Harvard Reference Quotes

I took the T from Logan airport to Harvard Square. I hate driving in Boston. It's the traffic that drives me spare, and the absolutely terrible manners of the motorists. Other New Englanders refer to Massachusetts drivers as "Massholes.

In the fall of 1998, I began my freshman year at San Diego State University, which my dad commonly referred to as 'Harvard, without all the smart people.

Shamanism resembles an academic discipline (such as anthropology or molecular biology); with its practitioners, fundamental researchers, specialists, and schools of thought it is a way of apprehending the world that evolves constantly. One thing is certain: Both indigenous and mestizo shamans consider people like the Shipibo-Conibo, the Tukano, the Kamsá, and the Huitoto as the equivalents to universities such as Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, and the Sorbonne; they are the highest reference in matters of knowledge. In this sense, ayahuasca-based shamanism is an essentially indigenous phenomenon. It belongs to the indigenous people of Western Amizonia, who hold the keys to a way of knowing that they have practiced without interruption for at least five thousand years. In comparison, the universities of the Western world are less than nine hundred years old.

The first person to refer to Darwin’s tales as Just So Stories was a Harvard paleontologist and evolutionist, Stephen Jay Gould, in 1978.61

The important question isn't how to keep bad physicians from harming patient; it's how to keep good physicians from harming patients. Medical malpractice suits are a remarkably ineffective remedy. (In reference to a Harvard Medical Practice Study)... fewer than 2 percent of the patients who had received substandard care ever filed suit. Conversely, only a small minority among patients who did sue had in fact been victims of negligent care. And a patient's likelihood of winning a suit depended primarily on how poor his or her outcome was, regardless of whether that outcome was caused by disease or unavoidable risks of care. The deeper problem with medical malpractice is that by demonizing errors they prevent doctors from acknowledging & discussing them publicly. The tort system makes adversaries of patient & physician, and pushes each other to offer a heavily slanted version of events.

Our ability to accurately recognize and label emotions is often referred to as emotional granularity. In the words of Harvard psychologist Susan David, “Learning to label emotions with a more nuanced vocabulary can be absolutely transformative.

Filth, filth, filth, from morning to night. I know they're poor but they could wash. Water is free and soap is cheap. Just look at that arm, nurse.' The nurse looked and clucked in horror. Francie stood there with the hot flamepoints of shame burning her face. The doctor was a Harvard man, interning at the neighborhood hospital. Once a week, he was obliged to put in a few hours at one of the free clinics. He was going into a smart practice in Boston when his internship was over. Adopting the phraseology of the neighborhood, he referred to his Brooklyn internship as going through Purgatory, when he wrote to his socially prominent fiancee in Boston. The nurse was as Williamsburg girl... The child of poor Polish immigrants, she had been ambitious, worked days in a sweatshop and gone to school at night. Somehow she had gotten her training... She didn't want anyone to know she had come from the slums. After the doctor's outburst, Francie stood hanging her head. She was a dirty girl. That's what the doctor meant. He was talking more quietly now asking the nurse how that kind of people could survive; that it would be a better world if they were all sterilized and couldn't breed anymore. Did that mean he wanted her to die? Would he do something to make her die because her hands and arms were dirty from the mud pies? She looked at the nurse... She thought the nurse might say something like: Maybe this little girl's mother works and didn't have time to wash her good this morning,' or, 'You know how it is, Doctor, children will play in the dirt.' But what the nurse actuallly said was, 'I know, Isn't it terrible? I sympathize with you, Doctor. There is no excuse for these people living in filth.' A person who pulls himself up from a low environment via the bootstrap route has two choices. Having risen above his environment, he can forget it; or, he can rise above it and never forget it and keep compassion and understanding in his heart for those he has left behind him in the cruel upclimb. The nurse had chosen the forgetting way. Yet, as she stood there, she knew that years later she would be haunted by the sorrow in the face of that starveling child and that she would wish bitterly that she had said a comforting word then and done something towards the saving of her immortal soul. She had the knowledge that she was small but she lacked the courage to be otherwise. When the needle jabbed, Francie never felt it. The waves of hurt started by the doctor's words were racking her body and drove out all other feeling. While the nurse was expertly tying a strip of gauze around her arm and the doctor was putting his instrument in the sterilizer and taking out a fresh needle, Francie spoke up. My brother is next. His arm is just as dirty as mine so don't be suprised. And you don't have to tell him. You told me.' They stared at this bit of humanity who had become so strangely articulate. Francie's voice went ragged with a sob. 'You don't have to tell him. Besides it won't do no godd. He's a boy and he don't care if he is dirty.'... As the door closed, she heard the doctor's suprised voice. I had no idea she'd understand what I was saying.' She heard the nurse say, 'Oh, well,' on a sighing note.

