Sans Rival Quotes

Just because some Africans enslaved rival tribes before European arrival, doesn't mean all Africans enslaved. Buying/selling humans was unthinkable to peaceful tribes like our Lenape, and the San of Africa.

Soupçonner qu'un rival est aimé est déjà bien cruel, mais se voir avouer en détail l'amour qu'il inspire à la femme qu'on adore est sans doute le comble des douleurs.

Prior to modern times, the term 'Islamic' (Islami in Arabic) was almost never used to define the provenance, status, or substance of things. There was no such thing as 'Islamic art', 'Islamic economics', or even 'Islamic law.' ... The encounter with the modern West, however, ultimately changed the status of 'Islamic.' Inasmuch as the rise of the West converted the achievements of Darwin, Descartes, and Hegel from mere English, French, or German achievements into explicitly 'Western' ones, it also engendered the need for a parallel convention for demarcating the non-Western 'other.' The Western provenance of the modern neologism 'Islamic' is perhaps best revealed in its tendency to connote geography and ethnicity. 'Islamic', in other words, connotes not simply that which is related to or a product of Islam as a religion but that which relates to a particularly non-European people in a non-European part of the world. In this capacity, it carries both a descriptive and a prescriptive force... For no modern Muslim nor non-Muslim would include the likes of such Arab Christians as Michel Aflaq or San' Allah Ibrahim among the 'thinkers of Islam.' Rather, in Western parlance, the modern 'Islamic' began as an instrument to demarcate the boundary between the west and a particular set of 'others.' In Muslim hands, it would go on to evolve into a full-blown signifier of normative Islam and a tool for delineating the boundary between it and Islam. Its added utility, moreover, as a mechanism for elevating the achievements of Muslims to the level of a civilization rivaling that of Europe rendered it all the more irresistible and gained for it universal acceptance throughout the Muslim world.

Épouvantable et complet désastre. Le vaisseau sombrait sans laisser ni un cordage, ni une planche sur le vaste océan des espérances. En se voyant abandonnées, certaines femmes vont arracher leur amant aux bras d’une rivale, la tuent et s’enfuient au bout du monde, sur l’échafaud ou dans la tombe. Cela, sans doute, est beau ; le mobile de ce crime est une sublime passion qui impose à la Justice humaine. D’autres femmes baissent la tête et souffrent en silence ; elles vont mourantes et résignées, pleurant et pardonnant, priant et se souvenant jusqu’au dernier soupir. Ceci est de l’amour, l’amour vrai, l’amour des anges, l’amour fier qui vit de sa douleur et qui en meurt.

El afecto, ya lo dije, no se da importancia. La caridad —decía san Pablo— no es engreída. El afecto puede amar lo que no es atractivo: Dios y sus santos aman lo que no es amable. El afecto «no espera demasiado», hace la vista gorda ante los errores ajenos, se rehace fácilmente después de una pelea, como la caridad sufre pacientemente, y es bondadoso y perdona. El afecto nos descubre el bien que podríamos no haber visto o que, sin él, podríamos no haber apreciado. Lo mismo hace la santa humildad. Pero si nos detuviéramos sólo en estas semejanzas, podríamos llegar a creer que este afecto no es simplemente uno de los amores naturales sino el Amor en sí mismo, obrando en nuestros corazones humanos y cumpliendo su ley. ¿Tendrían razón entonces los novelistas ingleses de la época victoriana, al decir que es suficiente este tipo de amor? ¿Son «los afectos caseros», cuando están en su mejor momento y en su desarrollo más pleno, lo mismo que la vida cristiana? La respuesta a estas preguntas, lo sé con seguridad, es decididamente No. No digo solamente que esos novelistas escribieron a veces como si nunca hubieran conocido ese texto evangélico sobre el «odiar» a la esposa y a la madre y aun la propia vida —aunque, por supuesto, sea así—, sino que la enemistad entre los amores naturales y el amor de Dios es algo que un cristiano procura no olvidar. Dios es el gran Rival, que en cualquier momento me puede robar —al menos a mí me parece un robo— el corazón de mi esposa, de mi marido o de mi hija.

