Martha Nussbaum Quotes

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You can’t really change the heart without telling a story.
Martha C. Nussbaum
Knowledge is no guarantee of good behavior, but ignorance is a virtual guarantee of bad behavior.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities (The Public Square))
As we tell stories about the lives of others, we learn how to imagine what another creature might feel in response to various events. At the same time, we identify with the other creature and learn something about ourselves.
Martha C. Nussbaum
To be a good human being is to have a kind of openness to the world, an ability to trust uncertain things beyond your own control, that can lead you to be shattered in very extreme circumstances for which you were not to blame. That says something very important about the condition of the ethical life: that it is based on a trust in the uncertain and on a willingness to be exposed; it’s based on being more like a plant than like a jewel, something rather fragile, but whose very particular beauty is inseparable from that fragility.
Martha C. Nussbaum
Another problem with people who fail to examine themselves is that they often prove all too easily influenced.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities (The Public Square))
We become merciful, she wrote, when we behave as the “concerned reader of a novel,” understanding each person’s life as a “complex narrative of human effort in a world full of obstacles.
Martha C. Nussbaum
Disgust relies on moral obtuseness. It is possible to view another human being as a slimy slug or a piece of revolting trash only if one has never made a serious good-faith attempt to see the world through that person’s eyes or to experience that person’s feelings. Disgust imputes to the other a subhuman nature. How, by contrast, do we ever become able to see one another as human? Only through the exercise of imagination.
Martha C. Nussbaum
You should care about things in a way that makes it a possibility that tragedy will happen to you.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy)
Play teaches people to be capable of living with others without control; it connects the experiences of vulnerability and surprise to curiosity and wonder, rather than to crippling anxiety. How
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
It seems to me that good philosophy will always have a place in the investigation of any matter of deep human importance, because of its commitment to clarity, to carefully drawn distinctions, to calm argument rather than prejudice and dogmatic assertion" "Philosophical Interventions" (Reviews 1986-2011)
Martha C. Nussbaum
This day of torment, of craziness, of foolishness—only love can make it end in happiness and joy. —W. A. Mozart and Lorenzo Da Ponte, Le Nozze di Figaro (1786)
Martha C. Nussbaum (Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice)
Conception and form are bound together; finding and shaping the words is a matter of finding the appropriate...fit between conception and expression.
Martha C. Nussbaum
What are people actually able to do and to be? What real opportunities are available to them?
Martha C. Nussbaum (Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach)
The presence of the other, which can be very threatening, becomes, in play, a delightful source of curiosity, and this curiosity contributes toward the development of healthy attitudes in friendship, love, and, later, political life. Winnicott
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
EPICURUS WROTE, “Empty is that philosopher’s argument by which no human suffering is therapeutically treated. For just as there is no use in a medical art that does not cast out the sicknesses of bodies, so too there is no use in philosophy, unless it casts out the suffering of the soul.
Martha C. Nussbaum
An education is truly “fitted for freedom” only if it is such as to produce free citizens, citizens who are free not because of wealth or birth, but because they can call their minds their own. Male and female, slave-born and freeborn, rich and poor, they have looked into themselves and developed the ability to separate mere habit and convention from what they can defend by argument. They have ownership of their own thought and speech, and this imparts to them a dignity that is far beyond the outer dignity of class and rank.
Martha C. Nussbaum
This tradition argues that education is not just about the passive assimilation of facts and cultural traditions, but about challenging the mind to become active, competent, and thoughtfully critical in a complex world. This model of education supplanted an older one in which children sat still at desks all day and simply absorbed, and then regurgitated, the material that was brought their way.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities (The Public Square))
To be a good human is to have a kind of openness to the world, an ability to trust uncertain things beyond your own control, that can lead you to be shattered in very extreme circumstances for which you were not to blame. That says something very important about the ethical life: that it is based on a trust in the uncertainty, and on a willingness to be exposed. It's based on being more like a plant than a jewel: something rather fragile, but whose very particular beauty is inseparable from that fragility.
Martha C. Nussbaum
We might say that there can be pity in its full-fledged form only where there is also mercy for self: for the self engulfed by a sense of its own utter blackness can never win through to a sufficient recognition of the sorrows of the other as other.
Martha C. Nussbaum (On Nineteen Eighty-Four: Orwell and Our Future)
For a choice is always a choice among possible alternatives; and it is a rare agent for whom everything is possible. The special agony of this situation is that none of the possibilities is even harmless.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy)
Anger is about status injury.