It came from the world’s first computer – the Mark 1 – a room-size maze of electromechanical circuits built in 1944 in a lab at Harvard University. The computer developed a glitch one day, and no one was able to locate the cause. After hours of searching, a lab assistant finally spotted the problem. It seemed a moth had landed on one of the computer’s circuit boards and shorted it out. From that moment on, computer glitches were referred to as bugs.

The people with whom you habitually associate are called your “reference group.” According to research by social psychologist Dr. David McClelland of Harvard, your “reference group” determines as much as 95 percent of your success or failure in life.

A very confused, very juvenile moment of awkward backings and bumpings followed, and everyone found himself talking to the person he least desired to. Isabella manoeuvred herself and Froggy Parker, freshman at Harvard, with whom she had once played hop-scotch, to a seat on the stairs. A humorous reference to the past was all she needed. The things Isabelle could do socially with one idea were remarkable.

For example, the value of fertilizer for a farmer is likely to be higher if other inputs (seeds, irrigation, farming practices, etc.) are available. The value of a blackboard in a school will depend on the availability of other school inputs (such as chalk, teachers, classrooms, etc.). In economics terms, the situations described above exhibit positive cross-partial derivatives.[80] In fact, when Richard teaches this maxim to his students, he refers to it as “capitalize on positive cross partial derivatives,” a much more technical formulation intended to be playful and memorable.

Instead the only place I got into was the local community college, where I live in a suite in what's not-so-jokingly referred to as the Virgin Vault, with a practicing witch, a klepto, and a girl whose family's religion doesn't allow her to speak to men outside of their faith. I keep assuring Mom it's cool. Another one of our suite mates came out last semester as a lesbian (to the surprise of none of us but herself), and a fifth is sleeping with a guy who's in an actual motorcycle gang. "See, Mom?" I'd told her. "Way better than Harvard. There's so much more diversity!" Like so much of my jokes, she didn't find that one funny.

A brain bank spokesman showed me around. Down the hall from the dissection room was the computer room. The spokesman referred to this as the "brains of the operation" which in any other operation would have been fine but in this case was a tad confusing. At the end of the hall were the real brains. It wasn't quite what I imagined. I pictured whole intact brains floating in glass jars, but the brains were cut in half, one side being sliced and frozen, the other side sliced and stored in formaldehyde inside Rubbermaid and Freezet food savers. Somehow I'd expected more of Harvard, if not glass at least Tupperware. I wondered what the dorms looked like these days.

Play Fair You’re sure to elicit a threat response if you provide feedback the other person views as unfair or inaccurate. But how do you avoid that, given how subjective perceptions of fairness and accuracy are? David Bradford of the Stanford Graduate School of Business suggests “staying on our side of the net”—that is, focusing our feedback on our feelings about the behavior and avoiding references to the other person’s motives. We’re in safe territory on our side of the net; others may not like what we say when we describe how we feel, but they can’t dispute its accuracy. However, when we make guesses about their motives, we cross over to their side of the net, and even minor inaccuracies can provoke a defensive reaction. For example, when giving critical feedback to someone who’s habitually late, it’s tempting to say something like, “You don’t value my time, and it’s very disrespectful of you.” But these are guesses about the other person’s state of mind, not statements of fact. If we’re even slightly off base, the employee will feel misunderstood and be less receptive to the feedback. A more effective way to make the same point is to say, “When you’re late, I feel devalued and disrespected.” It’s a subtle distinction, but by focusing on the specific behavior and our internal response—by staying on our side of the net—we avoid making an inaccurate, disputable guess. Because motives are often unclear, we constantly cross the net in an effort to make sense of others’ behavior. While this is inevitable, it’s good practice to notice when we’re guessing someone’s motives and get back on our side of the net before offering feedback.

Schnall’s strong reaction to the failed replication of her own work provoked a mixed reaction from the psychological community. While many psychologists were bewildered by her response, a number of prominent US psychologists voiced support for her position. Dan Gilbert from Harvard University likened Schnall’s battle to the plight of Rosa Parks, and he referred to some psychologists who conducted or supported replications as “bullies,” “replication police,” “second stringers,” McCarthyists, and “god’s chosen soldiers in a great jihad.” Others accused the so-called replicators of being “Nazis,” “fascists,” and “mafia.” Rather than viewing replication as an intrinsic part of best scientific practice, Gilbert and his supporters framed it as a threat to the reputation of the (presumably brilliant) researchers who publish irreproducible findings, stifling their creativity and innovation

