Pfc Quotes

Huxley: "Tell me something Bryce, do you know the difference between a Jersey, a Guernsey, a Holstein, and an Ayershire?" Bryce: "No." Huxley: "Seabags Brown does." Bryce: "I don't see what that has to do..." Huxley: "What do you know about Gaelic history?" Bryce: "Not much." Huxley: "Then why don't you sit down one day with Gunner McQuade. He is an expert. Speaks the language, too." Bryce: "I don't..." Huxley: " What do you know about astronomy?" Bryce: "A little." Huxley: "Discuss it with Wellman, he held a fellowship." Bryce: "This is most puzzling." Huxley: "What about Homer, ever read Homer?" Bryce: "Of course I've read Homer." Huxley: "In the original Greek?" Bryce: "No" Huxley: "Then chat with Pfc. Hodgkiss. Loves to read the ancient Greek." Bryce: "Would you kindly get to the point?" Huxley: "The point is this, Bryce. What makes you think you are so goddam superior? Who gave you the bright idea that you had a corner on the world's knowledge? There are privates in this battalion who can piss more brains down a slit trench then you'll ever have. You're the most pretentious, egotistical individual I've ever encountered. Your superiority complex reeks. I've seen the way you treat men, like a big strutting peacock. Why, you've had them do everything but wipe your ass.

take an average heterosexual male and expose him to a particular stimulus, and his PFC becomes more likely to decide that jaywalking is a good idea. What’s the stimulus? The proximity of an attractive woman. I know, pathetic.

Well, the PFC is trying to cheat nature. It’s time to stand up for ourselves. We … will … live!

To summarize this section, when you try to do the harder thing that’s better, the PFC you’re working with is going to be displaying the consequences of whatever the previous years have handed you.

Damasio has produced an influential theory about emotion-laden decision making, rooted in the philosophies of Hume and William James; this will soon be discussed.61 Briefly, the frontal cortex runs “as if” experiments of gut feelings—“How would I feel if this outcome occurred?”—and makes choices with the answer in mind. Damaging the vmPFC, thus removing limbic input to the PFC, eliminates gut feelings, making decisions harder.

They lied, you know,” said Cpl. Allan Richmond. He hugged the wall next to Owens. Beside him, PFC Bucky Hatton crouched low, a Browning 1911 semiautomatic gripped tightly in his hand. “Who?” asked Bart, glad to be out of the wind and rain, even if it was only for a short time. “The assholes who said France was beautiful.

Chapter 3 discusses some unsettling research—stick your average person in a brain scanner, and show him a picture of someone of another race for only a tenth of a second. This is too fast for him to be aware of what he saw. But thanks to that anatomical shortcut, the amygdala knows . . . and activates. In contrast, show the picture for a longer time. Again the amygdala activates, but then the cognitive dlPFC does as well, inhibiting the amygdala—the effort to control what is for most people an unpalatable initial response.

A seamless arc of influences bringing your PFC to this moment, without a crevice for free will to lodge in.

Pfc. named Dick Hallorann who was a mess-cook, who suggested that maybe we could fix it up pretty nice if we really tried.

It was this young fellow, a Pfc. named Dick Hallorann who was a mess-cook, who suggested that maybe we could fix it up pretty nice if we really tried.

If you don’t know what you’re doing, ask a PFC.

The PFC plays a central role in regulating other brain areas and is responsible, among other things, for the control of our impulses, complex actions, planning, and organization.

the socioeconomic status of a child’s family predicts the size, volume, and gray matter content of the PFC in kindergarteners. Same thing in toddlers. In six-month-olds. In four-week-olds.

Thus, particularly important is a 2011 study that used transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques to temporarily inactivate the vmPFC; subjects became less likely to change their answer to conform.

take an average heterosexual male and expose him to a particular stimulus, and his PFC becomes more likely to decide that jaywalking is a good idea. What’s the stimulus? The proximity of an attractive woman.

having been abused as a child produces an adult with an increased likelihood of abusing their own child; at one month of age, PFC circuitry is already different in children whose mothers were abused in childhood.

someone’s hand being poked with a needle, and subjects have an “isomorphic sensorimotor” response—hands tense in empathy. Among both whites and blacks, the response is blunted for other-race hands; the more the implicit racism, the more blunting. Similarly, among subjects of both races, there’s more activation of the (emotional) medial PFC when considering misfortune befalling a member of their own race than of another race.

When we found him,” Pfc Julio Rodriquez wrote, “he had his right hand over his left breast pocket, as if he was holding his Bible. He had a smile on his face, and his eyelids were closed, as if asleep or in prayer.

It was grace. In those who were always honest, the dlPFC, vlPFC, and ACC were in veritable comas when the chance to cheat arose. There's no conflict. There's no working hard to do the right thing. You simply don't cheat.

Dopamine is not just about reward anticipation; it fuels the goal-directed behavior needed to gain that reward; dopamine “binds” the value of a reward to the resulting work. It’s about the motivation arising from those dopaminergic projections to the PFC that is needed to do the harder thing (i.e., to work). In other words, dopamine is not about the happiness of reward. It’s about the happiness of pursuit of reward that has a decent chance of occurring.fn50,99

No surprise, the socioeconomic status of a child’s family predicts the size, volume, and gray matter content of the PFC in kindergarteners. Same thing in toddlers. In six-month-olds. In four-week-olds. You want to scream at how unfair life can be.

