â
[W]hen habitus encounters a social world of which it is the product, it is like a "fish in water": it does not feel the weight of the water, and it takes the world about itself for granted could, to make sure that I am well understood, explicate Pascal's formula: the world encompasses me (me comprend) but I comprehend it (je le comprends) precisely because it comprises me. It is because this world has produced me, because it has produced the categories of thought that I apply to it, that it appears to me as self-evident.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology)
â
But her email signature includes a quote from the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, one she lives: âMy goal is to contribute to preventing people from being able to utter all kinds of nonsense about the social world.
â
â
Wednesday Martin (Untrue: Why Nearly Everything We Believe About Women, Lust, and Infidelity Is Wrong and How the New Science Can Set Us Free)
â
And another effect of the scholastic illusion is seen when people describe resistance to domination in the language of consciousness - as does the whole Marxist tradition and also the feminist theorists who, giving way to habits of thought, expect political liberation to come from the âraising of consciousnessâ - ignoring the extraordinary inertia which results from the inscription of social structures in bodies, for lack of a dispositional theory of practices. While making things explicit can help, only a thoroughgoing process of countertraining, involving repeated exercises, can, like an athleteâs training, durably transform habitus.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Pascalian Meditations)
â
The field as a whole is defined as a system of deviations on different levels and nothing, either in the institutions or in the agents, the acts or discourses they produce, has meaning except relationally, by virtue of the interplay of oppositions and distinctions.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Language and Symbolic Power)
â
everything conspires to make us forget the socially constructed, and hence arbitrary and artificial, character of investment in the economic game and its stakes: the ultimate reasons for commitment to work, a career or the pursuit of profit in fact lie beyond or outside calculation and calculating reason in the obscure depths of a historically constituted habitus, which means that, in normal circumstances, one gets up every day to go to work without deliberating on the issue, as indeed one did yesterday and will do tomorrow.)
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Social Structures of the Economy)
â
fast-thinkers ... think in cliches, in the "received ideas" that Flaubert talks about--banal, conventional, common ideas that are received generally. By the time they reach you, these ideas have already been received by everybody else, so reception is never a problem.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (On Television)
â
As Pierre Bourdieu signalled as long as two decades ago, coercion has by and large been replaced by stimulation, the once obligatory patterns of conduct by seduction, the policing of behaviour by PR and advertising, and normative regulation by the arousal of new needs and desires.
â
â
Zygmunt Bauman (Consuming Life)
â
what I defend above all is the possibility and the necessity of the critical intellectual, who is firstly critical of the intellectual doxa secreted by the doxosophers. there is no genuine democracy without genuine opposing critical powers. the intellectual is one of those, of the first magnitude. that is why I think that the work of demolishing the critical intellectual, living or dead - marx, nietzsche, sartre, foucault, and some others who are grouped together under the label pansee 68- is as dangerous as the demolition of the public interest and that it is part of the same process of restoration.
of course I would prefer it if intellectuals had all, and always, lived up to the immense historical responsibility they bear and if they had always invested in their actions not only their moral authority but also their intellectual competence- like, to cite just one example, pierre vidal-naquet, who has engaged all his mastery of historical method in a critique of the abuses of history. having said that, in the words of karl kraus, 'between two evils, I refuse to choose the lesser.' whole I have little indulgence for 'irresponsible' intellectuals, I have even less respect for the 'intellectuals' of the political-administrative establishment, polymorphous polygraphs who polish their annual essays between two meetings of boards of directors, three publishers' parties and miscellaneous television appearances.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market)
â
In sociological literature, meritocracy is widely recognized as a system for sorting, selecting, and then differentially rewarding people; it is a system for legitimizing the process and outcomes of sorting, based on narrow notions of what is worth rewarding and what is not. And it works well when there is, what Pierre Bourdieu referred to as âmisrecognition.â Misrecognition happens when we think that a system is based on a certain set of principles when it really works on the basis of another, when we think it rewards each individualâs hard work when in reality it rewards economic and cultural capital passed on from parents to children.
â
â
You Yenn Teo (This Is What Inequality Looks Like)
â
Why did I revive that old word? Because with the notion of habitus you can refer to something that is close to what is suggested by the idea of habit, while differing from it in one important respect. The habitus, as the word implies, is that which one has acquired, but which has become durably incorporated in the body in the form of permanent dispositions. So the term constantly reminds us that it refers to something historical, linked to individual history, and that it belongs to a genetic mode of thought, as opposed to essentialist modes of thought (like the notion of competence which is part of the Chomskian lexis). Moreover, by habitus the Scholastics also meant something like a property, a capital. And indeed, the habitus is a capital, but one which, because it is embodied, appears as innate.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Sociology in Question (Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 18))
â
In order fully to transcend the artificial opposition that tends to be established between structures and representations, one also has to break away from the mode of thought that Cassirer calls substantialist and which leads people to recognize no realities except those that are available to direct intuition in ordinary experience, individuals and groups.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (In Other Words: Essays Toward a Reflexive Sociology)
â
Le coup de foudre est la rencontre miraculeuse entre une attente et sa réalisation.