But what separates human consciousness from the consciousness of animals? Humans are alone in the animal kingdom in understanding the concept of tomorrow. Unlike animals, we constantly ask ourselves “What if?” weeks, months, and even years into the future, so I believe that Level III consciousness creates a model of its place in the world and then simulates it into the future, by making rough predictions. We can summarize this as follows: Human consciousness is a specific form of consciousness that creates a model of the world and then simulates it in time, by evaluating the past to simulate the future. This requires mediating and evaluating many feedback loops in order to make a decision to achieve a goal. By the time we reach Level III consciousness, there are so many feedback loops that we need a CEO to sift through them in order to simulate the future and make a final decision. Accordingly, our brains differ from those of other animals, especially in the expanded prefrontal cortex, located just behind the forehead, which allows us to “see” into the future. Dr. Daniel Gilbert, a Harvard psychologist, has written, “The greatest achievement of the human brain is its ability to imagine objects and episodes that do not exist in the realm of the real, and it is this ability that allows us to think about the future. As one philosopher noted, the human brain is an ‘anticipation machine,’ and ‘making the future’ is the most important thing it does.” Using brain scans, we can even propose a candidate for the precise area of the brain where simulation of the future takes place. Neurologist Michael Gazzaniga notes that “area 10 (the internal granular layer IV), in the lateral prefrontal cortex, is almost twice as large in humans as in apes. Area 10 is involved with memory and planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, initiating appropriate behavior, and inhibiting inappropriate behavior, learning rules, and picking out relevant information from what is perceived through the senses.” (For this book, we will refer to this area, in which decision making is concentrated, as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, although there is some overlap with other areas of the brain.)

It is now long since the women of England arrogated, universally, a title which once belonged to nobility only, and, having once been in the habit of accepting the simple title of gentlewoman, as correspondent to that of gentleman, insisted on the privilege of assuming the title of "Lady,"6 which properly corresponds only to the title of "Lord." I do not blame them for this; but only for their narrow motive in this. I would have them desire and claim the title of Lady, provided they claim, not merely the title, but the office and duty signified by it. Lady means "bread-giver" or "loaf-giver," and Lord means "maintainer of laws," and both titles have reference, not to the law which is maintained in the house, nor to the bread which is given to the household, but to law maintained for the multitude, and to bread broken among the multitude. So that a Lord has legal claim only to his title in so far as he is the maintainer of the justice of the Lord of Lords; and a Lady has legal claim to her title only so far as she communicates that help to the poor representatives of her Master, which women once, ministering to Him of their substance, were permitted to extend to that Master Himself; and when she is known, as He Himself once was, in breaking of bread.

Our ability to accurately recognize and label emotions is often referred to as emotional granularity. In the words of Harvard psychologist Susan David, “Learning to label emotions with a more nuanced vocabulary can be absolutely transformative.” David explains that if we don’t have a sufficient emotional vocabulary, it is difficult to communicate our needs and to get the support that

More generally, errors of commission generally get weighted more heavily than errors of omission, a tendency sometimes referred to as omission bias.

But Stanovich sees it differently. In his book, What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought, he coined the term “dysrationalia”—the inability to think and behave rationally despite having high intelligence. Research in cognitive psychology suggests there are two principal causes of dysrationalia. The first is a processing problem. The second is a content problem. Stanovich believes we process poorly. When solving a problem, he says, people have several different cognitive mechanisms to choose from. At one end of the spectrum are mechanisms with great computational power, but they are slow and require a great deal of concentration. At the opposite end of the spectrum are mechanisms that have low computational power, require very little concentration, and make quick action possible. “Humans are cognitive misers,” Stanovich writes, “because our basic tendency is to default to the processing mechanisms that require less computational effort, even if they are less accurate.”9 In a word, humans are lazy thinkers. They take the easy way out when solving problems and as a result, their solutions are often illogical. The second cause of dysrationalia is the lack of adequate content. Psychologists who study decision making refer to content deficiency as a “mindware gap.” First articulated by David Perkins, a Harvard cognitive scientist, mindware refers to the rules, strategies, procedures, and knowledge people have at their mental disposal to help solve a problem. “Just as kitchenware consists in tools for working in the kitchen, and software consists in tools for working with your computer, mindware consists in the tools for the mind,” explains Perkins. “A piece of mindware is anything a person can learn that extends the person’s general powers to think critically and creatively.

Harvard professor Dr. Jack Shonkoff has long studied this area of research at the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard’s Chan School of Public Health.14 He has defined three possible ways we can respond to stress: positive, tolerable, and toxic. As described below, these terms refer to the stress response system’s effects on the body, not to the stressful event or experience itself: A positive stress response is our built-in biopsychosocial skills that enable us to deal with daily stressors. Indeed, this positive stress response is akin to how we’ve been characterizing good anxiety—a brief increase in heart rate and mild elevations in hormone levels. A tolerable stress response is marked by an activation of the body’s inner alarm system provoked by a truly frightening or dangerous encounter, the death of a loved one, or a big romantic breakup or divorce. During such intense stress, the brain-body can offset the impact through conscious self-care, such as turning to a support system. The key here is that the person’s resilience factor is already stable enough to enable the recovery. If, for instance, someone is faced with a life crisis and they don’t have a strong resilience factor, then they will be less able to recover and bounce back. A toxic stress response occurs when a child or adult undergoes ongoing or prolonged adversity—such as poverty, abject neglect, physical or emotional abuse, chronic neglect, exposure to violence—without sufficient support in place. This kind of prolonged activation of the stress response systems can not only disrupt the development of brain architecture and other organ systems of the child but also lingers well into adulthood, robbing people of their ability to manage any kind of stress.