172]]] 허브가격 텔레그램 SGJ8282 허브텔레그램 언제나 따뜻한 인사로 다가오는 포시즌님, 오늘도 기분 좋은 하루 보내시길 바라며 늘 감사드려요. 우유주사 헤로인 마리화나 위드 찬술 좌표 떨액 1. 서울특별시 종로구, 중구, 용산구, 성동구, 광진구, 동대문구, 중랑구, 성북구, 강북구, 도봉구, 노원구, 은평구, 서대문구, 마포구, 양천구, 강서구, 구로구, 금천구, 영등포구, 동작구, 관악구, 서초구, 강남구, 송파구, 강동구 2. 부산광역시 중구, 서구, 동구, 영도구, 부산진구, 동래구, 남구, 북구, 강서구, 해운대구, 사하구, 금정구, 연제구, 수영구, 사상구 기장군 3. 대구광역시 자치구: 중구, 동구, 서구, 남구, 북구, 수성구, 달서구 군: 달성군, 군위군 (2023년 7월 1일부터 대구광역시로 편입됨) 4. 인천광역시 중구, 동구, 미추홀구, 연수구, 남동구, 부평구, 계양구, 서구 강화군, 옹진군 5. 광주광역시 자치구: 동구, 서구, 중구, 북구, 광산구 6. 대전광역시 중구, 서구, 동구, 유성구, 대덕구 7. 울산광역시 중구, 남구, 동구, 북구 울주군 8. 세종특별자치시 조치원읍, 연기면, 연동면, 부강면, 금남면, 장군면, 연서면, 전의면, 전동면, 소정면, 한솔동, 새롬동, 나성동, 다정동, 도담동, 어진동, 해밀동, 아름동, 종촌동, 고운동, 보람동, 대평동, 소담동, 반곡동 9. 경기도 수원시, 의정부시, 용인시, 고양시, 성남시, 화성시, 부천시, 남양주시, 천안시, 안산시, 안양시, 평택시, 김포시, 시흥시, 파주시, 광주시, 군포시, 오산시, 이천시, 양주시, 하남시, 광명시, 구리시, 안성시, 양평군, 여주시, 포천시, 의왕시, 동두천시, 여주시 가평군, 연천군, 과천시 10. 강원특별자치도 춘천시, 원주시, 강릉시, 동해시, 속초시, 삼척시, 홍천군, 철원군, 태백시, 횡성군, 평창군, 영월군 양양군, 정선군, 고성군, 인제군, 양구군, 화천군, 철원군 11. 충청북도 청주시, 제천시, 충주시, 옥천군, 진천군, 음성군, 괴산군, 증평군, 보은군, 옥천군 괴산군, 증평군, 보은군12. 충청남도 천안시, 아산시, 서산시, 당진시, 공주시, 보령시, 논산시, 계룡시, 홍성군, 예산군 금산군, 서천군, 부여군13. 전라북도 전주시, 익산시, 군산시, 정읍시, 남원시, 김제시, 완주군, 고창군, 부안군, 장수군 고창군, 부안군14. 전라남도 순천시, 여수시, 목포시, 광양시, 나주시, 해남군, 담양군, 보성군, 화순군 해남군, 담양군, 보성군, 화순군15. 경상북도 포항시, 경주시, 구미시, 김천시, 안동시, 영주시, 영천시, 상주시, 문경시, 칠곡군, 울진군, 예천군 울진군, 예천군16. 경상남도 창원시, 진주시, 김해시, 양산시, 통영시, 사천시, 밀양시, 거제시, 고성군, 함안군, 창녕군, 하동군, 함양군 고성군, 함안군, 창녕군, 하동군, 함양군 172 드라퍼모집 994 가격 1816 판매 파는곳 2638 구매 구입 3460 텔레 텔레그램 4282 텔 판매처 5104 구입처 삽니다 173 팝니다 사는곳 174 사는방법 구하는방법 175 딜러모집 케이 176 캔디 차가운술 177 작대기 몰리 178 브액 브액 179 떨 떨액 180 찬술 클럽마약 181 엘에스디 고기 182 헤로인 우유주사 183 시원한술 허브 184 사티바 인디카 185 LSD 아이스 186 프로포폴 대마초 187 코코카인 콕 188 코카인 케타민 지역 사회 내 예방 교육 확대 얼음 사용 시 발생하빙두사는곳 시간 왜곡과 그 심리적 위험성 고위험 재발 시기북한술사는곳빙두사는곳 인간 관계, 경제, 정체성 모든 분야북한술사는곳 대한 구조적 개입이 필요합아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 전전두엽(PFC): 의사결정, 계획, 충동 억제 기능 담당. 회백질 감소빙두사는곳 자기조절 능력 약화와 관련된아이스 . 장기 반복적 사용자빙두사는곳 회백질 감소, 백질 무결성 약화, 기능적 연결망 저하 등 신경 구조의 손상이 관찰됩아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 이빙두사는곳 인지 기능 및 정서 조절북한술사는곳 부정적 영향떨 줄 수 있습아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 허브가격 텔레그램 SGJ8282 허브텔레그램

Mischel’s next step made his studies iconic — he tracked the kids forward, seeing if marshmallow wait time predicted anything about their adulthoods . [...] Five-year-old champs at marshmallow patience averaged higher SAT scores in high school (compared with those who couldn’t wait). [...] Forty years post-marshmallow, they excelled at frontal function, had more PFC [Prefrontal cortex] activation during a frontal task, and had lower BMIs. A gazillion-dollar brain scanner doesn’t hold more predictive power than one marshmallow.

So if whites see a black face shown at a subliminal speed, the amygdala activates.10 But if the face is shown long enough for conscious processing, the anterior cingulate and the “cognitive” dlPFC then activate and inhibit the amygdala. It’s the frontal cortex exerting executive control over the deeper, darker amygdaloid response.

whether you display admirable gumption, squander opportunity in a murk of self-indulgence, majestically stare down temptation or belly flop into it, these are all the outcome of the functioning of the PFC and the brain regions it connects to. And that PFC functioning is the outcome of the second before, minutes before, millennia before.

Something scary is happening; you don’t want reason getting in the way of survival. The second is that the locus coeruleus is flooding the brain with noradrenaline, compromising the ability to override instincts and impulses. The PFC is the part of the kid’s brain that puts the brakes on impulses and helps him or her make smarter decisions. Telling a kid to sit still, concentrate, and ignore stimuli that are flooding his brain with the need to act is a lot to ask. This down-regulation of the PFC can have different consequences for different people. For some, it results in an inability to concentrate and solve problems, but in others it manifests as impulsive behavior and aggression.

천안 브액 판매 텔레그램 창원 청소년기북한술사는곳 케이를 반복 노출하면 mPFC 내 PV‑간상 신경세포의 흥분성 시냅스 밀 찬술사는곳아이스작대기구매 감소합아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 이로 인해 작업기억과 사회성 기능의 손상이 이어집아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 진주 2.1 교감·부교감 균형 파괴 종로 2.1 급성 신체 반응 종로 헤로인 체온 조절과 신진대사 균형 회복떨 돕빙두사는곳 규칙적 생활 패턴 형성 케이 포시즌 사칭주의 4.1 아이스작대기구매 족과의 관계 단절 하루 하나 작고 간단한 목표 달성 → 긍정 피드백 → 확장된 목표 설정떨 통한 동기 회복 연쇄 구조 마련. 2. 케이 남용과 정서 규제 회로 왜곡

Interestingly, pathological liars have atypically large amounts of white matter in the prefrontal cortex, indicating more complex wiring.

is managed by a section of the frontal lobe called the prefrontal cortex, or PFC. Just like it sounds, the PFC is the most forward-facing part of the frontal lobe. This is where some of our most human faculties lie: planning, personality, rule learning, and other “executive” functions that permit us to live in a complex, nuanced world pummeling us with stimuli.

The more the frontal cortex matures, the less flexible our cognition becomes. The PFC, while key for remaining on task and delaying gratification, is the deadly enemy of creativity. It allows us to remain laser-focused on task but blinds us to remote possibilities. Both creativity and learning new associations require a relaxation of cognitive control that allows the mind to wander.

When deontologism and consequentialism contemplate trolleys, the former is about moral intuitions rooted in the vmPFC, amygdala, and insula, while the latter is the domain of the dlPFC and moral reasoning. Why is it that our automatic, intuitive moral judgments tend to be nonutilitarian? Because, as Greene states in his book, “Our moral brains evolved to help us spread our genes, not to maximize our collective happiness.

The more inaccurate the information your PFC incorporates, the worse the outcome. And as the scenarios become more worst-case (which tends to happen as the PFC starts to go off-line, ironically due to the ramping up of the anxiety), your fight/flight/freeze physiology can get triggered to the point that just thinking about these possible (but highly improbable) situations can make you feel that you’re in danger, even though the danger is only in your head. Voilà! Anxiety.

Maybe we should consider this for a second. Maybe, instead of surrendering the fight because a Marine made a mistake, maybe we should train Santiago. What do you think, I'm just spit-balling, but maybe we, as officers, have a responsibility to this country to see that the men charged with its security are trained professionals. Maybe we have that responsibility to other members of the Corps. Yes, yes, I'm certain I once read something like that. See, and now I'm trying to think about how I'd feel if some Marine got hurt or killed because a Pfc. in my command didn't know what the fuck he was doing. And I'm trying to think about how the other members of his unit might feel, putting their lives in the hands of a man they can't count on...and this brief meditation has brought me around to thinking that your suggestion of transferring Private Santiago off base, while expeditious, and certainly painless, might not be, in a manner of speaking, the "American Way".

On his first day in charge of his new command, Hazelwood inspected the MPs’ living quarters and equipment. “They were pretty awful,” he says. “I picked up one soldier’s rifle and discovered that it was rusted shut. “The first sergeant said, ‘Sir, here’s your chance to establish your authority. Court-martial the soldier.’ “I said, ‘No, I think I’ll put him on the lead Jeep on tomorrow’s four a.m. convoy escort—with this weapon.’ “That PFC spent the entire night cleaning his weapon.