â
â
Bourdieu, Pierre
â
Habitus is the link not only between past, present and future, but also between the social and the individual, the objective and subjective, and structure and agency.
â
â
Michael James Grenfell (Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts)
â
O pedante compreende sem sentimento profundo, enquanto o mundano usufrui sem compreender.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste)
â
Pour les fils de paysans, d'ouvriers, d'employés ou de petits commerçants, l'acquisition de la culture scolaire est acculturation.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les héritiers. Les étudiants et la culture)
â
Habitus thereby brings together both objective social structure and subjective personal experiences: âthe dialectic of the internalization of externality and the externalization of internality
â
â
Michael James Grenfell (Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts)
â
El cuestionamiento de las formas de pensamiento vigentes que efectĂșa la revoluciĂłn simbĂłlica y la originalidad absoluta de lo que engendra tiene como contra partida la soledad absoluta que implica la transgresiĂłn de los lĂmites de lo pensable. Este pensamiento que asĂ se ha convertido en su propia medida no puede esperar en efecto que mentes estructuradas segĂșn esas mismas categorĂas que cuestiona puedan pensar este impensable.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field (Meridian-Crossing Aesthetics))
â
For the rest of usâmembers of that peculiar, prosaic species classified by Pierre Bourdieu as homo academicus9âdwelling poetically could mean gauging the dimensions of our own habits and mindfully inhabiting the rhythms of our writing lives: taking pride in a beautifully crafted sentence, lingering in the hallway for a friendly chat with a colleague, and working with our neighbors to rebuild our academic habitus into a place of possibilities.
â
â
Helen Sword (Air & Light & Time & Space: How Successful Academics Write)
â
Habitus conceptualizes the relation between the objective and subjective or âouterâ and âinnerâ by describing how these social facts become internalized. Habitus is, Bourdieu states, âa socialized subjectivityâ and âthe social embodied
â
â
Michael James Grenfell (Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts)
â
Verbal virtuosities or the gratuitous expense of time or money that is presupposed by material or symbolic appropriation of works of art, or even, at the second power, the self-imposed constraints and restrictions which make up the "asceticism of the privileged" (as Marx said of Seneca) and the refusal of the facile which is the basis of all "pure" aesthetics, are so many repetition of that variant of the master-slave dialectic through which the possessors affirm their possession of their possessions. In so doing, they distance themselves still further from the dispossessed, who, not content with being slaves to necessity in all its forms, are suspected of being possessed by the desire for possession, and so potentially possessed by the possessions they do not, or do not yet, possess.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste)
â
Saya sudah menunjukkan secara panjang lebar dalam La distinction di mana cinta itu juga bisa dideskripsikan sebagai bentuk dari amor fati, bahwa mencintai sampai titik tertentu selalu berarti mencintai seseorang sebagai cara lain untuk memenuhi takdir sosialnya sendiri.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Choses dites (Le sens commun) (French Edition))
â
Symbolic power is a power of creating things with words. It is only if it is true, that is, adequate to things, that a description can create things. In this sense, symbolic power is a power of consecration or revelation, a power to conceal or reveal things which are already there.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (In Other Words: Essays Toward a Reflexive Sociology)
â
The entire destiny of modern linguistics is in fact determined by Saussure's inaugural act through which he separates the âexternalâ elements of linguistics from the âinternalâ elements, and, by reserving the title of linguistics for the latter, excludes from it all the investigations which establish a relationship between language and anthropology, the political history of those who speak it, or even the geography of the domain where it is spoken, because all of these things add nothing to a knowledge of language taken in itself. Given that it sprang from the autonomy attributed to language in relation to its social conditions of production, reproduction and use, structural linguistics could not become the dominant social science without exercising an ideological effect, by bestowing the appearance of scientificity on the naturalization of the products of history, that is, on symbolic objects.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Language and Symbolic Power)
â
A number of ethical, aesthetic, psychiatric or forensic classfications that are produced by the "institutional sciences",not to mention those produced and inculcated by the educational system, are similarly subordinated to social functions, although they derive their specific efficacy from their apparent neutrality. They are produced in accordance with the specific logic, and in the specific language, of relatively autonomous fields, and they combine a real dependence on the classificatory schemes of the dominant habitus (and ultimately on the social structures of which these are the product) with an apparent independence.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste)