Martha C. Nussbaum
Do not despise your inner world. That is the first and most general piece of advice I would offer… Our society is very outward-looking, very taken up with the latest new object, the latest piece of gossip, the latest opportunity for self-assertion and status. But we all begin our lives as helpless babies, dependent on others for comfort, food, and survival itself. And even though we develop a degree of mastery and independence, we always remain alarmingly weak and incomplete, dependent on others and on an uncertain world for whatever we are able to achieve. As we grow, we all develop a wide range of emotions responding to this predicament: fear that bad things will happen and that we will be powerless to ward them off; love for those who help and support us; grief when a loved one is lost; hope for good things in the future; anger when someone else damages something we care about. Our emotional life maps our incompleteness: A creature without any needs would never have reasons for fear, or grief, or hope, or anger. But for that very reason we are often ashamed of our emotions, and of the relations of need and dependency bound up with them. Perhaps males, in our society, are especially likely to be ashamed of being incomplete and dependent, because a dominant image of masculinity tells them that they should be self-sufficient and dominant. So people flee from their inner world of feeling, and from articulate mastery of their own emotional experiences. The current psychological literature on the life of boys in America indicates that a large proportion of boys are quite unable to talk about how they feel and how others feel — because they have learned to be ashamed of feelings and needs, and to push them underground. But that means that they don’t know how to deal with their own emotions, or to communicate them to others. When they are frightened, they don’t know how to say it, or even to become fully aware of it. Often they turn their own fear into aggression. Often, too, this lack of a rich inner life catapults them into depression in later life. We are all going to encounter illness, loss, and aging, and we’re not well prepared for these inevitable events by a culture that directs us to think of externals only, and to measure ourselves in terms of our possessions of externals. What is the remedy of these ills? A kind of self-love that does not shrink from the needy and incomplete parts of the self, but accepts those with interest and curiosity, and tries to develop a language with which to talk about needs and feelings. Storytelling plays a big role in the process of development. As we tell stories about the lives of others, we learn how to imagine what another creature might feel in response to various events. At the same time, we identify with the other creature and learn something about ourselves. As we grow older, we encounter more and more complex stories — in literature, film, visual art, music — that give us a richer and more subtle grasp of human emotions and of our own inner world. So my second piece of advice, closely related to the first, is: Read a lot of stories, listen to a lot of music, and think about what the stories you encounter mean for your own life and lives of those you love. In that way, you will not be alone with an empty self; you will have a newly rich life with yourself, and enhanced possibilities of real communication with others.
Martha C. Nussbaum
There is danger in speaking so generally about "liberalism," a danger that has often plagued feminist debates. "Liberalism" is not a single position but a family of positions; Kantian liberalism is profoundly different from classical Utilitarian liberalism, and both of these from the Utilitarianism currently dominant in neoclassical economics.
Martha C. Nussbaum
All women live in sexual objectification the way fish swim in water.
Nussbaum, Martha
The dignity of these humans is to weep.
Martha C. Nussbaum
Martha Nussbaum tiene razón cuando sostiene que la educación no nos libra necesariamente de los peores comportamientos..., pero la ignorancia los asegura.
Alberto Vergara (Ciudadanos sin República (Spanish Edition))
Being a human means accepting promises from other people and trusting that other people will be good to you. When that is too much to bear, it is always possible to retreat into the thought, “I’ll live for my own comfort, for my own revenge, for my own anger, and I just won’t be a member of society anymore.” That really means, “I won’t be a human being anymore.
Martha C. Nussbaum
Here, I believe, was mercy; and, lying very close to it, the root of the novelist’s art. The novel’s structure is a structure of suggnômê—of the penetration of the life of another into one’s own imagination and heart. It is a form of imaginative and emotional receptivity, in which the reader, following the author’s lead, comes to be inhabited by the tangled complexities and struggles of other concrete lives.54 Novels do not withhold all moral judgment, and they contain villains as well as heroes. But for any character with whom the form invites our participatory identification, the motives for mercy are engendered in the structure of literary perception itself. VII.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Sex and Social Justice)
We can, as Martha Nussbaum (2010) suggests, benefit from the enlarged and varied imagination that literature, films, and other cultural products afford us to start to occupy different positionings than we usually occupy.
Gloria Wekker (White Innocence: Paradoxes of Colonialism and Race)
The fact that a good and virtuous decision is context-sensitive does not imply that it is right only relative to, or inside, a limited context, any more than the fact that a good navigational judgement is sensitive to particular weather conditions shows that it is correct only in a local or relational sense. It is right absolutely, objectively, anywhere in the human world, to attend to the particular features of one's context; and the person who so attends and who chooses accordingly is making, according to Aris­totle, the humanly correct decision, period.