Je fus bientôt supplantée par une rivale, chassée sans récompense, et obligée de continuer ce métier abominable qui vous paraît si plaisant à vous autres hommes, et qui n’est pour nous qu’un abîme de misère. J’allai exercer la profession à Venise. Ah! monsieur, si vous pouviez vous imaginer ce que c’est que d’être obligée de caresser indifféremment un vieux marchand, un avocat, un moine, un gondolier, un abbé; d’être exposée à toutes les insultes, à toutes les avanies; d’être souvent réduite à emprunter une jupe pour aller se la faire lever par un homme dégoûtant; d’être volée par l’un de ce qu’on a gagné avec l’autre; d’être rançonnée par les officiers de justice, et de n’avoir en perspective qu’une vieillesse affreuse, un hôpital, et un fumier, vous concluriez que je suis une des plus malheureuses créatures du monde.

At the Treaty of San Ildefonso, Napoleon had promised Spain not to sell Louisiana to a third party, a commitment he now decided to ignore. On the same day that Whitworth called for his passports in Paris, across the Atlantic President Thomas Jefferson signed the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the United States at the stroke of his pen. The Americans paid France 80 million francs for 875,000 square miles of territory that today comprises all or some of thirteen states from the Gulf of Mexico across the Midwest right up to the Canadian border, at a cost of less than four cents an acre.93 ‘Irresolution and deliberation are no longer in season,’ Napoleon wrote to Talleyrand. ‘I renounce Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans that I cede; it is the whole colony, without reserve; I know the price of what I abandon … I renounce it with the greatest regret: to attempt obstinately to retain it would be folly.’94 After the Saint-Domingue debacle and the collapse of Amiens, Napoleon concluded he must realize his largest and (for the immediate future) entirely useless asset, one that might eventually have drawn France into conflict with the United States. Instead, by helping the United States to continental greatness, and enriching the French treasury in the process, Napoleon was able to prophesy: ‘I have just given to England a maritime rival that sooner or later will humble her pride.’95 Within a decade, the United States was at war with Britain rather than with France, and the War of 1812 was to draw off British forces that were still fighting in February 1815, and which might otherwise have been present at Waterloo.

He had been a timid child in New York City, cut off from schoolboy society by illness, wealth, and private tutors. Inspired by a leonine father, he had labored with weights to build up his strength. Simultaneously, he had built up his courage “by sheer dint of practicing fearlessness.” With every ounce of new muscle, with every point scored over pugilistic, romantic, and political rivals, his personal impetus (likened by many observers to that of a steam train) had accelerated. Experiences had flashed by him in such number that he was obviously destined to travel a larger landscape of life than were his fellows. He had been a published author at eighteen, a husband at twenty-two, an acclaimed historian and New York State Assemblyman at twenty-three, a father and a widower at twenty-five, a ranchman at twenty-six, a candidate for Mayor of New York at twenty-seven, a husband again at twenty-eight, a Civil Service Commissioner of the United States at thirty. By then he was producing book after book, and child after child, and cultivating every scientist, politician, artist, and intellectual of repute in Washington. His career had gathered further speed: Police Commissioner of New York City at thirty-six, Assistant Secretary of the Navy at thirty-eight, Colonel of the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, the “Rough Riders,” at thirty-nine. At last, in Cuba, had come the consummating “crowded hour.” A rush, a roar, the sting of his own blood, a surge toward the sky, a smoking pistol in his hand, a soldier in light blue doubling up “neatly as a jackrabbit” … When the smoke cleared, he had found himself atop Kettle Hill on the Heights of San Juan, with a vanquished empire at his feet.

