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The secret of intellectual excellence is the spirit of criticism; it is intellectual independence. (…) The authoritarian will in general select those who obey, who believe, who respond to his influence. But in doing so, he is bound to select mediocrities. For he excludes those who revolt, who doubt, who dare to resist his influence. Never can an authority admit that the intellectually courageous, i.e. those who dare to defy his authority, may be the most valuable type. Of course, the authorities will always remain convinced of their ability to detect intentions. But what they mean by this is only a quick grasp of their intentions, and they will remain forever incapable of seeing the difference.6
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