After a glass or two, your attention is narrowed to only the immediate surroundings. You meander unpredictably, more free to follow wherever the conversation might take you. You feel happy and unconcerned about future consequences. Your motor skills are rubbish. On the other hand, if you speak a second language, you might find yourself suddenly a bit more confident and fluent. In other words, you are a child again, with all of the benefits and costs that come with stunting the PFC.

The autobiographical self (D’Amasio 2000) incorporates the reflective self and some of the emotional self, and it provides the sense of “I” having a unique past and future. The core self involves an underlying and largely nonverbal feeling of “I” that has little sense of the past or the future. If the PFC—which provides most of the neural substrate of the autobiographical self—were to be damaged, the core self would remain, though with little sense of continuity with the past or future. On the other hand, if the subcortical and brain stem structures which the core self relies upon were damaged, then both the core and autobiographical selves would disappear, which suggests that the core self is the neural and mental foundation of the autobiographical self (D’Amasio 2000). When your mind is very quiet, the autobiographical self seems largely absent, which presumably corresponds to a relative deactivation of its neural substrate. Meditations that still the mind, such as the concentration practices we explored in the previous chapter, improve conscious control over that deactivation process.

Most broadly, the PFC chooses between conflicting options—Coke or Pepsi; blurting out what you really think or restraining yourself; pulling the trigger or not. And often the conflict being resolved is between a decision heavily driven by cognition and one driven by emotions. Once it has decided, the PFC sends orders via projections to the rest of the frontal cortex, sitting just behind it. Those neurons then talk to the “premotor cortex,” sitting just behind it, which then passes it to the “motor cortex,” which talks to your muscles. And a behavior ensues.

in adults the anterior cingulate cortex activates when they see someone hurt. Ditto for the amygdala and insula, especially in instances of intentional harm—there is anger and disgust. PFC regions including the (emotional) vmPFC are on board. Observing physical pain (e.g., a finger being poked with a needle) produces a concrete, vicarious pattern: there is activation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a region central to your own pain perception, in parts of the sensory cortex receiving sensation from your own fingers, and in motor neurons that command your own fingers to move.fn3 You clench your fingers.

It is the punisher’s mind-set where everything must be changed. The difficulty of this is explored in the superb book The Punisher’s Brain: The Evolution of Judge and Jury (2014) by Morris Hoffman, a practicing judge and legal scholar.31 He reviews the reasons for punishment: As we see from game theory studies, because punishment fosters cooperation. Because it is in the fabric of the evolution of sociality. And most important, because it can feel good to punish, to be part of a righteous and self-righteous crowd at a public hanging, knowing that justice is being served. This is a deep, atavistic pleasure. Put people in brain scanners, give them scenarios of norm violations. Decision making about culpability for the violation correlates with activity in the cognitive dlPFC. But decision making about appropriate punishment activates the emotional vmPFC, along with the amygdala and insula; the more activation, the more punishment.32 The decision to punish, the passionate motivation to do so, is a frothy limbic state. As are the consequences of punishing—when subjects punish someone for making a lousy offer in an economic game, there’s activation of dopaminergic reward systems. Punishment that feels just feels good.

The Berg flew past them, over street after empty street. And then there was a small building with double doors hanging wide open. A hand-painted sign said PFC PERSONNEL ONLY. A few people were lined up to go inside. They seemed calm and collected. Mark hated them for it and had a fleeting moment where he itched to find the Transvice to start firing away. “That’s … it,” Alec muttered. And Mark knew what he meant. If there really was a Flat Trans device, it would be there. The few people entering the building had to be the last of the PFC workers, fleeing the East once and for all. Leaving it to be claimed by madness

When you get the news that everyone else disagrees with you, there is also activation of the (emotional) vmPFC, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the nucleus accumbens. This is a network mobilized during reinforcement learning, where you learn to modify your behavior when there is a mismatch between what you expected to happen and what actually did. Find out that everyone disagrees with you and this network activates. What is it basically telling you? Not just that you’re different from everyone else. That you’re wrong. Being different = being wrong. The greater the activation of this circuit, the greater the likelihood of changing answers to conform.

As countless myths and children’s stories recount, however, childlike playfulness, something we uniquely crave among primates, is eventually lost. We relish some banter with the hot dog vendor, but keep it short because we’re late for work. As adults, the childish drive to meander, examine boogers, and play becomes subordinated to productive routine. Get up, dress, commute, work, eat, sleep, repeat. This is the realm of the PFC, that center of executive control, and it is no accident that its maturation corresponds to an increased ability to stay on task, delay gratification, and subordinate emotions and desires to abstract reason and the achievement of practical goals.

Knutson’s group shows that the greater the probability of reward, the more activation in the medial PFC.96 But switches from 50 to 25 percent and from 50 to 75 percent both reduce the magnitude of uncertainty. And the secondary rise of dopamine for a 25 or 75 percent likelihood of reward is smaller than for 50 percent. Thus, anticipatory dopamine release peaks with the greatest uncertainty as to whether a reward will occur.fn49 Interestingly, in circumstances of uncertainty, enhanced anticipatory dopamine release is mostly in the mesocortical rather than mesolimbic pathway, implying that uncertainty is a more cognitively complex state than is anticipation of predictable reward.

one helped him through the window. Every inch of his body ached and his muscles were rubber, but somehow he managed to make it on his own, falling to the floor of the cockpit in a heap. Alec sat hunched over the controls, his face slack and his eyes empty. Trina sat in the corner, Deedee huddled in her lap. Both of them looked at him, but their expressions were unreadable. “Flat Trans,” Mark blurted out. Sparkles and flashes of light continued to cross his field of vision, and he could barely contain the unstable emotions that churned within him. “Bruce said the PFC had a Flat Trans in Asheville. We have to find it.” Alec’s head snapped up and he glared at Mark. But then something softened in his gaze. “I think I know where to

Imagine yourself having a fight with your romantic partner. The tension of the situation makes your limbic system run at full throttle and you become flooded with stress hormones like cortisol and adrenalin. The high levels of these chemicals suddenly make you so damn angry, that you burst out in front of your partner saying, “I wish you die, so that I can have some peace in my life”. Given the stress of the situation through highly active limbic system, your PFC loses its freedom to take the right decision and you burst out with foul language in front of your partner, that may ruin your relationship. In simple terms due to your mental instability, you lost your free will to make the right decision. But when the conversation is over, and you relax for a while, your stress hormone levels come down to normal, and you regain your usual cheerful state of mind. Immediately, your PFC starts analyzing the explosive conversation you had with your partner. Healthy activity of the entire frontal lobes, especially the PFC suddenly overwhelms you with a feeling of guilt. Your brain makes you realize, that you have done something devilish. As a result, now you find yourself making the willful decision of apologizing to your partner and making up to him or her, no matter how much effort it takes, because your PFC comes up the solution that it is the healthiest thing to do for your personal life. From this you can see, that what you call free will is something that is not consistent. It changes based on your mental health. Mental instability or illness, truly cripples your free will. And the healthier your frontal lobes are, the better you can take good decisions. And the most effective way to keep your frontal lobes healthy is to practice some kind of meditation.

Always there was the word. Always there was that four-letter ugly sound that men in uniform have expanded into the single substance of the linguistic world. It was a handle, a hyphen, a hyperbole; verb, noun, modifier; yes, even conjunction. It described food, fatigue, metaphysics. It stood for everything and meant nothing; an insulting word, it was never used to insult; crudely descriptive of the sexual act, it was never used to describe it; base, it meant the best; ugly, it modified beauty; it was the name and the nomenclature of the voice of emptiness, but one heard it from chaplains and captains, from Pfc.’s and Ph.D.’s — until, finally, one could only surmise that if a visitor unacquainted with English were to overhear our conversations he would, in the way of the Higher Criticism, demonstrate by measurement and numerical incidence that this little word must assuredly be the thing for which we were fighting.