Three of the leading opponents of behavioral genetics collaborated on a book that set out to deconstruct the new science and reverse the biological tide. The book was Not in Our Genes, and the authors were three of the most vigilant critics of the genetic view: Richard Lewontin, a population geneticist at Harvard; the indefatigable Leon Kamin, who was then at Princeton’s psychology department; and Steven Rose, a neurobiologist at England’s Open University. Although the book had slight impact, it is worth examining as a compendium of the arguments and methods of the opponents of behavioral genetics, arguments that these critics, and their shrinking band of allies, continue to make despite repeated refutations. Throughout the text the authors, with admirable candor, proclaim their Marxist perspective and their “commitment to … a more socially just—a socialist—society.” Few pages go by without references to “dialectics,” “bourgeois society,” and “capitalist values.” The authors’ apparently feel their clean breast about their politics permitted wholesale assumptions about those of their opponents. We are leftists is their implicit claim; but you on the other side of the scientific fence are reactionaries. Liberals, they appeared to be saying, can have only one scientific view, theirs; any other must be right-wing and antiliberal. “Biological determinist ideas,” they say, “are part of the attempt to preserve the inequalities of our society and to shape human nature in its own image.” It must surely have come as unpleasant news to Sandra Scarr, Jerome Kagan, and other liberal psychologists to learn that they were striving to preserve society’s inequalities. In addition, the authors’ nasty assumptions of their opponents’ motives must have been an eye-opener to the hundreds of microbiologists, lab technicians, DNA scanners, rat-runners, statistical analysts, and all the others engaged in behavioral genetics research who learned from the book that they were going to work each day “to preserve the interests of the dominant class, gender, and race.” But the falsity of the authors’ premise goes well beyond slandering a few individuals. Throughout the text, the writers deny the possibility that scientists could exist who place their curiosity about the world ahead of their political agendas. Lewontin, Kamin, and Rose deny as well the possibility of any man or woman, including themselves, separating science from politics. (“Science is not and cannot be above ‘mere’ politics.”) They leave no room for the scientist who is so intrigued by new information, in this case gene-behavior discoveries, that he or she is oblivious to alleged political consequences. For the authors, all scientists who seek out biological influences on behavior, from Darwin to Robert Plomin, are willing servants of the status quo, if not promoters of a return to feudalism.

Logistics is in fact a key aspect of military planning, and Cook is responsible for Apple’s operational excellence. For example, when Apple knew it would move away from disk drives in its iPods and MacBook Air notebooks, it invested in billion-dollar forward purchases of flash memory. Cook’s supply-chain organization executed this masterstroke, which accomplished the trifecta of securing Apple’s supply, locking in the lowest price, and hobbling the competition’s access to components. Such back-of-the-shop excellence at a company known for its creative flair is a rare example of what researchers Charles O’Reilly of Stanford and Michael Tushman, a professor of organizational behavior at the Harvard Business School, refer to as “ambidexterity as a dynamic capability.” In other words, it reflects the ability of a top-performing company to be simultaneously efficient and innovative.

According to research by social psychologist Dr. David McClelland of Harvard, your “reference group” determines as much as 95 percent of your success or failure in life.

What Is Linguistic Style? Everything that is said must be said in a certain way—in a certain tone of voice, at a certain rate of speed, and with a certain degree of loudness. Whereas often we consciously consider what to say before speaking, we rarely think about how to say it, unless the situation is obviously loaded—for example, a job interview or a tricky performance review. Linguistic style refers to a person’s characteristic speaking pattern. It includes such features as directness or indirectness, pacing and pausing, word choice, and the use of such elements as jokes, figures of speech, stories, questions, and apologies. In other words, linguistic style is a set of culturally learned signals by which we not only communicate what we mean but also interpret others’ meaning and evaluate one another as people.