â
Capital, which, in its objectified or embodied forms, takes time to accumulate and which, as a potential capacity to produce profits and to reproduce itself in identical or expanded form, contains a tendency to persist in its being, is a force inscribed in the objectivity of things so that everything is not equally possible or impossible. And the structure of the distribution of the different types and subtypes of capital at a given moment in time represents the immanent structure of the social world, i.e. , the set of constraints, inscribed in the very reality of that world, which govern its functioning in a durable way, determining the chances of success for practices.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Forms of Capital)
â
As for the women, it is true to say, with Erikson, that male domination tends to "restrict their verbal consciousness" so long as this is taken to mean not that they are forbidden all talk of sex, but that their discourse is dominated by the male virtues of virility, so that all reference to specifically female sexual "interests" is excluded from this aggressive and shame-filled cult of male potency.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Outline of a Theory of Practice)
â
Pernyataan Sartre bahwa Marxisme adalah filsafat yang tidak bisa dilampaui di zaman kita jelas bukan ucapan paling cerdas dari seorang tokoh yang sangat cerdas. Mungkin saja ada filsafat yang tidak bisa dilampaui, tetapi tidak ada ilmu yang tidak bisa dilampaui. Berdasarkan definisinya, ilmu pengetahuan dibangun untuk dilampaui. dan Marx memang sedemikian rupa mengklaim dirinya ilmuwan yang ilmiah, maka penghargaan yang layak buat dia adalah memakai dan memanfaatkan apa yang telah dia lakukan, dan apa yang telah dilakukan orang lain terhadapa apa yang dia lakukan, dan dengan begitu melampaui apa yang dia kira sudah dia lakukan
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Choses dites (Le sens commun) (French Edition))
â
Roulette, which holds out the opportunity of winning a lot of money in a short space of time, and therefore of changing oneâs social status quasi-instantaneously, and in which the winning of the previous spin of the wheel can be staked and lost at every new spin, gives a fairly accurate image of this imaginary universe of perfect competition or perfect equality of opportunity, a world without inertia, without accumulation, without heredity or acquired properties, in which every moment is perfectly independent of the previous one, every soldier has a marshalâs baton in his knapsack, and every prize can be attained, instantaneously, by everyone, so that at each moment anyone can become anything.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Forms of Capital)
â
If I had to characterize my work in two words, that is, as is the fashion these days, to label it, I would speak of constructivist structuralism or of structuralist constructivism, taking the word structuralism in a sense very different from the one it has acquired in the Saussurean or Lévi-Straussian tradition. By structuralism or structuralist, I mean that there exist, within the social world itself and not only within symbolic systems (language, myths, etc.), objective structures independent of the consciousness and will of agents, which are capable of guiding and constraining their practices or their representation. By constructivism, I mean that there is a twofold social genesis, on the one hand of the schemes of perception, thought, and action which are constitutive of what I call habitus, and on the other hand of social structures and particularly of what I call fields and of groups, notable those we ordinarily call social classes.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (In Other Words: Essays Toward a Reflexive Sociology)
â
Bourdieu posits the notion of a âfeel for the gameâ, one that is never perfect and that takes prolonged immersion to develop. This is a particularly practical understanding of practice â highlighted by Bourdieuâs use of terms such as âpractical masteryâ, âsense of practiceâ and âpractical knowledgeâ â that he claims is missing from structuralist accounts and the objectivism of LĂ©vi Strauss. Bourdieu contrasts the abstract logic of such approaches, with their
notion of practice as ârule-followingâ, with the practical logic of social agents. Even this notion of a game, he warns, must be handled with caution:
You can use the analogy of the game in order to say that a set of people take part in a rule-bound activity, an activity which, without necessarily being the product of obedience to rules, obeys certain regularities . . . Should one talk of a rule? Yes and no. You can do so on condition that you distinguish clearly between rule and regularity. The social game is regulated, it is the locus of certain regularities.
To understand practice, then, one must relate these regularities of social fields to the practical logic of social agents; their âfeel for the gameâ is a feel for these regularities. The source of this practical logic is the habitus.