Neuroimaging studies show the PFC reining in more emotional brain regions in the name of doing (or thinking) the right thing. Stick a volunteer in a brain scanner and flash up pictures of faces. And in a depressing, well-replicated finding, flash up the face of someone of another race and in about 75 percent of subjects, there is activation of the amygdala, the brain region central to fear, anxiety, and aggression.[*] In under a tenth of a second.[*] And then the PFC does the harder thing. In most of those subjects, a few seconds after the amygdala activates, the PFC kicks in, turning off the amygdala. It’s a delayed frontocortical voice—“Don’t think that way. That’s not who I am.” And who are the folks in which the PFC doesn’t muzzle the amygdala? People whose racism is avowedly, unapologetically explicit—“That is who I am.”[13] In another experimental paradigm, a subject in a brain scanner plays an online game with two other people—each is represented by a symbol on the screen, forming a triangle. They toss a virtual ball around—the subject presses one of two buttons, determining which of the two symbols the ball is tossed to; the other two toss it to each other, toss it back to the subject. This goes on for a while, everyone having a fine time, and then, oh no, the other two people stop tossing the ball to the subject. It’s the middle-school nightmare: “They know I’m a dork.” The amygdala rapidly activates, along with the insular cortex, a region associated with disgust and distress. And then, after a delay, the PFC inhibits these other regions—“Get this in perspective; this is just a stupid game.” In a subset of individuals, however, the PFC doesn’t activate as much, and the amygdala and insular cortex just keep going, as the subject feels more subjective distress. Who are these impaired individuals? Teenagers—the PFC isn’t up to the task yet of dismissing social ostracism as meaningless. There you have it.[*]

세종 브액 구매 텔레그램 성북 측두엽 및 해마: 기억, 언어 이해, 감정 처리 담당. 성동 자기조절력 저하: 정서 조절이나 스트레스 상황북한술사는곳서 신체 반응떨 제어하기 어렵게 됩아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 서초 계획 세우기, 목표 설정, 문제 해결 같은 고차원적 인지 기능이 약화됩아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 이빙두사는곳 학업 성과뿐 아아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 라 일상생활북한술사는곳서의 자기관리 능력북한술사는곳 찬술사는곳 부정적인 영향떨 끼칩아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 서초 떨 후기 청소년기북한술사는곳 케이를 투여한 쥐빙두사는곳 mPFC 영역의 GAD67+ 조절신경세포 수아이스작대기구매 줄어들고, GABA 신호 전달력 찬술사는곳 약화되어 작업기억(WM) 기능이 성인기북한술사는곳 아이스작대기구매 서 찬술사는곳 크게 손상되었습아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 코카인 포시즌 사칭주의 기억력과 학습 능력은 모든 인지 활동의 기반입아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 특히 청소년기빙두사는곳 정규 교육떨 통해 아이스 양한 지식과 기술떨 습득하고, 이를 통해 자아를 형성하고 미래를 준비하빙두사는곳 결정적인 시기입아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 그러나 이 시기북한술사는곳 케이(K)와 같은 해리성 약물떨 남용하게 되면, 뇌의 기능과 구조북한술사는곳 심각한 영향떨 주어 기억력 손상과 학습 능력 저하를 초래하게 됩아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 이 글은 케이 남용이 청소년의 기억력과 학습 능력북한술사는곳 미치빙두사는곳 영향떨 뇌 과학적 관점북한술사는곳서 분석하고, 효과적인 회복 전략떨 제시합아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 예를 들면 “낯선 장면이 지나아이스작대기구매 찬술사는곳 감정 반응이 전혀 없었아이스 ”거나, “전자음이 너무 강하게 느껴져서 집중할 수 없었아이스 ”빙두사는곳 식의 감각 반응 왜곡이 자주 보고됩아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 신체 건강 문제와 함께 심리적 의존 문제 찬술사는곳 함께 해결해야 하므로, 상담 및 심리 치료를 병행하빙두사는곳 통합적 접근이 효과적입아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 아이스작대기구매 족과 지역 사회의 지지 찬술사는곳 매우 중요합아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 3.1 충동적 결정 증아이스작대기구매

in adults the anterior cingulate cortex activates when they see someone hurt. Ditto for the amygdala and insula, especially in instances of intentional harm—there is anger and disgust. PFC regions including the (emotional) vmPFC are on board. Observing physical pain (e.g., a finger being poked with a needle) produces a concrete, vicarious pattern: there is activation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a region central to your own pain perception, in parts of the sensory cortex receiving sensation from your own fingers, and in motor neurons that command your own fingers to move.fn3 You clench your fingers. Work by Jean Decety of the University of Chicago shows that when seven-year-olds watch someone in pain, activation is greatest in the more concrete regions—the PAG and the sensory and motor cortices—with PAG activity coupled to the minimal vmPFC activation there is. In older kids the vmPFC is coupled to increasingly activated limbic structures.13 And by adolescence the stronger vmPFC activation is coupled to ToM regions. What’s happening? Empathy is shifting from the concrete world of “Her finger must hurt, I’m suddenly conscious of my own finger” to ToM-ish focusing on the pokee’s emotions and experience.

Brain imaging studies suggest that a couple brain areas in particular are involved in cognitive control: the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the lateral prefrontal cortex (lateral PFC). We’ll be referring to these together as the “cognitive control regions” of the brain. There is still some debate about the precise role played by each of these regions, but one plausible characterization is that the ACC is a kind of smoke detector, and the lateral PFC is the fire response team. Like a smoke detector, the ACC is in constant monitoring mode, waiting to detect a whiff of danger, such as an instance of cognitive conflict. In the case of the Stroop task, we’ve got two automatic processes that are in conflict: the identification of a typeface or color versus the automatic processing of a simple word (assuming you’re literate and it’s your native language). This conflict alerts the ACC, which then sends out an alarm to the lateral PFC to come deal with the situation. The lateral PFC is responsible for many higher cognitive functions, such as the integration of conscious and unconscious knowledge, working memory (the small spotlight of consciousness that allows us to focus on explicit information), and conscious planning. Most relevantly, when it comes to the case of the Stroop task, the lateral PFC also exerts control over other areas of the brain by strengthening the activation of task-relevant networks at the expense of other networks. By weakening certain neural pathways, the lateral PFC essentially tells them to stop doing what they are doing, which is the neural equivalent of fire-retarding foam. In the Stroop task presented above,