His order cited "credible evidence" that a takeover "threatens to impair the national security of the US".Qualcomm was already trying to fend off Broadcom's bid.The deal would have created the world's third-largest chipmaker behind Intel and Samsung.It would also have been the biggest takeover the technology koo50 sector had ever seen.The presidential order said: "The proposed takeover of Qualcomm by the Purchaser (Broadcom) is prohibited. and any substantially equivalent merger. acquisition. or takeover. whether effected directly or indirectly. is also prohibited."Crown jewelSome analysts said President Trump's decision was more about competitiveness and winning the race for 5G technology. than security concerns.The sector is in a race to develop chips for the latest 5G wireless technology. and Qualcomm was considered by Broadcom a significant asset in its bid to gain market share.Image captionQualcomm has already showcased 1Gbps mobile internet speeds using a 5G chip"Given the current political climate in the US and other regions around the world. everyone is taking a more conservative view on mergers and acquisitions and protecting their own domains." IDC's Mario Morales. vice president of enabling technologies and semiconductors told the BBC."We are all at the start of a race. and you have 5G as a crown jewel that everyone wants to participate in - and every region is racing towards that." he said."We don't want to hinder someone like Qualcomm so that they can't provide the technology to the vendors that are competing within that space."US investigates Broadcom's Qualcomm bidQualcomm rejects Broadcom takeover bidHuawei's US smartphone deal collapsesSingapore-based Broadcom had been pursuing San Diego-based Qualcomm for about four months.Last week however. Broadcom's hostile takeover bid was put under investigation by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the US. a multi-agency led by the US Treasury Department.The US company had rejected approaches from its rival on the grounds that the offer undervalued the business. and also that any takeover would face antitrust hurdles.Earlier this year. Chinese telecoms giant Huawei said it had not been able to strike a deal to sell its new smartphone via a US carrier. widely believed to be AT&T.The US also recently blocked the $1.2bn sale of money transfer firm Moneygram to China's Ant Financial. the digital payments arm of Alibaba.

Marie est la « servante du Seigneur », la servante par excellence, ce qui indique une similitude annonciatrice de la fonction du Prophète de l’islâm. Ce caractère servitorial est lié au symbolisme du voile. Selon Michel Vâlsan : « La Réalité muhammadienne constitue le mystère du Verbe suprême et universel, car elle est en même temps la Théophanie intégrale (de l’Essence, des Attributs et des Actes) et son occultation sous le voile de la Servitude absolue et totale ». C’est parce qu’elle est la servante parfaite que Marie est toujours voilée, aussi bien dans ses apparitions que dans les représentations de l’Art sacré, notamment celui des icônes. Comme elle est, par ailleurs, le modèle de toutes les vertus, l’Eglise aurait été bien inspirée de reconnaître que l’attachement islamique au port du voile pouvait constituer un exemple pour les femmes catholiques. Les querelles et les résistances modernes sur ce point sont révélatrices d’un état d’esprit antitraditionnel. Ibn Arabî enseigne que le statut subordonné de la femme exprime, non pas un abaissement, mais au contraire sa supériorité spirituelle sur l’homme qui, créé directement à l’image de Dieu, a tendance à oublier sa servitude et à se poser en rival de son Créateur . Toute forme traditionnelle est fondée sur une alliance impliquant une soumission à la volonté divine ; c’est ce qu’indique parfaitement le terme « islam » qui apparaît, par là même, comme une désignation de la Tradition universelle. Au lieu de reconnaître cette signification traditionnelle du voile de Marie, l’Église, sur cette question comme sur beaucoup d’autres, donne l’impression de suivre l’air du temps et, sans doute pour mieux se démarquer de l’islâm, d’encourager les femmes catholiques, en particulier les souveraines, à se montrer tête nue ailleurs qu’au Vatican. L’enseignement de saint Paul est cependant fort clair, et semblable à celui de l’islam : « Femmes, soyez soumises à vos maris, comme il se doit dans le Seigneur » (Col, 3, 18) ; « Je ne permets pas à la femme d’enseigner ni de faire la loi à l’homme. Qu’elle se tienne tranquille. C’est Adam en effet qui fut formé le premier, Eve ensuite. Et ce n’est pas Adam qui se laissa séduire » (I Tim, 2, 12-13).