â
â
Michael James Grenfell (Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts)
â
Neoliberal economics, the logic of which is tending today to win out throughout the world thanks to international bodies like the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund and the governments to whom they, directly or indirectly, dictate their principles of âgovernanceâ,10 owes a certain number of its allegedly universal characteristics to the fact that it is immersed or embedded in a particular society, that is to say, rooted in a system of beliefs and values, an ethos and a moral view of the world, in short, an economic common sense, linked, as such, to the social and cognitive structures of a particular social order. It is from this particular economy that neoclassical economic theory borrows its fundamental assumptions, which it formalizes and rationalizes, thereby establishing them as the foundations of a universal model. That model rests on two postulates (which their advocates regard as proven propositions): the economy is a separate domain governed by natural and universal laws with which governments must not interfere by inappropriate intervention; the market is the optimum means for organizing production and trade efficiently and equitably in democratic societies. It is the universalization of a particular case, that of the United States of America, characterized fundamentally by the weakness of the state which, though already reduced to a bare minimum, has been further weakened by the ultra-liberal conservative revolution, giving rise as a consequence to various typical characteristics: a policy oriented towards withdrawal or abstention by the state in economic matters; the shifting into the private sector (or the contracting out) of âpublic servicesâ and the conversion of public goods such as health, housing, safety, education and culture â books, films, television and radio â into commercial goods and the users of those services into clients; a renunciation (linked to the reduction in the capacity to intervene in the economy) of the power to equalize opportunities and reduce inequality (which is tending to increase excessively) in the name of the old liberal âself-helpâ tradition (a legacy of the Calvinist belief that God helps those who help themselves) and of the conservative glorification of individual responsibility (which leads, for example, to ascribing responsibility for unemployment or economic failure primarily to individuals, not to the social order, and encourages the delegation of functions of social assistance to lower levels of authority, such as the region or city); the withering away of the HegelianâDurkheimian view of the state as a collective authority with a responsibility to act as the collective will and consciousness, and a duty to make decisions in keeping with the general interest and contribute to promoting greater solidarity. Moreover,
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (The Social Structures of the Economy)
â
Anthropologist Pierre Bourdieuâs concept of habitus is very useful for understanding white fragilityâthe predictability of the white response to having our racial positions challenged.2 According to Bourdieu, habitus is the result of socialization, the repetitive practices of actors and their interactions with each other and with the rest of their social environment. Because it is repetitive, our socialization produces and reproduces thoughts, perceptions, expressions, and actions. Thus, habitus can be thought of as a personâs familiar ways of perceiving, interpreting, and responding to the social cues around him or her.
â
â
Robin DiAngelo (White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism)
â
All four of Pierre Bourdieu's forms of capital play a role in social reproduction, as capital is passed from generation to generation and keeps people in the same social class as their parents before them. This keeps reproducing inequality through the system of social stratification.[1] The four types of capital are:
Economic capital: the income and wealth of a person, which may well come along with one's inheritance of cultural capital.
Cultural capital: the shared outlook, beliefs, knowledge, and skills that are passed between generations, which may in turn influence human capital.
Human capital: the education and job training a person receives, and which contributes to the likelihood that one will acquire social capital.
Social capital: the social network to which one belongs, which can largely influence one's ability to find opportunities, especially employment.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
Plus lâartiste sâaffirme comme tel en affirmant son autonomie, plus il constitue le « bourgeois », dans lequel on englobe, avec Flaubert, « le bourgeois en blouse et le bourgeois en redingote », comme « bĂ©otien » ou « philistin », inapte Ă aimer lâĆuvre dâart, Ă se lâapproprier rĂ©ellement, câest-Ă -dire symboliquement.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
leur Ă©thique personnelle, qui leur inspire la mĂȘme horreur de toutes les formes de pharisaĂŻsme, conservateur ou progressiste.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Baudelaire, ici encore, se montre beaucoup plus radical que Flaubert ; notamment Ă propos de George Sand : bĂȘte, lourde, bavarde, « elle a dans les idĂ©es morales la mĂȘme profondeur de jugement [âŠ] que les concierges et les filles entretenues » ; « thĂ©ologienne du sentiment », elle
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
dominĂ©, mais symboliquement dominant, du champ littĂ©raire, en poĂ©sie avec Baudelaire et les parnassiens, dans le roman avec Flaubert (malgrĂ© le succĂšs de scandale, et fondĂ© sur un malentendu, de Madame Bovary), les producteurs peuvent nâavoir pour clients, au moins Ă court terme, que leurs concurrents (ainsi, quand, sous lâEmpire, avec lâinstauration de la censure, les grandes revues se ferment aux jeunes Ă©crivains, on assiste Ă une prolifĂ©ration de petites revues, pour la plupart vouĂ©es Ă une existence Ă©phĂ©mĂšre, dont les lecteurs se recrutent surtout parmi les collaborateurs et leurs amis).
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
On est en effet dans un monde Ă©conomique Ă lâenvers : lâartiste ne peut triompher sur le terrain symbolique quâen perdant sur le terrain Ă©conomique (au moins Ă court terme), et inversement (au moins Ă long terme).