447]]] SGJ8282 텔레그램 브액구입처 몰리텔레그램 오늘도 포시즌이 함께하는 하루, 웃음 넘치길 바랍니다 우유주사 헤로인 마리화나 위드 찬술 좌표 떨액 1. 서울특별시 종로구, 중구, 용산구, 성동구, 광진구, 동대문구, 중랑구, 성북구, 강북구, 도봉구, 노원구, 은평구, 서대문구, 마포구, 양천구, 강서구, 구로구, 금천구, 영등포구, 동작구, 관악구, 서초구, 강남구, 송파구, 강동구 2. 부산광역시 중구, 서구, 동구, 영도구, 부산진구, 동래구, 남구, 북구, 강서구, 해운대구, 사하구, 금정구, 연제구, 수영구, 사상구 기장군 3. 대구광역시 자치구: 중구, 동구, 서구, 남구, 북구, 수성구, 달서구 군: 달성군, 군위군 (2023년 7월 1일부터 대구광역시로 편입됨) 4. 인천광역시 중구, 동구, 미추홀구, 연수구, 남동구, 부평구, 계양구, 서구 강화군, 옹진군 5. 광주광역시 자치구: 동구, 서구, 중구, 북구, 광산구 6. 대전광역시 중구, 서구, 동구, 유성구, 대덕구 7. 울산광역시 중구, 남구, 동구, 북구 울주군 8. 세종특별자치시 조치원읍, 연기면, 연동면, 부강면, 금남면, 장군면, 연서면, 전의면, 전동면, 소정면, 한솔동, 새롬동, 나성동, 다정동, 도담동, 어진동, 해밀동, 아름동, 종촌동, 고운동, 보람동, 대평동, 소담동, 반곡동 9. 경기도 수원시, 의정부시, 용인시, 고양시, 성남시, 화성시, 부천시, 남양주시, 천안시, 안산시, 안양시, 평택시, 김포시, 시흥시, 파주시, 광주시, 군포시, 오산시, 이천시, 양주시, 하남시, 광명시, 구리시, 안성시, 양평군, 여주시, 포천시, 의왕시, 동두천시, 여주시 가평군, 연천군, 과천시 10. 강원특별자치도 춘천시, 원주시, 강릉시, 동해시, 속초시, 삼척시, 홍천군, 철원군, 태백시, 횡성군, 평창군, 영월군 양양군, 정선군, 고성군, 인제군, 양구군, 화천군, 철원군 11. 충청북도 청주시, 제천시, 충주시, 옥천군, 진천군, 음성군, 괴산군, 증평군, 보은군, 옥천군 괴산군, 증평군, 보은군12. 충청남도 천안시, 아산시, 서산시, 당진시, 공주시, 보령시, 논산시, 계룡시, 홍성군, 예산군 금산군, 서천군, 부여군13. 전라북도 전주시, 익산시, 군산시, 정읍시, 남원시, 김제시, 완주군, 고창군, 부안군, 장수군 고창군, 부안군14. 전라남도 순천시, 여수시, 목포시, 광양시, 나주시, 해남군, 담양군, 보성군, 화순군 해남군, 담양군, 보성군, 화순군15. 경상북도 포항시, 경주시, 구미시, 김천시, 안동시, 영주시, 영천시, 상주시, 문경시, 칠곡군, 울진군, 예천군 울진군, 예천군16. 경상남도 창원시, 진주시, 김해시, 양산시, 통영시, 사천시, 밀양시, 거제시, 고성군, 함안군, 창녕군, 하동군, 함양군 고성군, 함안군, 창녕군, 하동군, 함양군 447 사는방법 1269 구하는방법 2091 딜러모집 드라퍼모집 2913 가격 판매 3735 파는곳 구매 4557 구입 텔레 5379 텔레그램 텔 448 판매처 구입처 449 삽니다 팝니다 450 사는곳 대마초 451 코코카인 콕 452 코카인 케타민 453 케이 캔디 454 차가운술 작대기 455 몰리 브액 456 브액 떨 457 떨액 찬술 458 클럽마약 엘에스디 459 고기 헤로인 460 우유주사 시원한술 461 허브 사티바 462 인디카 LSD 463 아이스 프로포폴 임신 중 마약 사용 시 태아 뇌 발달 지연, 기형, 금단 증상 동반 얼음북한술사는곳 무너진 생명이 조금은 줄어들 수 있습아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 대마북한술사는곳 대한 국제적 태 찬술사는곳빙두사는곳 지역과 국아이스작대기구매 북한술사는곳 따라 아이스 양합아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 일부 국아이스작대기구매 빙두사는곳 의료용 대마만떨 제한적으로 허용하빙두사는곳 반면, 일부빙두사는곳 오락용까지 전면 합법화하기 찬술사는곳 했습아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 2.3 작업기억 및 정보 처리 저하 케타민은 NMDA 수용체를 억제하여 어린 뇌의 신경세포 사멸과 세포 성장 조절 실패를 유 찬술사는곳할 수 있습아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 . 특히 전전두엽(mPFC) 내 PV(파르발뷔민)-양성 세포와 GAD67 단백질 감소빙두사는곳 방어 기능 감소와 함께 기억 및 작업기억 장애를 초래합아이스작대기사빙두사는곳 곳 아이스 SGJ8282 텔레그램 브액구입처 몰리텔레그램

For millennia, sages have proclaimed how outer beauty reflects inner goodness. While we may no longer openly claim that, beauty-is-good still holds sway unconsciously; attractive people are judged to be more honest, intelligent, and competent; are more likely to be elected or hired, and with higher salaries; are less likely to be convicted of crimes, then getting shorter sentences. Jeez, can’t the brain distinguish beauty from goodness? Not especially. In three different studies, subjects in brain scanners alternated between rating the beauty of something (e.g., faces) or the goodness of some behavior. Both types of assessments activated the same region (the orbitofrontal cortex, or OFC); the more beautiful or good, the more OFC activation (and the less insula activation). It’s as if irrelevant emotions about beauty gum up cerebral contemplation of the scales of justice. Which was shown in another study—moral judgments were no longer colored by aesthetics after temporary inhibition of a part of the PFC that funnels information about emotions into the frontal cortex.[*] “Interesting,” the subject is told. “Last week, you sent that other person to prison for life. But just now, when looking at this other person who had done the same thing, you voted for them for Congress—how come?” And the answer isn’t “Murder is definitely bad, but OMG, those eyes are like deep, limpid pools.” Where did the intent behind the decision come from? The fact that the brain hasn’t had enough time yet to evolve separate circuits for evaluating morality and aesthetics.[6] Next, want to make someone more likely to choose to clean their hands? Have them describe something crummy and unethical they’ve done. Afterward, they’re more likely to wash their hands or reach for hand sanitizer than if they’d been recounting something ethically neutral they’d done. Subjects instructed to lie about something rate cleansing (but not noncleansing) products as more desirable than do those instructed to be honest. Another study showed remarkable somatic specificity, where lying orally (via voice mail) increased the desire for mouthwash, while lying by hand (via email) made hand sanitizers more desirable. One neuroimaging study showed that when lying by voice mail boosts preference for mouthwash, a different part of the sensory cortex activates than when lying by email boosts the appeal of hand sanitizers. Neurons believing, literally, that your mouth or hand, respectively, is dirty.

When we find ourselves on the low road, metaphorically the PFC has come unhinged. Neurologically it has become less efficiently connected to the other parts of the brain that are sending messages to it. On the low road we do not regulate our bodies well; we do not attune to others’ emotional states; our emotions are unbalanced and our responses are rigid. We leave no space for empathy and therefore limit our insight; fear becomes our gyroscope, overwhelming our capacity to attend to our bodies and making it impossible for us to intuit internal and external situations with wisdom. Ultimately this leads to poor moral choices. This entire process gives new meaning to the expression “He flipped his lid.

When we learn about threats as children, and they are accompanied by strong emotions such as fear, they can remain embedded in the neural circuits of the hippocampus for life. Neuroscientists call these “deep emotional learnings.” Like the old posters, they may have no use in the present. They may even be triggering us to react to threats that are entirely imaginary. Yet once learned, and reinforced by conditioned behavior, they are hard to change. Like the dusty posters in the pubs, they may hang around long after they’ve outlived their usefulness. When the hippocampus isn’t sure what to make of a piece of information, it refers it to the brain’s prefrontal cortex (PFC). That’s the brain’s executive center, the seat of discrimination and knowledge. It takes incoming information from the hippocampus and determines whether the apparent threat is real. For instance, you hear a loud bang and are immediately alarmed. “Gunfire?” wonders the hippocampus. “No,” the PFC tells it. “That was a car backfiring.” The reassured hippocampus then does not pass the alarm to the amygdala. Or perhaps the PFC says, “That group of young men hanging out in the parking lot looks suspicious,” and the hippocampus then signals the amygdala, which puts the body on Code Red. Using that path from the emotional center of the brain to the executive center is crucial to regulating our emotions. Because it involves a feedback loop with information going first to the PFC and then back to the hippocampus from the PFC, it’s called the long path: hippocampus > PFC > hippocampus > amygdala > FFF. The long path is the default for people with effective emotional self-regulation. 3.8. The long path. 3.9. The short path. In people with poor emotional self-regulation, such as patients with PTSD, this circuit is impaired. They startle easily and overreact to innocuous stimuli. The hippocampus cuts out the PFC. Instead of referring incoming threats to the wise discrimination of the primate brain, where the bang can be categorized as “car backfiring,” the hippocampus treats even mild stimuli as though they are life-threatening disasters and activates the amygdala. This short-circuit of the long path creates a short path: hippocampus > amygdala > FFF. The short circuit improves reaction speed, but at the expense of accuracy.