Martha C. Nussbaum
But it is to the school that Tagore devotes central emphasis in The Religion of Man.14 He begins by expressing his lifelong dissatisfaction with the schools he attended: “The inexpensive power to be happy, which, along with other children, I brought to this world, was being constantly worn away by friction with the brick-and-mortar arrangement of life, by monotonously mechanical habits and the customary code of respectability” (144). In effect, children begin as madcap Bauls, full of love, longing, and joy in the presence of nature. Their love of play and their questioning spirit need to be strengthened, not crushed. But schools usually crush all that is disorderly,
Martha C. Nussbaum (Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice)
The problems that globalization and automation create for working-class Americans are real, deep, and seemingly intractable. Rather than face those difficulties and uncertainties, people who sense their living standard declining can instead grasp after villains, and a fantasy takes shape: if “we” can somehow keep “them” out (build a wall) or keep them in “their place” (in subservient positions), “we” can regain our pride and, for men, their masculinity. Fear leads, then, to aggressive “othering” strategies rather than to useful analysis.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Eighteenth-century philosopher Adam Smith, an early opponent of both colonial conquest and the slave trade, observed that it is difficult for people to sustain concern for people at a distance, when fear can so easily call the mind back to the self. His example is an earthquake in China. Hearing of the disaster, a humane person in Europe will be extremely upset and concerned—for a while. But if that same person hears that he (Smith typically imagines males) will lose his little finger the following day, he will completely forget the fate of millions of people: “the destruction of that immense multitude seems plainly an object less interesting to him than this paltry misfortune of his own.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
la educación debería proporcionarnos los elementos necesarios para desenvolvernos de manera eficaz en ese diálogo multinacional, como “ciudadanos del mundo
Martha C. Nussbaum (Sin fines de lucro: Por qué la democracia necesita de las humanidades)
Do not despise your inner world.
Martha C. Nussbaum
Renowned philosopher and Chicago University professor Martha C. Nussbaum told me in an interview after Modi’s 2012 victory, his third as Gujarat chief minister, that his triumph was a blot on the people of Gujarat who chose to “re-elect an outlaw”.
Ullekh N.P. (War Room: The People, Tactics and Technology behind Narendra Modi's 2014 Win)
And what is “the West”? It is not a geographical entity, since it includes Australia and Poland and excludes nations such as Egypt and Morocco that are further west than some of the included nations. And, as Beinart notes, it is not a political or economic term either, since Japan, South Korea, and India are not included. Basically, it is an appeal to shared religion and shared racial identity: to Christianity (with some Jews included) and to whiteness (since Latin America does not appear to be included).
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Tragedy happens only when you are trying to live well, because for a heedless person who doesn’t have deep commitments to others, conflit isn't a tragedy. Now the lesson certainly is not to try to maximize conflict or to romanticize struggle and suffering, but it’s rather that you should care about things in a way that makes it a possibility that tragedy will happen to you. But you want people to live their lives with a deep seriousness of commitment: not to adjust their desires to the way the world actually goes, but rather to try to wrest from the world the good life that they desire. And sometimes that does lead them into tragedy.
Martha C. Nussbaum
the Jim Crow South, often the plates off which black people had eaten were broken so that they could not be used again. Baseball great Hank Aaron describes this common practice in his autobiography, noting, “If dogs had eaten off those plates, they’d have washed them.”21 So the US South had convoluted and bizarre practices regarding food: blacks could cook and serve food for whites, but they were thought to contaminate the plates they themselves used.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Another important factor in expanding the circle is exposure to stories. The philosopher Martha Nussbaum explains how stories teach children to empathize and identify with people whose perspectives and identities may be very different from their own: “We see personlike shapes all around us: but how do we relate to them?… What storytelling in childhood teaches us to do is to ask questions about the life behind the mask, the inner world concealed by the shape. It gets us into the habit of conjecturing that this shape, so similar to our own, is a house for emotions and wishes and projects that are also in some ways similar to our own; but it also gets us into the habit of understanding that that inner world is differently shaped by different social circumstances.