A San Daniele dove il prosciutto unisce tre culture La chiesa La trecentesca chiesa di Sant’Antonio Abate, i cui affreschi, di due secoli successivi, costringono alla sosta pure il viaggiatore più goloso, è in cima al colle di San Daniele, che domina il bacino idrico del Tagliamento, uno dei pochi fiumi europei che ancora segua il proprio corso naturale, ricco di laghi e insenature da scoprire, e raccoglie il vento fresco di Carnia Federico Francesco Ferrero | 670 parole Non esiste un’altra regione d’Italia dove si possa percepire in maniera così chiara il concetto di «diversità». Il Friuli Venezia Giulia costituisce, da secoli, uno spazio di complesso contatto culturale, linguistico, gastronomico. Le basi dell’attuale variabilità sono da ricondurre a fatti storici di immigrazione e insediamento, che hanno collocato, uno a fianco all’altro, i romani, i germani e gli slavi, generando comunità che, ancora oggi, risultano solo apparentemente integrate. Italiano, «marilenghe» («lingua madre» o friulano), veneto, germanico e slavo, sono gli indicatori di una complessa realtà geografica, che si può riconoscere nel piatto prima ancora che nell’accento. Il clima Il baricentro e l’apice gastronomico di quest’area, si potrebbero indicare issando un vessillo sulla collinetta di San Daniele, proprio accanto alla trecentesca chiesa di Sant’Antonio abate, i cui affreschi, di due secoli successivi, costringono alla sosta pure il viaggiatore più goloso. La recente nevrosi meteorologica poi ci ha insegnato come solo alla provincia di Udine e a quella di Cuneo appartenga, per la loro collocazione in pianure strette tra monti e mare, una singolare specificità climatica. Copiose precipitazioni nevose e persistenza di venti freschi e asciutti, alternati a refoli umidi e salmastri, sono le condizioni ideali per la stagionatura di Sua Maestà il Prosciutto, la vetta più alta della gastronomia italiana, a torto umiliata dall’omologo spagnolo. Questo colle, che domina il bacino idrico del Tagliamento, uno dei pochi fiumi europei che ancora segua il proprio corso naturale, ricco di laghi e insenature da scoprire, raccoglie il vento fresco di Carnia. Bisogna avventurarsi tra quelle cime per scoprirne la bellezza austera, l’abbondanza di fiori e di tradizioni millenarie, tra cui una delle cucine più interessanti d’Italia, magistralmente ridotta a canone tradizionale e propulsore per l’innovazione, dal grande scomparso Gianni Cosetti. E lì, a Sauris, si trova un altro grande prosciutto, che la penuria di sale legata al dazio aveva costretto a conservare con una leggera affumicatura: ecco un primo esempio di diversità da scoprire. Nei boschi carnici il vento raccoglie i sentori resinosi che a San Daniele incontrano i profumi salmastri della laguna e della costa. Nel vicino Mare Adriatico si pescano molluschi e naselli impareggiabili e i bassi fondali garantiscono, già in primavera, lunghe, ristoratrici, passeggiate nell’acqua iodata. Luce dell’Est Per trovare un grande prodotto da gustare e da portare a casa sono necessarie però molte prove, finché si troverà, da un piccolo appassionato artigiano, una coscia di maiale che abbia riposato con il proprio piedino per almeno 24 mesi, da affettare al coltello e consumare a temperatura ambiente. Non è il pane ma l’asparago bianco di queste pianure, appena scottato in acqua dolce, il complemento più interessante. E una volta giunti fin qui non si può rinunciare a raggiungere la pianura di Cormons, per mettere alla prova un altro grande rivale: il prosciutto affumicato al camino in maniera artigianale. Il suo sapore avvolgente accompagnerà mirabilmente i grandi bianchi della regione circostante. Anche qui però i vicini di origine slava non sarebbero d’accordo. Alla coscia preferiscono la spalla, bollita a lungo sulla stufa, affettata spessa e condita con una generosa grattugiata di «cren», il rafano. E bisogna spingersi ancora più a Est, nelle collin