Nathaniel Bowditch… the father of American Navigation was born on March 26, 1773, in Salem, Massachusetts. At the age of ten; he left school to work in his father's cooperage, before becoming a bookkeeping apprentice, to a ship chandler. At fourteen years of age he taught himself Algebra and later Calculus. He poured over books critical to the development of Astronomy, such as those written by Sir Isaac Newton. He also corrected thousands of calculation errors in John Hamilton Moore’s book “The New Practical Navigator.” As a young man he learned Latin and French allowing him to read foreign technical books and translated Pierre Simon de Laplace’s book on mathematics and theoretical astronomy. In 1795, Bowditch went to sea on his first voyage as a ship's clerk and yeoman. By his fifth voyage at sea he was promoted to Captain and was a part owner of the vessel. Following this voyage, he returned to Salem in 1803, resuming his studies. In 1802, his book The American Practical Navigator was first published. That same year, Harvard University awarded Bowditch an honorary Master of Arts degree. His tireless academic work earned him a significant standing, including acceptance to the “American Academy of Arts and Sciences.” In 1806, Bowditch was offered the “Chair of Mathematics and Physics at Harvard” as well as at the “United States Military Academy and the University of Virginia.” His encyclopedia of navigation “The American Practical Navigator,” usually just referred to by his name “Bowditch,” still serves as a valuable handbook on oceanography and meteorology, and contains useful tables and a maritime glossary. Without a doubt it is the finest book on Navagation ever written.

I feel my hackles rise, however, when I hear people refer to the serial comma as the Oxford comma. Why does Oxford get all the credit? Why does the stricter, more conservative choice belong to the university that gave us the eponymous shirt with the button-down collar and the androgynous lace-up shoe? Why not the Harvard comma, or the Rutgers comma, or the Cornhusker comma?

Whites impose these rules on themselves because they know blacks, in particular, are so quick to take offense. Radio host Dennis Prager was surprised to learn that a firm that runs focus groups on radio talk shows excludes blacks from such groups. It had discovered that almost no whites are willing to disagree with a black. As soon as a black person voiced an opinion, whites agreed, whatever they really thought. When Mr. Prager asked his listening audience about this, whites called in from around the country to say they were afraid to disagree with a black person for fear of being thought racist. Attempts at sensitivity can go wrong. In 2009, there were complaints from minority staff in the Delaware Department of Transportation about insensitive language, so the department head, Carolann Wicks, distributed a newsletter describing behavior and language she considered unacceptable. Minorities were so offended that the newsletter spelled out the words whites were not supposed to use that the department had to recall and destroy the newsletter. The effort whites put into observing racial etiquette has been demonstrated in the laboratory. In experiments at Tufts University and Harvard Business School, a white subject was paired with a partner, and each was given 30 photographs of faces that varied by race, sex, and background color. They were then supposed to identify one of the 30 faces by asking as few yes-or-no questions as possible. Asking about race was clearly a good way to narrow down the possibilities —whites did not hesitate to use that strategy when their partner was white—but only 10 percent could bring themselves to mention race if their partner was black. They were afraid to admit that they even noticed race. When the same experiment was done with children, even white 10- and 11-year olds avoided mentioning race, though younger children were less inhibited. Because they were afraid to identify people by race if the partner was black, older children performed worse on the test than younger children. “This result is fascinating because it shows that children as young as 10 feel the need to try to avoid appearing prejudiced, even if doing so leads them to perform poorly on a basic cognitive test,” said Kristin Pauker, a PhD candidate at Tufts who co-authored the study. During Barack Obama’s campaign for President, Duke University sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva asked the white students in his class to raise their hands if they had a black friend on campus. All did so. At the time, blacks were about 10 percent of the student body, so for every white to have a black friend, every black must have had an average of eight or nine white friends. However, when Prof. Bonilla-Silva asked the blacks in the class if they had white friends none raised his hand. One hesitates to say the whites were lying, but there would be deep disapproval of any who admitted to having no black friends, whereas there was no pressure on blacks to claim they had white friends. Nor is there the same pressure on blacks when they talk insultingly about whites. Claire Mack is a former mayor and city council member of San Mateo, California. In a 2006 newspaper interview, she complained that too many guests on television talk shows were “wrinkled-ass white men.” No one asked her to apologize. Daisy Lynum, a black commissioner of the city of Orlando, Florida, angered the city’s police when she complained that a “white boy” officer had pulled her son over for a traffic stop. She refused to apologize, saying, “That is how I talk and I don’t plan to change.” During his 2002 reelection campaign, Sharpe James, mayor of Newark, New Jersey, referred to his light-skinned black opponent as “the faggot white boy.” This caused no ripples, and a majority-black electorate returned him to office.

She was pointedly reminding me,' Professor Coles shares pensively, 'that she hadn't forgotten my repeated references to [Emerson's speech at Harvard], to the emphasis its author ... placed on character, the distinction he made between it and intellect. She was implying that even such a clarification, such an insistence, could all too readily become an aspect of the very problem Emerson was discussing---the intellect at work, analyzing its relationship to the lived life of conduct (character), with no apparent acknowledgement of the double irony of it all! The irony that the study of philosophy, say, even moral philosophy or oral reasoning, doesn't by any means necessarily prompt in either the teacher or the student a daily enacted goodness; and the further irony that a discussion of that very irony can prove equally sterile, in the sense that yet again one is being clever---with no apparent consequences, so far as one's every actions go.