Paul Bloom (Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil)
Solemos pensar mejor y relacionarnos de forma más eficaz unos con otros cuando tomamos cierta distancia de lo cotidiano, que es donde es más probable que estén centrados nuestros temores y deseos más inmediatos.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Rousseau entendió que, en sus inicios, la vida humana no es una democracia, sino una monarquía. El bebé, fervorosamente mimado por quienes cuidan de él, no tiene otra vía de supervivencia que no sea la de esclavizar a otros. Los bebés son tan débiles que deben mandar para no morir. Por su incapacidad para el trabajo compartido o para la reciprocidad, solo pueden conseguir las cosas mediante órdenes y amenazas, y aprovechándose del amor reverencial que les dispensan otros individuos.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Aristóteles definió el miedo como el dolor producido por la aparente presencia inminente de algo malo o negativo, acompañado de una sensación de impotencia para repelerlo.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
La política de la envidia a veces se limita sinceramente a la idea de que “queremos lo que ellos (mujeres, inmigrantes, miembros de la élite) tienen”. Pero a las personas les encanta moralizar su envidia y, muy a menudo, lo que empieza siendo pura envidia deriva hacia un “son malas personas, no merecen lo que tienen”.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Klein se centró en la existencia de diferencias entre familias e ignoró la dimensión social y política. Pero es evidente (como argumentó Rawls) que las comunidades políticas pueden hacer también mucho por convertir la envidia en un problema mucho menos perturbador. Pueden cultivar en las personas una confianza segura tanto en sí mismas como en su posibilidad de acceso a las cosas buenas de la vida; pueden minimizar aquellas ocasiones en las que el estímulo de envidiar se hace inusualmente intenso, y pueden facilitar a las personas alternativas constructivas que impliquen generosidad y amor a los demás.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
El miedo tiende con demasiada frecuencia a bloquear la deliberación racional, envenena la esperanza e impide la cooperación constructiva en pos de un futuro mejor.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Los problemas reales son difíciles de solucionar, y resolverlos lleva mucho tiempo de estudio a fondo de los mismo y de trabajo cooperativo con vistas a un futuro que nunca deja de ser incierto. De ahí que pueda resultar tan atractivamente fácil transformar esa sensación de pánico e impotencia en culpabilización y en una “alterización” de los grupos “diferentes”, como son los inmigrantes, las minorías raciales y las mujeres. “Ellos/as” nos han quitado nuestros trabajos. O, si no: la élite opulenta nos ha robado nuestro país.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
En lugar de analizar la cuestión con seriedad y de escuchar los argumento de la otra parte, tratando de comprender a fondo los diversos aspectos de la realidad, tienden a demonizar a nada menos que a la mitad del electorado estadounidense calificando a esos votantes de monstruos y de enemigos de todo lo bueno. Como en el libro del Apocalipsis, estaríamos, según ellos, en el fin de los tiempos, en el momento en que unos pocos justos, aún en pie, deben luchar contra las fuerzas de Satán.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Es fácil que el miedo vaya por delante del pensamiento reflexivo. Y es esa estampida que nos empuja a actuar precipitadamente, provocada por la inseguridad, la que yo contemplo con gran escepticismo. Esa clase de miedo socavada la fraternidad, envenena la cooperación y nos lleva a hacer cosas de las que nos avergonzamos profundamente más tarde.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Pensar cuesta; es mucho más fácil temer y culpar.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Cuando experimentamos el miedo, estamos utilizando una herencia animal común, no exclusiva de los primates ni, tan siquiera, de los vertebrados. El miedo se remonta directamente al cerebro reptiliano.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Mucho es lo que cabe decir del miedo a la muerte. Nos mueve buscar seguridad, salud e incluso paz. Nos mueve a dar cobijo a las personas y seres a los que queremos, y a proteger instituciones y sistemas legales preciados para nosotros.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
En una serie de famosos experimentos, el psicólogo Salomon Asch mostró que las personas presentan un nivel sorprendentemente elevado de sumisión a la presión de grupo, aun cuando sus iguales de ese grupo estén diciendo cosas que son evidentemente falsas, incluso sobre algo tan objetivo como cuál de las dos líneas que se les están mostrando es más larga (en una comparación en la que es evidente cuál es la respuesta correcta).
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Asch también descubrió que bastaba con que una sola persona se atreviera a expresar su opinión y diera la respuesta correcta ante el sujeto del experimento para que este se sintiera liberado para responder correctamente también. El desacuerdo hace que la mente se libere del miedo.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
¿Cómo puede una nación en su conjunto constituir un “ambiente facilitador” que calme el miedo y proteja la reciprocidad democrática?