Clip This Article on Location 1397 | Added on Monday, September 1, 2014 4:10:39 PM REVIEW & OUTLOOK An $8.3 Billion Rebuke to the FDA Roche buys a drug approved in Europe but not in America. 359 words Amid this summer's M&A fever, Roche's agreement Monday to buy the San Francisco biotech InterMune deserves special notice. The tie-up is an $8.3 billion guided missile into the fortified bunker that is the Food and Drug Administration. InterMune has never turned a profit in 16 years of existence and other than its clinical expertise the company holds a single asset: an idea for treating a lethal lung disorder called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with no known cause, cure or approved therapy—at least in the U.S. An InterMune drug called pirfenidone that slows the progression of irreversible lung scarring is on the market in Europe, Japan, Canada and even China. Bloomberg News But the FDA refused to approve pirfenidone in 2010, despite the 40,000 Americans who are killed annually by lung fibrosis and a positive recommendation from its outside scientific advisory committee. The agency brass claimed the evidence was statistically unsatisfactory, when one clinical trial was inconclusive but another showed strong benefits such as improved lung function. The results of the third trial the FDA ordered were reported earlier this year and confirmed that pirfenidone is even more of a treatment advance than it seemed in 2010, and may prolong life. The agency is expected, finally, to approve the medicine in November. Roche is paying a 38% premium over Friday's closing share price, and 63% over trading before the news of InterMune's corporate suitors broke a few weeks ago. The deal is a big vote of confidence in pirfenidone, not least because a rival lung fibrosis drug is awaiting U.S. approval. Then again, maybe that drug's maker, the German pharmaceutical consortium Boehringer Ingelheim, will have the same FDA experience as InterMune. The Roche deal is a tacit reprimand to the FDA's unscientific and uncompassionate—and wrong—2010 defenestration. Amid medical ambiguity about effectiveness, the humane option is to allow a drug to come to patients and follow on with more research, in particular for a drug with few side effects. Pulmonary fibrosis is a protracted death sentence of three to five years. The FDA denied tens of thousands of dying people better and possibly longer lives in the time they had left. ==========

In all of U.S. labor history, few years rival 1934 for drama.59 There had been rumblings in 1933, as rubber plant workers unionized in Akron, Ohio, and prepared a large strike, and Mexican, Japanese, and Filipino fruit pickers struck in California. However, 1934 was an eruption: in 1,856 work stoppages, 1.5 million workers demanded the upholding of Section 7(a). In Toledo, Ohio, auto parts workers won recognition, despite a violent clash that brought out the National Guard. In San Francisco, the Communist-influenced longshoremen won recognition. In October, under pressure, Hugh Johnson succumbed to mental illness, resigning from the NRA after delivering a farewell address to baffled and demoralized staffers comparing himself to Madame Butterfly.60 In the White House, FDR equivocated, as the left continued to agitate.