This hypothesis, referred to as the monoamine hypothesis, grew primarily out of two main observations made in the 1950s and ’60s.14 One was seen in patients being treated for tuberculosis who experienced mood-related side effects from the antitubercular drug iproniazid, which can change the levels of serotonin in the brain. Another was the claim that reserpine, a medication introduced for seizures and high blood pressure, depleted these chemicals and caused depression—that is, until there was a fifty-four person study that demonstrated that it resolved depression.15 From these preliminary and largely inconsistent observations a theory was born, crystallized by the work and writings of the late Dr. Joseph Schildkraut, who threw fairy dust into the field in 1965 with his speculative manifesto “The Catecholamine Hypothesis of Affective Disorders.”16 Dr. Schildkraut was a prominent psychiatrist at Harvard who studied catecholamines, a class of naturally occurring compounds that act as chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, within the brain. He looked at one neurochemical in particular, norepinephrine, in people before and during treatment with antidepressants and found that depression suppressed its effectiveness as a chemical messenger. Based on his findings, he theorized broadly about the biochemical underpinnings of mental illnesses. In a field struggling to establish legitimacy (beyond the therapeutic lobotomy!), psychiatry was desperate for a rebranding, and the pharmaceutical industry was all too happy to partner in the effort. This idea that these medications correct an imbalance that has something to do with a brain chemical has been so universally accepted that no one bothers to question it or even research it using modern rigors of science. According to Dr. Joanna Moncrieff, we have been led to believe that these medications have disease-based effects—that they’re actually fixing, curing, correcting a real disease in human physiology. Six decades of study, however, have revealed conflicting, confusing, and inconclusive data.17 That’s right: there has never been a human study that successfully links low serotonin levels and depression. Imaging studies, blood and urine tests, postmortem suicide assessments, and even animal research have never validated the link between neurotransmitter levels and depression.18 In other words, the serotonin theory of depression is a total myth that has been unjustly supported by the manipulation of data. Much to the contrary, high serotonin levels have been linked to a range of problems, including schizophrenia and autism.19 Paul Andrews, an assistant professor

William James, who was a professor at Harvard from 1872 to 1907 as well as a lecturer at numerous universities, is often referred to as “the father of American psychology.” Yet in his lifetime, he was ridiculed for forming The American Society for Psychical Research. Unfortunately, we have a long-standing practice of criticizing those who look outside the traditional medical box.

There have been calls for nearly a half century to ban the advertising of sugary cereals to children, which Harvard nutrition professor Jean Mayer referred to as “sugar-coated nothings.” 822 In a Senate hearing on nutrition education, he said, “Properly speaking, they ought to be called cereal-flavored candy, rather than sugar-covered cereals.

The tendency to approach the question of creation in such all-or-nothing terms is, for example, less pronounced in the Jewish tradition. Walter Benjamin’s commentary on the book of Genesis, as set forth in his essay “On Language as Such and on the Language of Man” (in Early Writings: 1910–1917, trans. H. Eiland [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011], 251–269), provides a summary of an alternative view. It is helpful to see Benjamin’s alternative reading of creation as involving six moments corresponding to the following six sorts of remarks to be found in that essay: (1) In individual acts of creation . . . only the “Let there be” appears. (259) (2) With the creative omnipotence of language this act begins. . . . In God, name is creative because it is word. . . . (259) (3) The second version of the Creation story, which tells of the breathing of God’s breath into man, also reports that man was made from earth. In the whole story of the Creation, this is the only reference to a material in which the Creator expresses his will, which is doubtless otherwise thought of as immediately creative. (258) (4) In this second story of the Creation, the making of man did not come about through the word (God spoke and it was so), but this man who was not created from the word is now endowed with the gift of language, and he is elevated above nature. . . . (258) God did not create man from the word, and he did not name him. (259) (5) God’s creation is completed when things receive their names from man—this man from whom, in the name, language alone speaks. . . . (255) Language is therefore that which creates and that which completes; it is word and name. (259) (6) The absolute relation of name to knowledge exists only in God; only there is the name, because it is inwardly identical with the creative word, the pure medium of knowledge. This means that God made things knowable in their names. Man, however, names them according to knowledge.