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Los ciudadanos pueden volverse entonces indiferentes a la verdad y optar por la comodidad de un grupo de iguales en el que aislarse y en el que repetirse falsedades unos a otros. Puede que comiencen a temer dar su opinión y prefieran el consuelo de un líder que les proporcione una sensación de protección como la del interior del seno materno. Y puede que se vuelvan agresivos unos con otros y que se culpen del dolor del miedo.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Quejarse y culpar son reacciones positivas hasta cierto punto: sirven para construir un mundo ordenado y dotado de sentido en el que yo soy un agente y formulo demandas. Mi vida es valiosa y las cosas deberían estar dispuestas de tal modo que yo sea feliz y mis necesidades estén satisfechas. Como eso no ha ocurrido, alguien debe cargar con las culpas. Pero la idea misma de la culpa está demasiado a menudo infectada por el virus del “modo vengativo” de pensar o por la idea del castigo: las personas a las que estoy culpando deberían sufrir por lo que han hecho.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Muchos estadounidenses (hombres y mujeres) consideran que las represalias son un signo de hombría: un hombre de verdad (o una mujer fuerte) devuelve el golpe cuando le hacen daño a él o a los suyos. No todas las culturas han pensado así. Los griegos y los romanos antiguos creían que la ira era un síntoma de debilidad y, por consiguiente, una reacción infantil o, incluso, “mujeril”, pues consideraban que las mujeres eran criaturas débiles. La verdadera fortaleza, pensaban, está en no dejarse arrastrar por el juego de responder a la “sangre con sangre”. En la mitología antigua, el castigo vengativo es malo, como bien ilustró el trágico griego Esquilo al caracterizar a las furias, diosas de la venganza, como unas bestias sucias y venenosas para la política por su incapacidad para pensar en el bienestar humano.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Como ese buen padre al que me refería, pensaremos que las personas no cometen actos indebidos con tanta frecuencia si se sienten depositarias de un amor y un respeto básicos, si pueden alimentarse, si reciben una educación adecuada, si están sanas y si prevén un futuro de oportunidades ante sí. Así pues, reflexionar sobre el delito y la criminalidad nos guiará por la senda de diseñar una sociedad en la que las personas tengan menores incentivos para delinquir. Y cuando, aun pese a nuestros esfuerzos por evitarlo, delincan, nos tomaremos sus delitos muy en serio, pensando en el futuro.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Nos aferramos a la información equivocada acerca de quien hizo qué, o culpamos a unos individuos y a unos grupos de un gran problema sistémico que ellos no causaron. Sobrevaloramos agravios triviales y, al mismo tiempo, infravaloramos otros que sí son importantes. Nos obsesionamos por nuestro propio estatus relativo (o por el de nuestro grupo). Pensamos que la venganza resolverá los problemas creados por el delito o la ofensa original, aun cuando no sea así.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Los psicólogos han realizado muchos estudios sobre la percepción instintiva que tenemos la personas de cómo funciona el mundo, y han descubierto que tenemos una necesidad profundamente arraigada de creer que el mundo es justo. Uno de los aspectos de esta “hipótesis del mundo justo” es la tendencia a creer que las personas que están en peor situación se han buscado su desgracia porque han sido perezosas o se han portado mal. Pero otro aspecto relacionado con esa creencia en un “Mundo justo” es la necesidad de creer que, cuando somos nosotros quienes sufrimos una pérdida o una adversidad, la nuestra no es una desgracia sin más, sino que es culpa de las malas acciones de otro u otros, y que podemos recuperarnos en cierta medida de esa pérdida castigando al “Malo”.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Nuestra predilección por un universo en orden convierte en muy tentadoras para nosotros esas simples soluciones ficticias. Las verdades complejas son difíciles de asimilar para nuestras mentes: nos resulta mucho más fácil incinerar a la bruja que mantener la esperanza en un mundo que no está hecho para el deleite humano.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Y es que la pregunta es: ¿qué modo sensato y real puede haber de resarcir una injusticia mediante una venganza punitiva? El dolor y la degradación del opresor no traerá libertad al afligido. Solo un esfuerzo inteligente e imaginativo en pos de la justicia puede lograr algo así.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Una parte crucial de este movimiento orientado hacia el futuro consiste en hacer como King y separar el pecador del pecado, aceptar la humanidad de los demás sin dejar de denunciar las malas acciones que hayan podido cometer. Siguiendo ese camino, podemos empezar a concebir a nuestros conciudadanos como amigos, incluso aunque no aprobemos lo que dicen y hacen, pero si persistimos en la actitud propiciada por la cadena miedo-culpa-venganza no veremos nada de bueno en los demás. Y es muy fácil, sobre todo en este mundo nuestro de redes sociales, formar grupos que no tienen nada de constructivo y que están básicamente orientados a echar las culpas a otros. Cuando pensamos así, invocamos a las bestias salvajes para que vengan en nuestra ayuda y no cabe extrañarse si luego ellas toman el control y clavan sus garras bien fuerte, bien hondo.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Según un informe del año 2015 del FBI que desglosa los delitos de odio según su tipología, un 59,2 por ciento de estos delitos fueron motivados por prejuicios raciales, un 19,7 por ciento por prejuicios religiosos (la mayoría de los cuales, antijudíos, aunque crece el número de los antimusulmanes) y un 17,7 por ciento por prejuicios sobre la orientación sexual.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