La jalousie! "Othello n'est pas jaloux, il est confiant", a remarqué Pouchkine, et cette remarque à elle seule témoigne de l'intelligence hors du commun de notre grand poète. Othello a juste l'âme anéantie, tout son univers s'est retourné, parce que son idéal est mort. Mais Othello n'ira pas se cacher, espionner, ou épier: il est confiant. Au contraire, c'est lui qu'il faut mettre sur la piste, pousser, exciter au prix d'efforts extrêmes, pour qu'il commence juste à se douter de la trahison. Tel n'est pas le jaloux véritable. On ne peut même pas s'imaginer la honte et la déchéance morale que le jaloux est capable d'accepter sans le moindre remords de conscience. Et ce n'est pourtant pas que tous les jaloux soient des âmes sales ou viles. Au contraire, en ayant le coeur noble, un amour pur, plein d'esprit et de sacrifice, on peut en même temps se cacher sous les tables, acheter les pires crapules et vivre dans la saleté la plus répugnante en espionnant et en écoutant aux portes. Othello n'aurait jamais pu accepter la trahison - non pardonner, mais accepter le fait - quoique son âme fût incapable de colère et innocente comme celle d'un enfant. Un vrai jaloux, c'est autre chose: on a du mal à imaginer tout ce que à quoi un vrai jaloux peut cohabiter, ce qu'il peut accepter, ce qu'il est capable de pardonner! Ce sont d'ailleurs les jaloux qui pardonnent plus vite que les autres, et toutes les femmes le savent. Le jaloux, très rapidement (après bien sûr, une scène effrayante au début), peut et est capable de pardonner, par exemple, une trahison presque prouvée, des étreintes et des baisers qu'il aura vus lui-même, si, par exemple, au même moment, il aura pu se persuader, d'une façon ou d'une autre, que c'était "pour la dernière fois" et que le rival disparaîtra dorénavant, qu'il partira au bout du monde, ou que, lui-même, il emmènera celle qu'il aime quelque part où le rival ne pourra plus jamais revenir. Il va de soi que la réconciliation ne dure qu'une heure, parce que, quand bien même le rival aurait réellement disparu, lui-même, dès le lendemain, il s'en fabriquera un autre, un nouveau, et il sera jaloux de ce nouveau. Et on pourrait croire que si, dans votre amour, vous avez besoin d'épier, alors, que vaut-il, cet amour, s'il lui faut tant de sentinelles? Mais c'est bien cela que le vrai jaloux ne sera jamais en état de comprendre, et pourtant, je vous jure, il existe des jaloux qui sont des coeurs sublimes...

Uber had to get creative to unlock the hard side of their network, the drivers. Initially, Uber’s focus was on black car and limo services, which were licensed and relatively uncontroversial. However, a seismic shift occurred when rival app Sidecar innovated in recruiting unlicensed, normal people as drivers on their platform. This was the “peer-to-peer” model that created millions of new rideshare drivers, and was quickly copied and popularized by Lyft and then Uber. Jahan Khanna, cofounder/chief technology officer of Sidecar, spoke of its origin: It was obvious that letting anyone sign up to be a driver would be a big deal. With more drivers, rides would get cheaper and the wait times would get shorter. This came up in many brainstorms at Sidecar, but the question was always, what was the regulatory framework that allows this to operate? What were the prior examples that weren’t immediately shut down? After doing a ton of research, we came onto a model that had been active for years in San Francisco run by someone named Lynn Breedlove called Homobiles that answered our question.22 It’s a surprising fact, but the earliest version of the rideshare idea came not from an investor-backed startup, but rather from a nonprofit called Homobiles, run by a prominent member of the LGBTQ community in the Bay Area named Lynn Breedlove. The service was aimed at protecting and serving the LGBTQ community while providing them transportation—to conferences, bars and entertainment, and also to get health care—while emphasizing safety and community. Homobiles had built its own niche, and had figured out the basics: Breedlove had recruited, over time, 100 volunteer drivers, who would respond to text messages. Money would be exchanged, but in the form of donations, so that drivers could be compensated for their time. The company had operated for several years, starting in 2010—several years before Uber X—and provided the template for what would become a $100 billion+ gross revenue industry. Sidecar learned from Homobiles, implementing their offering nearly verbatim, albeit in digital form: donations based, where the rider and driver would sit together in the front, like a friend giving you a ride. With that, the rideshare market was kicked off.