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Câest cette Ă©conomie paradoxale qui, de maniĂšre aussi trĂšs paradoxale, confĂšre tout leur poids aux propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©conomiques hĂ©ritĂ©es, et en particulier Ă la rente, condition de la survie en lâabsence de marchĂ©.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
un grand usage de lâinsulte gĂ©nĂ©alogique (« Fils de bourgeois
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Câest encore lâargent (hĂ©ritĂ©) qui assure la libertĂ© Ă lâĂ©gard de lâargent.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
MĂȘme sâil nâest pas douteux que la libertĂ© objective Ă lâĂ©gard des pouvoirs temporels et des puissants quâassure la rente favorise la libertĂ© subjective, il reste quâelle nâest pas une condition nĂ©cessaire et moins encore suffisante de lâindĂ©pendance, ou de lâindiffĂ©rence envers les sĂ©ductions mondaines, mĂȘme les plus spĂ©cifiques, comme les louanges de la critique et les succĂšs littĂ©raires, que seul peut assurer lâinvestissement sans partage dans un vĂ©ritable projet intellectuel
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Le succĂšs, le temps, lâargent, et lâimprimerie sont relĂ©guĂ©s au fond de ma pensĂ©e dans des horizons trĂšs vagues et parfaitement indiffĂ©rents. Tout cela me semble bĂȘte comme chou et indigne (je rĂ©pĂšte le mot, indigne) de vous Ă©mouvoir la cervelle.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Câest donc seulement lorsque lâon a caractĂ©risĂ© les diffĂ©rentes positions que lâon peut revenir aux agents singuliers et aux diffĂ©rentes propriĂ©tĂ©s personnelles qui les prĂ©disposent plus ou moins Ă les occuper et Ă accomplir les potentialitĂ©s qui sây trouvent inscrites.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
hiĂ©rarchie des genres et, Ă lâintĂ©rieur de ceux-ci, la lĂ©gitimitĂ© relative des styles et des auteurs est une dimension fondamentale de lâespace des possibles. Bien quâelle soit Ă chaque moment un enjeu de luttes, elle se prĂ©sente comme un donnĂ© avec lequel on doit compter, fĂ»t-ce pour sây opposer et le transformer.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
En choisissant dâĂ©crire des romans, Flaubert sâexposait Ă participer du statut dâinfĂ©rioritĂ© associĂ© Ă lâappartenance Ă un genre mineur. En effet, le roman Ă©tait perçu comme un genre infĂ©rieur ou mieux, pour parler comme Baudelaire, « un genre roturier », « un genre bĂątard73 », malgrĂ© le prestige reconnu Ă Balzac qui, dâailleurs, nâaimait guĂšre lui-mĂȘme Ă dĂ©finir ses Ćuvres comme des romans (il
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Ce qui les rassemble, outre lâaffinitĂ© des habitus, câest le refus anticonformiste du conservatisme officiel qui les jette dans tous les courants un peu nouveaux, goĂ»t de lâobservation exacte, dĂ©fiance Ă lâĂ©gard du lyrisme, croyance dans les pouvoirs de la science, pessimisme et surtout peut-ĂȘtre refus de toute hiĂ©rarchie dans les objets ou les styles qui sâaffirme dans le droit de tout dire et dans le droit de toute chose Ă ĂȘtre dite.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Vouloir donner Ă la prose le rythme du vers (en la laissant prose et trĂšs prose) et Ă©crire la vie ordinaire comme on Ă©crit lâhistoire ou lâĂ©popĂ©e (sans dĂ©naturer le sujet) est peut-ĂȘtre une absurditĂ©. VoilĂ ce que je me demande parfois. Mais câest peut-ĂȘtre aussi une grande tentative et trĂšs originale
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
LâoriginalitĂ© de son entreprise ne se dĂ©gage vraiment que si, au lieu dâen faire une anticipation inspirĂ©e mais inachevĂ©e de telle ou telle position du champ actuel (comme le Nouveau Roman â au nom de la fameuse phrase, mal lue, Ă propos du « livre sur rien »), on la rĂ©insĂšre dans lâespace historiquement constituĂ© Ă lâintĂ©rieur duquel elle sâest construite
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
distance, marquant cette rupture dans la continuitĂ© ou cette continuitĂ© dans la rupture qui fait lâhistoire dâun champ parvenu Ă lâautonomie. ComplexitĂ© de la rĂ©volution artistique : sous peine de sâexclure du jeu, on ne peut rĂ©volutionner un champ quâen mobilisant ou en invoquant les acquis de lâhistoire du champ, et les grands hĂ©rĂ©siarques, Baudelaire, Flaubert ou Manet, sâinscrivent explicitement dans lâhistoire du champ, dont ils maĂźtrisent le capital spĂ©cifique beaucoup plus complĂštement que leurs contemporains, les rĂ©volutions prenant la forme dâun retour aux sources, Ă la puretĂ© des origines.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