¿Y si pudiéramos identificar a un grupo de seres humanos a los que viéramos como más animales que nosotros, más sudorosos, más malolientes, más sexuales, más impregnados del hedor de la mortalidad? Si identificáramos a un grupo de humanos y los subordinados de ese modo, tal vez nos sentiríamos más seguros. Ellos son los animales, no nosotros. Ellos son sucios y hediondos; nosotros somos puros y limpios. Y ellos están por debajo de nosotros; nosotros somos sus dominadores. Esta forma confundida de pensar está muy generalizada en las sociedades humanas como un modo de crear una distancia entre nosotros y nuestra problemática animalidad.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Cuando las personas se sienten muy inseguras, arremeten contra los vulnerables y los culpan de sus problemas convirtiéndolos en chivos expiatorios. Ahora podemos añadir a todo lo anterior que la tendencia de esas personas a proyectar su asco hacia fuera probablemente crecerá en la medida en que su propia sensación de vulnerabilidad física y de mortalidad aumente. El asco siempre es especifico y se combina con pensamientos de temores muy definidos, pero saber que el asco tiene que ver con el miedo y que está impulsado por una constelación de temores concretos hace que sea plausible suponer que la necesidad de que exista un grupo destinatario de ese asco y la intensidad de la estigmatización por el asco proyectado sobre ese grupo se incrementarán, ceteris paribus, en épocas de inseguridad general. Ser conscientes de ellos debería movernos a redoblar los esfuerzos dedicados a escrutar los prejuicios y sesgos ocultos (y no tan ocultos) presentes en nuestra política.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
El miedo está en el origen de la envidia: el miedo de no tener lo que uno necesidad desesperadamente tener. Si fuéramos seres completos, no necesitaríamos nada y, por lo tanto, no podríamos sentir envidia. Y si, aun siendo incompletos, tuviéramos confianza en nuestra capacidad de conseguir lo que nos haga falta, entonces el hecho de que otros tengan cosas buenas no representaría ningún problema emocional para nosotros. Por consiguiente, no se puede entender el poder de la envidia sin tener en cuenta la inseguridad y el desvalimiento.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
To do so is condescending to that group, we don't hold them up to the same moral standard to which we hold ourselves, and it is grossly unfair to the women, who are simply being told that because they are tribal women, or whatever, they do not enjoy the same guarantees of liberty that other women do.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Sex and Social Justice)
Si no se está donde se cuece lo importante, no se puede influir en el curso de la historia. Y uno no llega allí sin competir con otros y superarlos en esa competición. Tanto en el caso de los candidatos presidenciales como en el de otros participante de menos relumbrón en el proceso democrático, creación y competencia son difícilmente separables y no es de extrañar que los idealistas puros se queden solo a medio camino en un medio como es el de la política democrática.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Roosevelt vio que los derechos protegen a la democracia del embate de la envidia. Nadie puede envidiar de su prójimo lo que toda persona tiene por derecho. Elevar ciertas bondades económicas clave a la categoría de derechos socava la envidia, al menos hasta cierto punto. Una de las razones por las que vemos tanta envidia es porque las personas no se sienten seguras en lo que a la base económica de sus vidas respecta.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
El resentimiento, para Nietzsche, es la emoción de envidia que sienten los impotentes ante los poderosos, pero es una emoción que suscita una especial creatividad, pues empuja a quienes no tienen poder a inventar un universo alternativo en el que ellos son los poderosos y sus competidores son patéticos.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
La esperanza expande hacia fuera; el miedo encoge hacia dentro.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
El miedo está conectado con el deseo monárquico de controlar a otros en vez de confiar en ellos y dejar que sean independientes, que sean ellos mismos.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Diríamos que la democracia seguramente conlleva cierta dosis de miedo y que el miedo puede ser una guía útil en muchas áreas de la vida democrática, siempre y cuando los datos y hechos en los que ese miedo se base sean correctos. El temor al terrorismo, el temor a unas autopistas y unos puentes inseguros, el temor a la pérdida de la libertad misma: todas esas formas de miedo pueden impulsarnos a tomar medidas protectoras útiles. Pero, cuando su objeto es el futuro mismo del proyecto democrático en sí, toda aproximación medrosa será probablemente peligrosa y conducirá a que los ciudadanos ansíen algún tipo de control autocrático o la protección de alguien que controle los resultados por ellos.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