The most popular Foursquare feature is a competitive challenge called The Mayor. The rules read: “If you’ve got more check-ins than anyone else at a particular place, we deem you ‘The Mayor’ of that place. But once someone else comes along who has checked in more times than you, they then steal the ‘Mayor’ title back from you.” As soon as you become mayor, Foursquare sends an announcement to your friends congratulating you. Even better, some bars and restaurants have set up special deals for whoever happens to be mayor at any given time. The Marsh Café in San Francisco, for example, lets the current mayor drink for free. Of course, this is also a smart move on the part of the café—players have extra incentive to bring their friends there nightly to try to achieve or hold on to the mayor status, boosting business throughout the week. It’s also a good example of how traditional brick-and-mortar companies might be able to augment their services by more actively taking part in this popular reality-based game. Currently, hundreds of venues—from the Sacramento Zoo to a Wendy’s fast-food restaurant in the student union at the University of North Carolina Charlotte—offer deals or freebies for Foursquare players. Why do people love the idea of becoming the mayor? Because trying to become mayor of your favorite city spots gives you a chance to keep doing something you already love, but do it more. It gives you an excuse to spend as much time as possible at the places that make you happiest. And when you notice someone else vying for your mayor status, you get an instant friendly rival, motivating you to visit your favorite places more often, the same way a Nike+ challenger pushes you to run faster and longer.

gleefully in to help drive them out of America. San Domingo was now incomparably the finest colony in the world and its possibilities seemed limitless. The British bourgeoisie investigated the new situation in the West Indies, and on the basis of what it saw, prepared a bombshell for its rivals. Without slaves San Domingo was doomed. The British colonies had enough slaves for all the trade they were ever likely to do. With the tears rolling down their cheeks for the poor suffering blacks, those British bourgeois who had no West Indian interests set up a great howl for the abolition of the slave-trade.

Aquí aparece la personalidad del Libertador en su auténtica esencia: ha de mandar él sólo, o se retira; no admite ni compañeros de poder ni émulos; el último personaje por él desalojado fue San Martín. Y el único a quien permitía ascender y ascender, hasta dejarlo situarse a una misma altura, en la guerra y en la política, era Sucre. “Sucre es el venezolano de más mérito que yo conozco –había escrito cuatro meses atrás en Guayaquil, confesándoselo al vicepresidente Santander–; y como Dios le dé una victoria, será mi rival en sucesos militares, porque del Ecuador para el sur lo habrá hecho todo, hasta el Potosí”.

Bostonians are inclined to overlook much of the past. Like a slum kid who makes good, the city has swung far from its origins, and attempted to conceal them. As a colony of common men, it has established an untitled aristocracy to rival the most ancient and rigid of Europe. As a city of religion, it has developed a scientific community unrivaled in the East. It is also strongly narcissistic—a trait it shares with another city of questionable origin, San Francisco. Unfortunately for both these cities, they can never quite escape their past. San Francisco cannot quite shake off its booming, crude, gold-rush spirit to become a genteel Eastern town. And Boston, no matter how hard it tries, cannot quite elude Puritanism and become English again.

When we aren’t aiming to be either precise or conclusive, it can be easy to agree on what a beautiful man-made place might look like. Attempts to name the world’s most attractive cities tend to settle on some familiar locations: Edinburgh, Paris, Rome, San Francisco. A case will occasionally be made for Siena or Sydney. Someone may bring up St Petersburg or Salamanca. Further evidence of our congruent tastes can be found in the patterns of our holiday migrations. Few people opt to spend the summer in Milton Keynes or Frankfurt. Nevertheless, our intuitions about attractive architecture have always proved of negligible use in generating satisfactory laws of beauty. We might expect that it would, by now, have grown as easy to reproduce a city with the appeal of Bath as it is to manufacture consistent quantities of blueberry jam. If humans were at some point adept at creating a masterwork of urban design, it should have come within the grasp of all succeeding generations to contrive an equally successful environment at will. There ought to be no need to pay homage to a city as to a rare creature; its virtues should be readily fitted to the development of any new piece of meadow or scrubland. There should be no need to focus our energies on preservation and restoration, disciplines which thrive on our fears of our own ineptitude. We should not have to feel alarmed by the waters that lap threateningly against Venice’s shoreline. We should have the confidence to surrender the aristocratic palaces to the sea, knowing that we could at any point create new edifices that would rival the old stones in beauty.