On nâĂ©crit pas ce quâon veut, dit Flaubert. Et câest vrai. Maxime [Du Camp] Ă©crit ce quâil veut, lui, ou Ă peu prĂšs. Mais ce nâest pas Ă©crire110.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
que lâĂ©crivain a dĂ» accomplir, Ă la fois contre ces dĂ©terminations et grĂące Ă elles, pour se produire comme crĂ©ateur, câest-Ă -dire comme sujet de sa propre crĂ©ation. Elle permet mĂȘme de rendre compte de la diffĂ©rence (ordinairement dĂ©crite en termes de valeur) entre les Ćuvres qui sont le pur produit dâun milieu et dâun marchĂ© et celles qui doivent produire leur marchĂ© et qui peuvent mĂȘme contribuer Ă transformer leur milieu, grĂące au travail dâaffranchissement dont elles sont le produit et qui sâest accompli, pour une part, Ă travers lâobjectivation de ce milieu.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
ne suffit pas de constituer comme beau ce quâexclut lâesthĂ©tique officielle, de rĂ©habiliter les sujets modernes, bas ou mĂ©diocres ; il faut affirmer le pouvoir qui appartient Ă lâart de tout constituer esthĂ©tiquement par la vertu de la forme (« bien Ă©crire le mĂ©diocre »), de tout transmuer en Ćuvre dâart par lâefficace propre de lâĂ©criture. «
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
rĂ©volution du regard qui sâaccomplit dans et par la rĂ©volution de lâĂ©criture suppose et suscite Ă la fois une rupture du lien entre lâĂ©thique et lâesthĂ©tique, qui va de pair avec une conversion totale du style de vie. Cette conversion, qui sâaccomplit dans lâesthĂ©tisme du style de vie
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
LâesthĂ©tisme poussĂ© Ă sa limite tend vers une sorte de neutralisme moral, qui nâest pas loin dâun nihilisme Ă©thique.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Bien Ă©crire le mĂ©diocre94 » : cette formule en forme dâoxymore concentre et condense tout son programme esthĂ©tique.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
proches de ceux quâemployait Baudelaire, Zola rappelle en effet que câest lâargent qui a affranchi lâĂ©crivain de la dĂ©pendance Ă lâĂ©gard des mĂ©cĂšnes aristocratiques et des pouvoirs publics et, contre les tenants dâune conception romantique de la vocation artistique, il appelle Ă une perception rĂ©aliste des possibilitĂ©s que le rĂšgne de lâargent offre Ă lâĂ©crivain : « Il faut lâaccepter sans regret ni enfantillage, il faut reconnaĂźtre la dignitĂ©, la puissance et la justice de lâargent, il faut sâabandonner Ă lâesprit nouveauâŠ
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
de la neutralitĂ© impersonnelle les fait apparaĂźtre comme les dĂ©fenseurs dâune dĂ©finition « immorale » de lâart, surtout lorsque, comme Flaubert, ils paraissent mettre leur recherche formelle au service dâun abaissement du monde bourgeois. Le mot de « rĂ©alisme », sans doute Ă peu prĂšs aussi vaguement caractĂ©risĂ©, dans les taxinomies du temps, que tel ou tel de ses Ă©quivalents dâaujourdâhui (comme « gauchiste » ou radical), permet dâenglober dans la mĂȘme condamnation non seulement Courbet, cible initiale, et ses dĂ©fenseurs, Champfleury en tĂȘte, mais Baudelaire et Flaubert, bref, tous ceux qui, par le fond ou la forme, semblent menacer lâordre moral et, par lĂ , les fondements mĂȘmes de lâordre Ă©tabli.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Ils doivent donc inventer, contre les positions Ă©tablies et leurs occupants, tout ce qui la dĂ©finit en propre, et dâabord ce personnage social sans prĂ©cĂ©dent quâest lâĂ©crivain ou lâartiste moderne, professionnel Ă plein temps, vouĂ© Ă son travail de maniĂšre totale et exclusive, indiffĂ©rent aux exigences de la politique et aux injonctions de la morale et ne reconnaissant aucune autre juridiction que la norme spĂ©cifique de son art.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
En las relaciones entre los sexos y en las bodas era donde mĂĄs se ponĂa de manifiesto la conciencia de la jerarquĂa social.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
La lĂłgica de los intercambios matrimoniales tiende a salvaguardar y a perpetuar la jerarquĂa social.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