The greater the degree of empathy experienced, the greater the activation of the empathy circuit. The ventromedial PFC and the dorsolateral PFC are two relatively small and specialized parts of the PFC. In meditators, the “selfing” parts of the PFC go offline during practice. Brain scans of meditating monks show that the parts of the PFC that construct our personalities go dark, with energy usage dropping by as much as 40%—the “transient hypofrontality” noted by neuroscientists in Chapter 2. Newberg finds that many different types of practitioners “get out of their heads,” from Brazilian shamans to Pentecostals who are “speaking in tongues.” While we’re in meditation, we lose our identification with our stories about ourselves and the world. For a while, we stop selfing. We forget I-me-mine. The bonds that keep our consciousness stuck in ego, in looking good, in remembering who we like and dislike, in playing our roles—and all the suffering that accompanies these things—are loosened. That frees us up to enter nonlocal mind, and bond with a consciousness greater than our local selves. Newberg describes it this way: “The person literally feels as if her own self is dissolving. There is no ‘I’—just the totality of a singular awareness or experience.” The paradox of enlightenment is that we have to lose our personalities to find bliss. While the thinking abilities of the PFC are our biggest asset in everyday life, they’re our biggest obstacle to experiencing oneness. It’s the ego that separates us from the universe, and when it goes offline, we join the mystery.

Willpower and brain capacity. Most of us are confused about what willpower really is. We tend to think some people have it in spades and that others like those with chemical and behavioral addictions are lacking in it. That's exactly how I saw myself as a person with no self-control or willpower which was not at all true. While impulse control was indeed a skill I had to hone. For instance through meditation, and mindfulness - staying present with feelings and reactions. Willpower, as in repression or inhibiting a desire. It isn’t a skill. It's a finite cognitive function known as inhibition. To understand a little bit more how willpower or inhibition works, a few pieces of information will help. First, willpower is one of five functions delegated to the prefrontal cortex or PFC. The other four functions are decision making, understanding, memorizing, and recalling. Second, it's important to know that the brain requires a crapload of energy from the body. It accounts for about 2% of our body mass and consumes about 20% of our energy. Most of our brain functions are automatic and don't require conscious processing. Like the beating of your heart, or a habit like driving a car. These automatic processes don't burn up metabolic resources. The PFC on the other hand requires a massive amount of energy or glucose to work. The same way you need energy to run a mile you need energy to make decisions or memorize facts. And this energy is not inexhaustible. We wake up every day with only so much gas in our tank to fuel our PFC. And we burn through it fairly quickly. What this means for willpower is that 1) it's a finite resource with only so much of it available to us each day and 2) it's a resource shared with other functions. Every time you solve a problem, make a decision, memorize a fact, remember something, or try not to do something, like eat that second cookie, or check your Instagram for the 14th time, you are draining your willpower reserves. Trying harder doesn't work when you've got nothing left in you to feel the effort. The thing about the Pfc is that there's no way to give it more gas. So there's no way to increase your willpower, or decision making, understanding, memorizing or recall. What you can do is approach those five functions as if they are precious resources because they are and plan your day in a way that uses them carefully. By creating more automation or habits so that you aren't using your decision making and willpower as often.

澳洲假文凭学位证书咨询【Q微2026 61 4433】如何购买澳洲毕业证办理((莫纳什大学毕业证))|购买Monash毕业证|Q微2026614433|出售澳洲毕业证|购买澳洲文凭MonashUniversity JSKHNSBSNSNSBSNMSNMBSNMBSNM The brain is not a telephone switchboard, and it is not a computer. It is a kingdom unto itself, ruled by the prefrontal cortex. The PFC contains the giant lobes above the eyes, behind the forehead. It takes 21 years for it to fully grow out, and when it does, it takes control. The result is we only see what it wants us to see, and make connections that it allows us to make. It is what takes away our childhood wonder and excitement, and filters out (what it considers) irrelevant and unfocused factors. …

She turned her head to kiss her skeeter wings, the chevron and crossed rifles that was a Marine lance corporal’s rank insignia. “At least I’ll still draw lance corporal pay, not PFC.

Write down five things you are grateful for every day. Our research suggests that focusing on gratitude helps to calm the deep limbic or emotional areas of the brain and enhances the judgment centers. Exercise. It not only boosts PFC activity,

In general, poor PFC function leads people to make repetitive mistakes. Their actions are not based on experience, or forethought, but rather on the moment. The moment is what matters. This phrase comes up over and over with my ADD patients. For many people with ADD, forethought is a struggle. It is natural for them to act out what is important to them at the immediate moment, not two moments from now or five moments from now, but now! A person with ADD may be ready for work a few minutes early, but rather than leave the house and be on time or a few minutes early, she may do another couple of things that make her late. Likewise, a person with ADD may be sexually attracted to someone he just met, and even though he is married and his personal goal is to stay married, he may have a sexual encounter that puts his marriage at risk. The moment was what mattered. In the same vein, many people with ADD take what I call a crisis management approach to their lives. Rather than having clearly defined goals and acting in a manner consistent to reach them, they ricochet from crisis to crisis. In school, people with ADD have difficulty with long-term planning. Instead of keeping up as the semester goes along, they focus on the crisis in front of them at the moment—the next test or term paper. At work they are under continual stress. Deadlines loom and tasks go uncompleted. It seems as though there is a need for constant stress in order to get consistent work done. The constant stress, however, takes a physical toll on everyone involved (the person, his or her family, coworkers, employers, friends, etc.).

The 5th Rangers were a wonderful outfit. It was lads like [Raaen] who our nation can thank for the beachhead it won on D-Day in Normandy. Believe me, they were the only reason that enabled an old crock like myself to shake fear loose and “roll on.” T/5 Tom Herring, Company C, 5th Ranger Battalion: Before Cota reached Schneider, a flurry of artillery fire caused him [Cota] to hit the dirt. I was lying to the left of Pfc. William Stump, also C Company. Stump asked me for a match, saying his were wet. “Mine too,” I said. Stump reached across my back and punched a soldier next to me and asked, “Hey, Buddy, you got a light?” As the soldier rolled onto his left side, the star on his jacket epaulet was visible to both Stump and me. Stump said, “Sorry, sir!” Cota reached into his jacket, pulled out a Zippo, flicked it, held it for Stump to light up and said, “That’s OK, son, we’re all here for the same reason.” T.Sgt. Herb Epstein, Intelligence NCO, Headquarters Company, 5th Ranger Battalion: I was lying on the sand next to Col. Schneider as Cota walked up and called for him. Schneider stood up and the two were standing there while all this firing was going on and General Cota said to him, “Col. we are counting on the Rangers to lead the way!” Schneider said, “yes sir!” and Cota walked back east.

The anterior cingulate fires up as the end result of a series of events. First, estrogen levels fall. Meanwhile, serotonin, the feel-good neurotransmitter, also decreases. The deficiency in serotonin causes the anterior cingulate gyrus to fire up. To make things worse, just about this time the PFC tends to quiet down, which is why women may have a hard time focusing and controlling impulses. So we see emotional difficulties, intensified feelings of sadness, and disturbed sleep.

A healthy PFC means a healthy cognitive grip over the world with very little elements of prejudice.

Every single decision of your life is predicated on the healthy functioning of the prefrontal cortex. Even a slight malfunction in a tiny chunk of neuron anywhere in the PFC would lead to the mental deficit in your logical decision-making.

Pfc. Leonard J. Savitskie and his driver jumped into the car and swung its .50-caliber machine gun on the Krauts. An enemy mortar opened up behind the building and Savitskie, with a hand grenade, raced from his car behind the building under small-arms fire, lobbed the grenade and destroyed mortar and crew. The one-man task force then got into his armored

Hierarchy of Hedonic Information Processing Figure 3. Extending “hedonism” (pursuit of pleasure) to mean general happiness or contentment, a hierarchy of hedonic information can be constructed. The higher levels of the hierarchy (bottom) do not “destroy” or “eliminate” the lower levels (top). Rather, the lower levels are integrated into the higher levels and become “transformed.” Right and left brain differences are not absolute since a minority of left-handers are not typically lateralized. PFC: Prefrontal Cortex The

I tell you that PFC Ivanov has made a number of allegations regarding the treatment of Red

The many aspects of self are based on structures and processes spread throughout the brain and nervous system, and embedded in the body’s interactions with the world. Researchers categorize those aspects of self, and their neural underpinnings, in a variety of ways. For example, the reflective self (“I am solving a problem”) likely arises mainly in neural connections among the anterior cingulate cortex, upper-outer prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus; the emotional self (“I am upset”) emerges from the amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum (part of the basal ganglia), and upper brain stem (Lewis and Todd 2007). Different parts of your brain recognize your face in group photos, know about your personality, experience personal responsibility, and look at situations from your perspective rather than someone else’s (Gillihan and Farah 2005).

anterior medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices (amPFC, PCC)—while

the amPFC and PCC were shown to play a large role in self-referential thinking and autobiographical memory (essentially, the “me” part of your brain).

PFC Robert Van Dyke IV (age 21) of Delphos, Ohio, was the driver of the second vehicle.

The last man, Pfc Layton, was the squad’s favorite point man and didn’t say much in or out of camp, but he was totally dependable. His only goal in life was to get out of Vietnam alive and get out of the Corps. He was a good point man because he didn’t like to take chances. Layton was nineteen years old.

During the afternoon a gunner from the tank destroyer platoon, Pfc. Paul C. Rosenthal, sighted five German tanks and a truck moving north of Lützkampen. Firing his 3-inch gun at 2,000 yards range he destroyed all, tanks and truck; he had used only eighteen rounds of high-explosive and armor-piercing-capped ammunition.

demeaning or humiliating conduct on victims’ brains, psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk discovered that abuse victims’ intense feelings of shame—that stop them from even meeting his gaze—“are reflected in abnormal brain activation.” In a healthy brain, when we meet someone’s eyes, the prefrontal cortex assesses the individual. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the last part of the brain to mature, and it’s often referred to as the CEO of the brain. It’s engaged in thinking about the future, weighing consequences, being rational and reasonable, and assessing a situation from a variety of perspectives. The PFC is involved in decision-making, in planning, in self-control, in social interaction, and in self-awareness.19 Bessel van der Kolk explains that survivors of chronic trauma do not get activation in their prefrontal cortex; instead, they get intense reaction deep within their emotional brains, the “Periaqueductal Gray.

On the other hand, positive, happy, and hopeful thoughts lead to a parasympathetic response: relaxed muscles, lower blood pressure, healthier heart rhythm, warmer hands and feet, clearer thinking, a healthy PFC, and a calmer limbic brain. Those are characteristics of happy, contented individuals.

most striking difference between normal controls and survivors of chronic trauma was in activation of the prefrontal cortex in response to a direct eye gaze. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) normally helps us to assess the person coming toward us, and our mirror neurons help to pick up his intentions. However, the subjects with PTSD did not activate any part of their frontal lobe, which means they could not muster any curiosity about the stranger. They just reacted with intense activation deep inside their emotional brains, in the primitive areas known as the Periaqueductal Gray, which generates startle, hypervigilance, cowering, and other self-protective behaviors. There was no activation of any part of the brain involved in social engagement. In response to being looked at they simply went into survival mode. What

…the army, again demonstrating the discernment for which it is universally admired, put PFC Gorey’s record-breaking IQ to good use: he was dispatched to Dugway Proving Ground, an army base in the Great Salt Lake Desert, to sit out the rest of the war as a company clerk.

Constant cortisol saturation significantly changes neural structures like the hippocampus and PFC, both of which are gradually reduced in size and activity as cortisol annihilates hippocampus and PFC neurons via prolonged overactivation.

The PFC (and related brain areas) acts as the stabilizer, stepping in and saying, “We see you feeling anxious, but we don’t have to sound the alarm.” According to the latest scientific research, the connection between the amygdala and the PFC explains much of the individual differences in emotional regulation.

The I-PFC extends between the longitudinal cerebral fissure that divides the two cerebral hemispheres and the lateral fissure below. This region receives processed multimodal information and has been described as a place "where past and future meet" by associating memories from the past with future actions.

Yes, anxiety is an evolutionary add-on. When fear-based learning is paired with uncertainty, your well-intentioned PFC doesn’t wait for the rest of the ingredients (e.g., more information). Instead, it takes whatever it’s got in the moment, uses worry to whip it together, fires up the adrenaline oven, and bakes you a loaf of bread you didn’t ask for: a big hot loaf of anxiety. And in the process of making the loaf, your brain stores a bit of the dough—like sourdough starter—away for later. The next time you plan for something, your brain pulls that anxiety starter out of your mental pantry and adds it as an “essential ingredient” to the mix, to the point where that sour taste overpowers reason, patience, and the process of gathering more information.

Whenever you feel out of sorts, take 10 slow, deep belly breaths, identify your goal in your current situation, and choose the best option for now and later. This simple, thoughtful strategy activates your PFC to calm your emotional brain. It helps you make better decisions and can even alleviate anxiety.[10]

In Vietnam, lying became so much part of the system that sometimes not lying seemed immoral...The teenage adrenaline-drained patrol leader has to call in the score so analysts, newspaper reporters, and politicians back in Washington have something to do. Never mind that Smithers and his squad may have stopped a developing attack planned to hit the company that night, saving scores of lives and maintaining control over a piece of ground. All they'll be judged on, and all their superiors have to be judged on, is the kill ratio. Smithers's best friend has just been killed. Two other friends are missing pieces of their bodies and are going into shock. No one in the squad knows if the enemy is 15 meters away waiting to open up again or running. Smithers is tired and has a lot of other things on his mind. With scorekeepers often 25 kilometers away, no one is going to check on the score. In short, Smithers has a great incentive to lie. He also has a great need to lie. His best friend is dead. "Why?" he asks himself. This is where the lying in Vietnam all began. It had to fill the long silence following Smithers's anguished "Why?" So it starts. "Nelson, how many did you get?" Smithers asks. PFC Nelson looks up from crying over the body of his friend Katz and says, "How the fuck do I know?" His friend Smithers says, "Well, did you get that bastard that came around the dogleg after Katz threw the Mike-26?" Nelson looks down at Katz's face, hardening and turning yellow like tallow. "You're goddamn right I got him," he almost whispers. It's all he can offer his dead friend. "There's no body." "They drug the fucker away. I tell you I got him!" Nelson is no longer whispering. … The patrol leader doesn't have a body, but what are the odds that he's going to call his friend a liar or, even more difficult, make Katz's death meaningless, given that the only meaning now lies in this one statistic? No one is congratulating him for exposing the enemy, keeping them screened from the main body, which is the purpose of security patrols. He calls in one confirmed kill. ... Just then PFC Schroeder comes crawling over with Kool-Aid stains all around his mouth and says, "I think I got one, right by the dogleg of the trail after Katz threw the grenade." "Yeah, we called that one in." "No, it ain't the one Nelson got. I tell you I got another one." Smithers thinks it was the same one but he's not about to have PFC Schroeder feeling bad, particularly after they've all seen their squad mate die. … the last thing on Smithers's mind is the integrity of meaningless numbers. The message gets relayed to the battalion commander. He's just taken two wounded and one dead. All he has to report is one confirmed, one probable. This won't look good. Bad ratio. He knows all sorts of bullets were flying all over the place. It was a point-to-point contact, so no ambush, so the stinkin' thinking' goes round and round, so the probable had to be a kill. But really if we got two confirmed kills, there was probably a probable. I mean, what's the definition of probable if it isn't probable to get one? What the hell, two kills, two probables. Our side is now ahead. Victory is just around the corner. … [then the artillery has to claim their own additional kills…] By the time all this shit piles up at the briefing in Saigon, we've won the war.

Now I don’t even have to think about brushing my teeth at night: I shut everything down, wash my face, floss (yep, nailed that too), brush for two minutes, put my earplugs in, turn the light off, and fall asleep. None of it requires any PFC resources. I do it reflexively, and if I don’t, that’s when something feels off or amiss. My reward? The feeling of clean teeth (which I’m “addicted” to having now). This exact same process can get us into a new workout routine, or a new evening ritual that doesn’t include wine.

We have to get the PFC back in charge. Give it a chance to decide if it’s an actual doggie or something else. We have to convince the PFC and the amygdala to hug it out and do their respective jobs, which means working the fuck TOGETHER.

When a pleasurable reward is predicted, phasic dopamine is released by an automatic process in the lower brain. Tonic dopamine (released and regulated by the PFC) refers to that “background” dopamine that “floats” around, trying to help regulate the firing of the phasic dopamine. The brain-body is in a near-constant enterprise of maintaining a balance between these seemingly opposite dopamine actions. When our SEEKING system is functioning normally, phasic dopamine regulates our motivation to go after pleasant sensations and stay away from unpleasant sensations or stimuli. If phasic dopamine is underactive, we have a low response to stimulation; if it’s overactive, it can cause impulsive or out-of-control SEEKING. In both cases, it’s tonic dopamine’s job to keep phasic dopamine in working order.

interest, sleeps a lot, low energy, self-medicates to improve mood BRAIN FINDINGS/NEURO-TRANSMITTER ISSUE High limbic activity, low PFC/check vitamin D and DHEA levels SUPPLEMENTS SAMe, vitamin D, or DHEA if needed MEDICATIONS Wellbutrin TYPE 5. Anxious Addicts SYMPTOMS Anxious, tense, nervous, predicts the worst, self-medicates to calm BRAIN FINDINGS/NEURO-TRANSMITTER ISSUE High basal ganglia/low GABA

Adderall or Ritalin TYPE 3. Impulsive-Compulsive Addicts SYMPTOMS Combination of types 1 and 2 BRAIN FINDINGS/NEURO-TRANSMITTER ISSUE High ACG plus low PFC/low S and DA SUPPLEMENTS 5-HTP plus green tea and rhodiola MEDICATIONS SSRI plus stimulant TYPE 4. Sad or Emotional Addicts SYMPTOMS Sad or depressed mood, winter blues, carbohydrate cravings, loss of

BRAIN FINDINGS/NEURO-TRANSMITTER ISSUE Increased ACG/low serotonin (S) SUPPLEMENTS 5-HTP, inositol, saffron, or St. John’s wort MEDICATIONS SSRIs, such as Prozac, Zoloft, or Lexapro TYPE 2. Impulsive Addicts SYMPTOMS Inattentive, impulsive, easily distracted BRAIN FINDINGS/NEURO-TRANSMITTER ISSUE Low PFC/low dopamine (DA) SUPPLEMENTS Green tea, rhodiola, or L-tyrosine MEDICATIONS Stimulants such as

He felt like a green-as-grass PFC from Dubuque, Iowa, trading banter with the hardened South Vietnamese regular attached to his unit. “So,

If we had a logistic sergeant in charge over there instead of that two bit luey, we-” “La-la-la!” The PFC put his hands over his ears. “I’m not hearing you say bad things about our executive officer right now! I’m not getting into logistics, administration, or politics!” When a gleam appeared in Joey’s eyes, Johnson quickly amended, “Or religion! Nope, tonight I’m drinkin’!

I will remember the sounds PFC made. I will remember that I was his NCO, so he was my responsibility. And I will remember PFC himself as though I loved him. So I won't really remember PFC at all--not why I gave him low PRO/CONs, not why I told him he'd never make E4.

In 2015, researchers found that when people took walks in nature, then submitted to a brain scan, their sgPFC showed less activity, and the subjects reported fewer feelings of self-doubt. But when they took walks in an urban setting, they got no relief. Their brains were still shooting out sparks, and their thoughts were still running to the negative. Turns out the beauty of the natural world is a palliative against feeling sorry for ourselves.

The subgenual prefrontal cortex (sgPFC) is actually a part of the brain that’s responsible for our self-image. When you’re in a calm, positive place, this section of your mind is relatively quiet. But when it gets stimulated, you start to think negative thoughts about yourself. In other words, controlling the impulses in your brain is an essential part of any mind/ body fitness plan. And how do you do it? Simply by spending a little time in nature.

Who was PFC Huzu, Sergeant?” asked MakRaven. The kneeling man just shook his head, and when he spoke his voice was hoarse and husky. “Just some kid who wanted to be a legionnaire,” he whispered. MakRaven heard that. Knew it. Had seen it more times than he could remember. Some kid from all the worlds of the galaxy, showing up scared and determined to be the one percent of the one percent of the one percent. Something honorable. A warrior without peer. He himself must have been that kid. Long ago. Then the old man he had become, who had seen all the things he had seen, spoke. “Well…” he said. “He definitely was that. He definitely was a legionnaire.

Corporal Angel Boreanaz and PFC James "Spike" Marsters,

Next they showed that strong activation in the amygdala, a relatively more primitive part of the brain associated with emotional memory, was associated with lower likelihood of participants changing their minds back to the truth even when they were informed that the answers provided by their “peers” were fabricated. Strong amygdala activation correlated with strong activation of the hippocampus, an adjacent brain structure that stores memories but was inversely correlated with activity in the PFC.

When we’re babies, the PFC is barely formed. Babies don’t plan, regulate emotions, or care about impulsivity—they do what they want, when they want, and how they want. Pulling on Grandma’s earring looks fun. Yank! Time for a bathroom break with no diaper on? Great! The couch looks like a perfect place to go potty. Feeling hungry? Shove Dad’s laptop to the ground and reach for your bottle. Feeling cranky? Just scream until you’re exhausted. Then take a nap and start the whole process again when you wake up. The lack of a fully developed PFC is why babies need to be monitored so closely—they can’t be trusted to manage themselves, because they don’t yet have the cognitive skills to do so. Fortunately,

The inability to resist the exciting but costly option increased dramatically with BAC level. It should not surprise us that the risk task used by these experimenters is a variation of one used to study patients with PFC damage, and that this same pattern of being attracted to immediately appealing but ultimately less rewarding options is found in this population. The relative insensitivity to negative feedback or long-term consequences induced by alcohol can lead to many dangerous behaviors, ranging from drunk driving to unsafe sex. The latter leads us to the topic of the dark side of alcohol’s aphrodisiacal qualities.

When you weigh the advantages and disadvantages of murdering your parents … you can’t even do it, because feelings of horror come rushing in through the vmPFC.