King nos pedía que creyéramos en la posibilidad de que se produjeran pequeños actos cotidianos de fraternidad, no en un mundo perfecto. Lo real se vuelve así bello y a eso es a lo que se adhiere la esperanza. El utopismo es un precursor de la desesperanza; por ello, la fe y la esperanza necesitan encontrar belleza en lo cercano.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Sócrates dijo que la democracia era “un caballo grande y noble pero un poco lento” y que él era como un “tábano” que lo despertaba con su picadura. ¿Cuál era esa particular picadura suya? La reclamación de que la democracia ateniense hiciera un examen de sí misma más riguroso y crítico. La mayoría de las personas de aquel entonces (como de hoy en día) tenían muchas ideas y creencias buenas en esencia, y, de hecho, esa es la base sobre la que se cimienta el edificio entero del método socrático, pero los demócratas atenienses, como los estadounidenses contemporáneos, eran descuidados, precipitados, proclives a la arrogancia y dados a sustituir los argumentos por las invectivas. La consecuencia de todo ello era entonces (como es hoy) que la gente no sabía qué creía o pensaba realmente: simplemente, nunca se habían detenido a aclararlo.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
Si Alemania es hoy en día, según yo creo, una de las naciones más resistentes al miedo y más equilibradas de Europa, es muy posible que sea porque, en lugar de maldecirse sarcásticamente unos a espaldas de los otros, los políticos de ambos lados realmente se sientan a hablar y a reflexionar.
Martha C. Nussbaum (The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis)
The philosopher Martha Nussbaum has written at length about this, classifying strategies of crime management as either ex ante or ex post. Ex ante methods are those that aim to prevent criminal acts; ex post methods are those employed in response to acts that have already been committed. Incarceration is definitively an ex post strategy, one that Nussbaum views as utterly ineffective at reducing crime. If the goal is fewer offenses, Nussbaum asserts, then the focus of our efforts and our investments must be on deterrence—on preventing criminal acts before they occur. And deterrence requires that we look rigorously and honestly at how constructive policies that target nutrition, education, employment, and social welfare work to prevent crime.
Christine Montross (Waiting for an Echo: The Madness of American Incarceration)
La razón tiene una dignidad especial que se alza por encima del juego de las fuerzas, y sólo en la medida en que se respeta la razón en una sociedad las minorías serán capaces de hacer escuchar sus justas, pero impopulares, demandas.
Martha C. Nussbaum (El cultivo de la humanidad: Una defensa clásica de la reforma de la educación liberal)
The battle for responsible democracy and alert citizenship is always difficult and uncertain. But it is both urgent and winnable, and the humanities are a large part of winning it.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
Not For Profit focuses on citizenship. I argue that the humanities and arts provide skills that are essential to keep democracy healthy.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
Critical thinking builds corporate cultures of accountability in which critical voices are not silenced. And a trained imagination is essential for innovation, a key to any healthy economy: no nation can thrive on the basis of yesterday’s skills learned by rote.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
Striking confirmation of Rubenstein’s argument comes from the fact that Singapore and China, two nations that, to say the least, do not aim at the cultivation of critical and independent democratic citizenship, have recently conducted education reforms that foreground the arts and humanities, explicitly in order to encourage innovation and solid corporate cultures. Of course they then must contain those disciplines, preventing them from spilling over into a demand for open political debate, and this they aggressively do.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
Thirsty for national profit, nations, and their systems of education, are heedlessly discarding skills that are needed to keep democracies alive. If this trend continues, nations all over the world will soon be producing generations of useful machines, rather than complete citizens who can think for themselves, criticize tradition, and understand the significance of another person’s sufferings and achievements.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
This tradition argues that education is not just about the passive assimilation of facts and cultural traditions, but about challenging the mind to become active, competent, and thoughtfully critical in a complex world.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
What about the arts and literature, so often valued by democratic educators? An education for economic growth will, first of all, have contempt for these parts of a child’s training, because they don’t look like they lead to personal or national economic advancement. For this reason, all over the world, programs in arts and the humanities, at all levels, are being cut away, in favor of the cultivation of the technical.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