au TraitĂ© de la vie Ă©lĂ©gante. Ainsi, selon Balzac, dans un univers divisĂ© en « trois classes dâĂȘtres », « lâhomme qui travaille » (câest-Ă -dire, pĂȘle-mĂȘle, le laboureur, le maçon ou le soldat, le petit dĂ©taillant, le commis ou mĂȘme le mĂ©decin, lâavocat, le gros nĂ©gociant, le hobereau et le bureaucrate), « lâhomme qui pense » et « lâhomme qui ne fait rien » et qui se voue Ă la « vie Ă©lĂ©gante », « lâartiste est une exception : son oisivetĂ© est un travail, et son travail un repos ; il est Ă©lĂ©gant et nĂ©gligĂ© tour Ă tour ; il revĂȘt, Ă son grĂ©, la blouse du laboureur, et dĂ©cide du frac portĂ© par lâhomme Ă la mode ; il ne suit pas de lois.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Mais la sociĂ©tĂ© des artistes nâest pas seulement le laboratoire oĂč sâinvente cet art de vivre trĂšs particulier quâest le style de vie artiste, dimension fondamentale de lâentreprise de crĂ©ation artistique. Une de ses fonctions majeures, et pourtant toujours ignorĂ©e, est dâĂȘtre Ă elle-mĂȘme son propre marchĂ©. Elle offre aux audaces et aux transgressions que les Ă©crivains et les artistes introduisent, non seulement dans leurs Ćuvres, mais aussi dans leur existence, elle-mĂȘme conçue comme une Ćuvre dâart,
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Tout en acceptant ces descriptions, il faut rĂ©cuser lâidĂ©e, quâelles risquent de suggĂ©rer, dâune dĂ©termination directe par les conditions Ă©conomiques et politiques : câest Ă partir de la position bien particuliĂšre quâils occupent dans le microcosme littĂ©raire que les Flaubert, Baudelaire, Renan, Leconte de Lisle ou Goncourt apprĂ©hendent une conjoncture politique qui, saisie Ă travers les catĂ©gories de perception inhĂ©rentes Ă leurs dispositions, licite et sollicite leur inclination Ă lâindĂ©pendance (que dâautres conditions historiques auraient pu rĂ©primer ou neutraliser, par exemple en renforçant, comme Ă la veille et au lendemain de 1848, les positions dominĂ©es dans le champ littĂ©raire et dans le champ social).
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Câest sans doute parce quâil a vĂ©cu, avec la luciditĂ© des commencements, toutes les contradictions, Ă©prouvĂ©es comme autant de double binds, qui sont inhĂ©rentes au champ littĂ©raire en voie de constitution, que personne nâa vu mieux que Baudelaire le lien entre les transformations de lâĂ©conomie et de la sociĂ©tĂ© et les transformations de la vie artistique et littĂ©raire qui placent les prĂ©tendants au statut dâĂ©crivains ou dâartistes en face de lâalternative de la dĂ©gradation, avec la fameuse « vie de bohĂšme », faite de misĂšre matĂ©rielle et morale, de stĂ©rilitĂ© et de ressentiment, ou de la soumission tout aussi dĂ©gradante aux goĂ»ts des dominants, Ă travers le journalisme, le feuilleton ou le théùtre de boulevard. Critique
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
connaĂźt, aprĂšs le procĂšs des Fleurs du mal, le sort dâun homme « public », certes, mais stigmatisĂ©, exclu de la bonne sociĂ©tĂ© et des salons que frĂ©quente Flaubert et mis au ban de lâunivers littĂ©raire par la grande presse et les revues. En 1861, la seconde Ă©dition des Fleurs du mal est ignorĂ©e par la presse, donc par le grand public, mais impose son auteur dans les milieux littĂ©raires, oĂč il conserve de nombreux ennemis. Par la suite continue de dĂ©fis quâil lance aux bien-pensants, dans sa vie autant que dans son Ćuvre, Baudelaire incarne la position la plus extrĂȘme de lâavant-garde, celle de la rĂ©volte contre tous les pouvoirs et toutes les institutions, Ă commencer par les institutions littĂ©raires.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
peut-ĂȘtre nâest-il pas excessif de voir dans le poĂšme significativement intitulĂ© « HĂ©autontimoroumenos » [« celui qui se punit lui-mĂȘme »]
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
le dandysme nâest pas seulement volontĂ© de paraĂźtre et dâĂ©tonner, ostentation de la diffĂ©rence ou mĂȘme plaisir de dĂ©plaire, intention concertĂ©e de dĂ©concerter, de scandaliser, par la voix, le geste, la plaisanterie sarcastique ; câest aussi et surtout une posture Ă©thique et esthĂ©tique tout entiĂšre tendue vers une culture (et non un culte) du moi, câest-Ă -dire vers lâexaltation et la concentration des capacitĂ©s sensibles et intellectuelles.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Simplificando, podrĂa decirse que cada hombre se encuentra situado en una ĂĄrea social de matrimonio, y la regla establece que puede tomar esposa fĂĄcilmente en su ĂĄrea y en las ĂĄreas inferiores.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
AsĂ, la condiciĂłn econĂłmica y social influye sobre la vocaciĂłn al matrimonio [...]
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu
â
du monde commun, Ă peu prĂšs universellement partagĂ©, Ă la diffĂ©rence des mondes spĂ©ciaux, microcosmes fondĂ©s, comme lâunivers de la littĂ©rature ou de la science, sur une rupture avec le sens commun, avec lâadhĂ©sion doxique au monde ordinaire.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Câest dans lâhistoire que rĂ©side le principe de la libertĂ© Ă lâĂ©gard de lâhistoire.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
se rĂ©alisent effectivement quâen relation avec une structure dĂ©terminĂ©e de positions socialement marquĂ©es (entre autres choses par les propriĂ©tĂ©s sociales de leurs occupants, Ă travers lesquelles elles se donnent Ă percevoir) ; mais, Ă lâinverse, câest au travers des dispositions, qui sont elles-mĂȘmes plus ou moins complĂštement ajustĂ©es aux positions, que se rĂ©alisent telles ou telles des potentialitĂ©s qui se trouvaient inscrites dans les positions.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
lâespace des possibles, sorte de code spĂ©cifique, Ă la fois juridique et communicatif, dont la connaissance et la reconnaissance constituent le vĂ©ritable droit dâentrĂ©e dans le champ. A la façon dâune langue, ce code constitue Ă la fois une censure, par les possibles quâil exclut en fait ou en droit, et un moyen dâexpression enfermant dans des limites dĂ©finies les possibilitĂ©s dâinvention infinie quâil procure ; il fonctionne comme un systĂšme historiquement situĂ© et datĂ© de schĂšmes de perception, dâapprĂ©ciation et dâexpression qui dĂ©finissent les conditions sociales de possibilitĂ© â et, du mĂȘme coup, les limites â de la production et de la circulation des Ćuvres culturelles, et qui existent Ă la fois Ă lâĂ©tat objectivĂ©, dans les structures constitutives du champ, et Ă lâĂ©tat incorporĂ©, dans les structures mentales et les dispositions constitutives des habitus.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
transcendante Ă tous les actes privĂ©s et circonstanciels qui le visent : il donne ainsi les apparences dâun fondement au platonisme dĂ©clarĂ© ou larvĂ© de ceux qui, comme Husserl ou Meinong, entendent fonder lâactivitĂ© proprement philosophique sur lâirrĂ©ductibilitĂ© des contenus de conscience (noĂšmes) aux actes de conscience (noĂšses), du nombre aux opĂ©rations (psychologiques) de calcul, ou de ceux qui, comme Popper, et bien dâautres, affirment lâautonomie du monde des idĂ©es, de son fonctionnement et de son devenir, par rapport aux sujets connaissants83
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
Ainsi, ce « troisiĂšme monde », ni physique ni psychique, dans lequel Husserl, et dâautres aprĂšs lui, ont cru tenir lâobjet propre de la philosophie, doit dâexister et de subsister, au-delĂ de toutes les appropriations individuelles, Ă la concurrence mĂȘme pour lâappropriation : câest dans et par la concurrence entre des agents qui ne peuvent participer Ă ce capital collectif que pour autant quâils lâont (plus ou moins complĂštement) incorporĂ© sous la forme des dispositions cognitives et Ă©valuatives dâun habitus spĂ©cifique (celui quâils mettent en Ćuvre dans
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))
â
problĂšme « objectif » et Ă en faire son affaire (on peut penser Ă lâexemple, analysĂ© par Panofsky, du problĂšme de la rose de la façade Ouest, lĂ©guĂ© par Suger aux architectes qui inventeront lâart gothique) que se dĂ©termine la solution spĂ©cifique, produite Ă partir dâun art dâinventer dĂ©jĂ inventĂ© ou grĂące Ă lâinvention dâun nouvel art dâinventer.
â
â
Pierre Bourdieu (Les RÚgles de l'art. GenÚse et structure du champ littéraire (LIBRE EXAMEN) (French Edition))