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【V信83113305】：The eastern United States is home to some of the world's most prestigious universities, renowned for their academic excellence, historic campuses, and vibrant student life. Institutions like Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, often referred to as the Ivy League, dominate global rankings with their rigorous programs and distinguished faculty. Beyond the Ivy League, schools such as MIT and Columbia University lead in innovation and research, attracting top talent worldwide. The region's rich history is reflected in the architecture of campuses like the University of Pennsylvania and Brown, blending tradition with modern facilities. Students benefit from proximity to major cities like Boston and New York, offering internships and cultural opportunities. With a strong emphasis on liberal arts, STEM, and professional studies, these universities foster critical thinking and leadership, shaping future global leaders. The competitive yet collaborative environment ensures a transformative educational experience.，Eastern University东部大学毕业证制作代办流程, 美国本科毕业证, 制作文凭东部大学毕业证-EU毕业证书-毕业证, 办理Eastern University学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, 毕业证文凭-东部大学毕业证, 办东部大学毕业证成绩单, 办理美国Eastern University本科学历, fake EU degree, 美国Eastern University东部大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理

【V信83113305】：The University of Cork, commonly referred to as UCC, is a prestigious institution located in Ireland, not the United States. However, if you're referring to a similarly named university in the U.S., it’s important to clarify that no widely recognized "Cork University" exists there. Instead, the U.S. boasts many renowned universities like Harvard, Stanford, and MIT. If you meant *Cork University* as a hypothetical or lesser-known institution, it could symbolize the diverse landscape of American higher education, which includes large research universities and smaller liberal arts colleges. These institutions emphasize innovation, critical thinking, and global engagement. Whether real or imagined, the spirit of such a university would align with America's commitment to academic excellence and opportunity. For accurate information, always verify the name and location of the institution in question.，CU考克大学-多少钱, Coker University学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门, CU文凭制作服务您学历的展现, 办考克大学毕业证认证学历认证使馆认证, 考克大学原版购买, 办考克大学毕业证-university, 办理美国Coker University本科学历, 美国本科毕业证

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【V信83113305】：The eastern United States is home to some of the world's most prestigious universities, renowned for their academic excellence, historic campuses, and vibrant student life. Institutions like Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, often referred to as the Ivy League, dominate global rankings with their rigorous programs and distinguished faculty. Beyond the Ivy League, schools such as MIT and Columbia University lead in innovation and research, attracting top talent worldwide. The region also boasts liberal arts colleges like Williams and Amherst, offering intimate class sizes and personalized education. With rich traditions, cutting-edge facilities, and strong alumni networks, these universities shape future leaders across industries. Their picturesque campuses, often nestled in historic towns like Cambridge or New Haven, provide an inspiring backdrop for intellectual growth. Whether in STEM, humanities, or the arts, East Coast universities remain at the forefront of higher education.，哪里买东部大学毕业证|Eastern University成绩单, 东部大学-多少钱, Eastern University东部大学挂科了怎么办？, 东部大学毕业证制作, Eastern University东部大学电子版毕业证与美国Eastern University学位证书纸质版价格, 购买美国毕业证, offer东部大学在读证明, 办理美国Eastern University本科学历

【V信83113305】：Renmin University of China (RUC), often referred to as the "Harvard of China," is a prestigious institution renowned for its excellence in humanities and social sciences. Located in Beijing, RUC was established in 1937 and has since become a leading center for research and education, particularly in law, economics, and public administration. The university boasts a vibrant academic community, with distinguished faculty and ambitious students from across the globe. Its rigorous curriculum emphasizes critical thinking, innovation, and practical skills, preparing graduates for leadership roles in various fields. RUC's strong ties with international universities and organizations further enhance its global reputation. With a commitment to fostering talent and advancing knowledge, Renmin University continues to shape the future of China and beyond.，申请学校!RU成绩单瑞金大学成绩单RU改成绩, Regent University瑞金大学挂科了怎么办？, Offer(RU成绩单)瑞金大学如何办理?, 办理Regent University瑞金大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 办理美国Regent University本科学历, 办理RU瑞金大学毕业证文凭, 办瑞金大学毕业证RU-university

【V信83113305】：The eastern United States is home to some of the most prestigious universities in the world, renowned for their academic excellence, historic campuses, and vibrant student life. Institutions like Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, often referred to as the Ivy League, dominate the region with their rigorous programs and global influence. Beyond the Ivies, schools such as MIT and Columbia University lead in innovation and research, attracting top talent from around the globe. The East Coast’s rich cultural and intellectual environment provides students with unparalleled opportunities, from internships in major cities like New York and Boston to collaborations with leading industries. Smaller liberal arts colleges, like Williams and Amherst, offer intimate learning experiences with a focus on critical thinking. Whether pursuing STEM, humanities, or the arts, students in the East benefit from a blend of tradition and cutting-edge education, making it a premier destination for higher learning.，如何办理Eastern University东部大学学历学位证, 挂科办理东部大学毕业证文凭, 美国硕士毕业证, Eastern University东部大学挂科了怎么办？, 美国学历购买, 购买东部大学文凭, 高仿原版东部大学毕业证-EU毕业证书-外壳-offer制作

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【V信83113305】：The eastern United States is home to some of the world's most prestigious universities, renowned for their academic excellence, historic campuses, and vibrant student life. Institutions like Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, often referred to as the Ivy League, dominate the region with their rigorous programs and global influence. Beyond the Ivy League, schools such as MIT and Columbia University lead in innovation and research, attracting top talent worldwide. The East Coast's rich history and cultural diversity enhance the college experience, offering students access to major cities like Boston, New York, and Washington, D.C. These universities foster strong alumni networks and career opportunities, particularly in fields like law, medicine, and finance. With picturesque campuses, cutting-edge facilities, and a tradition of excellence, Eastern U.S. universities remain a top choice for students seeking world-class education and transformative experiences.，留学生买文凭毕业证-东部大学, 原装正版东部大学毕业证真实水印成绩单制作, 美国毕业证学历认证, 【美国篇】东部大学毕业证成绩单, 办东部大学毕业证EU-university, 美国Eastern University东部大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 定制东部大学成绩单, Eastern UniversitydiplomaEastern University东部大学挂科处理解决方案

【V信83113305】：The Rand University, often confused with the prestigious RAND Corporation or the fictional institution mentioned in pop culture, is not a recognized academic entity in the United States. However, the name occasionally surfaces in discussions due to its association with the RAND Corporation, a globally renowned think tank focused on policy research and analysis. Founded in 1948, the RAND Corporation has contributed significantly to defense, healthcare, and technology advancements, but it does not operate as a traditional university. Misconceptions about "Rand University" may stem from its colloquial use or references in media, such as in sports or entertainment. Unlike accredited universities, it lacks degree programs or a physical campus. For those seeking higher education, institutions like Harvard, Stanford, or public state universities remain the standard. The RAND Corporation itself offers fellowships and collaborative research opportunities, bridging academia and policy—yet it is no substitute for a degree-granting university. Clarity about such distinctions ensures informed decisions in education and career paths.，办理Lander University兰德大学毕业证文凭, 美国留学成绩单毕业证, LU学位证毕业证, 一流兰德大学学历精仿高质, Lander UniversitydiplomaLander University兰德大学挂科处理解决方案, 美国LU兰德大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, Lander University毕业证文凭-兰德大学毕业证, 如何办理兰德大学学历学位证, 兰德大学挂科了怎么办？LU毕业证成绩单专业服务

【V信83113305】：The University of Cork, commonly known as UCC, is a prestigious institution located in Ireland, not the United States. However, if you're referring to a similarly named university in the U.S., such as "Cock University," it’s important to clarify that no such widely recognized institution exists under that name. In the U.S., universities like the University of California, Berkeley, or Columbia University are renowned for their academic excellence. If you meant a specific lesser-known college, additional details would be needed. American higher education is diverse, offering world-class research, innovative programs, and vibrant campus life. Institutions like Harvard, MIT, and Stanford set global standards, attracting students worldwide. Whether public or private, U.S. universities emphasize critical thinking, creativity, and leadership, contributing significantly to global knowledge and innovation.，出售考克大学研究生学历文凭, 美国留学成绩单毕业证, 原版定制考克大学毕业证-CU毕业证书-一比一制作, Coker University毕业证文凭-考克大学毕业证, Coker University考克大学电子版毕业证与美国Coker University学位证书纸质版价格, 考克大学学位定制, 挂科办理考克大学毕业证本科学位证书, 美国毕业证认证, 考克大学本科毕业证

【V信83113305】：Nestled in the vibrant heart of Montreal, McGill University stands as one of Canada's most prestigious institutions of higher learning. Founded in 1821, it boasts a rich history and a global reputation for academic excellence, often referred to as the "Harvard of the North." Its stunning campus blends historic, ivy-covered buildings with modern research facilities, creating an inspiring environment for over 30,000 students from around the world. McGill is consistently ranked among the top universities globally, renowned for its pioneering research, particularly in the fields of medicine, law, and science. The university's vibrant student life and diverse community, set against the dynamic backdrop of Montreal, provide an unparalleled and enriching educational experience.，网上制作麦吉尔大学毕业证McGill毕业证书留信学历认证, McGill文凭办理, 如何获取麦吉尔大学McGill毕业证本科学位证书, 麦吉尔大学毕业证成绩单原版定制, 最佳办理McGill麦吉尔大学毕业证方式, 本地加拿大硕士文凭证书原版定制McGill本科毕业证书, 硕士-McGill毕业证麦吉尔大学毕业证办理, 想要真实感受McGill麦吉尔大学版毕业证图片的品质点击查看详解, 办理McGill University麦吉尔大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务