The ability to think well about political issues affecting the nation, to examine, reflect, argue, and debate, deferring to neither tradition nor authority •  The ability to recognize fellow citizens as people with equal rights, even though they may be different in race, religion, gender, and sexuality: to look at them with respect, as ends, not just as tools to be manipulated for one’s own profit •  The ability to have concern for the lives of others, to grasp what policies of many types mean for the opportunities and experiences of one’s fellow citizens, of many types, and for people outside one’s own nation •  The ability to imagine well a variety of complex issues affecting the story of a human life as it unfolds: to think about childhood, adolescence, family relationships, illness, death, and much more in a way informed by an understanding of a wide range of human stories, not just by aggregate data •  The ability to judge political leaders critically, but with an informed and realistic sense of the possibilities available to them •  The ability to think about the good of the nation as a whole, not just that of one’s own local group •  The ability to see one’s own nation, in turn, as a part of a complicated world order in which issues of many kinds require intelligent transnational deliberation for their resolution This is only a sketch, but it is at least a beginning in articulating what we need.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
When we meet in society, if we have not learned to see both self and other in that way, imagining in one another inner faculties of thought and emotion, democracy is bound to fail, because democracy is built upon respect and concern, and these in turn are built upon the ability to see other people as human beings, not simply as objects.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
To think about education for democratic citizenship, we have to think about what democratic nations are, and what they strive for.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
La investigación es, o debe ser, una ciencia exacta y debería recibir un tratamiento igual de frío y objetivo. Tú has intentado revestirlo de romanticismo, lo cual tiene prácticamente el mismo resultado que si hubieras urdido una historia de amor o hubieras acudido al quinto axioma de Euclides.
Martha C. Nussbaum (El conocimiento del amor: Ensayo sobre filosofía y literatura (La balsa de la Medusa nº 210))
Yo soy uno que, cuando Amor me inspira, toma nota. Y del mismo modo que dentro me dicta, así me voy expresando”.]
Martha C. Nussbaum (El conocimiento del amor: Ensayo sobre filosofía y literatura (La balsa de la Medusa nº 210))
Незабаром всі країни світу почнуть виготовляти покоління корисних машин, а не повноцінних громадян, що здатні самостійно мислити, критикувати традиційний уклад та розуміти значення страждань і досягнень інших людей.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
Перерахую здібності, що пов'язані з гуманітарними науками та мистецтвом: здатність до критичного мислення; здатність відірватися від приватних інтересів і поглянути на світові проблеми з точки зору "громадянина світу"; і, нарешті, здатність співчутливо ставитися до труднощів іншої людини.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
Por lo tanto, debemos construir una educación liberal que no sólo sea socrática, insistiendo para ello en el pensamiento crítico y el argumento respetuoso, sino también pluralista, lo que requiere educar en el entendimiento de las historias y las contribuciones de los grupos con quienes interactuamos, tanto en Estados Unidos como en los ámbitos crecientemente internacionales de los negocios y la política. Si no podemos enseñar a nuestros estudiantes todo lo que necesitan saber para ser buenos ciudadanos, podemos al menos mostrarles lo que no saben y cómo informarse. Podemos familiarizarlos con algunos rudimentos sobre las principales culturas no occidentales y los grupos minoritarios dentro de nuestro mundo. Podemos enseñarles cómo investigar la historia y la variedad de género y sexualidad. Sobre todo, podemos enseñarles a argumentar rigurosa y críticamente, de modo que puedan saberse dueños de sus propias mentes.
Martha C. Nussbaum (El cultivo de la humanidad: Una defensa clásica de la reforma de la educación liberal)
(Reading) promotes an accurate awareness of our common vulnerability. It is true that human beings are needy, incomplete creatures who are in many ways dependent on circumstances beyond their control for the possibility of well-being
Martha Nussbaum
What makes majorities try, so ubiquitously, to denigrate or stigmatize minorities? Whatever these forces are, it is ultimately against them that true education for responsible national and global citizenship must fight. And it must fight using whatever resources the human personality contains that help democracy prevail against hierarchy.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
Such myths of purity, however, are misleading and pernicious.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
Thinking falsely that our own society is pure within can only breed aggression toward outsiders and blindness about aggression toward insiders.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)
the political struggle for freedom and equality must first of all be a struggle within each person, as compassion and respect contend against fear, greed, and narcissistic aggression.
Martha C. Nussbaum (Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities)