โ
You're not to be so blind with patriotism that you can't face reality. Wrong is wrong, no matter who does it or says it.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (By Any Means Necessary (Malcolm X Speeches and Writings) (Malcolm X Speeches & Writings))
โ
My alma mater was books, a good library.... I could spend the rest of my life reading, just satisfying my curiosity.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I'm for truth, no matter who tells it. I'm for justice, no matter who it is for or against. I'm a human being, first and foremost, and as such I'm for whoever and whatever benefits humanity as a whole.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
People don't realize how a man's whole life can be changed by one book.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
The main thing you got to remember is that everything in the world is a hustle.
โ
โ
Alex Haley (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
To me, the thing that is worse than death is betrayal. You see, I could conceive death, but I could not conceive betrayal.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
If you're not careful, the newspapers will have you hating the people who are being oppressed, and loving the people who are doing the oppressing.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
If someone puts their hands on you make sure they never put their hands on anybody else again.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
Usually when people are sad, they don't do anything. They just cry over their condition. But when they get angry, they bring about a change.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
The media's the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that's power. Because they control the minds of the masses.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
So early in my life, I had learned that if you want something, you had better make some noise.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X [Japanese-Language Edition].)
โ
We cannot think of being acceptable to others until we have first proven acceptable to ourselves.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
Hence I have no mercy or compassion in me for a society that will crush people, and then penalize them for not being able to stand up under the weight.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
Truth is on the side of the oppressed.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
If you have no critics you'll likely have no success.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
If you're not ready to die for it, take the word 'freedom' out of your vocabulary.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
We need more light about each other. Light creates understanding, understanding creates love, love creates patience, and patience creates unity.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
The ability to read awoke inside of me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
Don't be in a hurry to condemn because he doesn't do what you do or think as you think or as fast. There was a time when you didn't know what you know today.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
To have once been a criminal is no disgrace. To remain a criminal is the disgrace
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
A wise man can play the part of a clown, but a clown can't play the part of a wise man.
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โ
Malcolm X
โ
The only way we'll get freedom for ourselves is to identify ourselves with every oppressed people in the world. We are blood brothers to the people of Brazil, Venezuela, Haiti, Cuba -- yes Cuba too.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
How can you thank a man for giving you what's already yours? How then can you thank him for giving you only part of what is yours?
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โ
Malcolm X
โ
Why am I as I am? To understand that of any person, his whole life, from
Birth must be reviewed. All of our experiences fuse into our personality. Everything that ever happened to us is an ingredient.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
I see America through the eyes of the victim. I don't see any American dream--I see an American nightmare.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
You can't hate the roots of a tree and not hate the tree.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
The greatest mistake of the movement has been trying to organize a sleeping people around specific goals. You have to wake the people up first, then you'll get action.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements)
โ
Don't condemn if you see a person has a dirty glass of water, just show them the clean glass of water that you have. When they inspect it, you won't have to say that yours is better."
-said by Elijah Muhammad to Malcolm X
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
ููุฏ ุบูุฑุช ุงููุฑุงุกุฉ ู
ุฌุฑู ุญูุงุชู ุชุบููุฑุงู ุฌุฐุฑูุงู ููู
ุฃูู ุฃูุฏู ู
ู ูุฑุงุฆูุง ุงูู ูุณุจ ุฃูุฉ ุดูุงุฏุงุช ูุชุญุณูู ู
ุฑูุฒู ูุงูู
ุง ููุช ุงุฑูุฏ ุงู ุงุญูุง ููุฑูุง.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I don't even call it violence when it's in self defense; I call it intelligence.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
The future belongs to those who prepare for it today.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power)
โ
We declare our right on this earth...to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence by any means necessary.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
Children have a lesson adults should learn, to not be ashamed of failing, but to get up and try again. Most of us adults are so afraid, so cautious, so 'safe,' and therefore so shrinking and rigid and afraid that it is why so many humans fail. Most middle-aged adults have resigned themselves to failure.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
Concerning non-violence: it is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements)
โ
I believe that there will be ultimately be a clash between the oppressed and those who do the oppressing. I believe that there will be a clash between those who want freedom, justice and equality for everyone and those who want to continue the system of exploitation. I believe that there will be that kind of clash, but I don't think it will be based on the color of the skin...
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I'm sorry to say that the subject I most disliked was mathematics. I have thought about it. I think the reason was that mathematics leaves no room for argument. If you made a mistake, that was all there was to it.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
In fact, once he is motivated no one can change more completely than the man who has been at the bottom. I call myself the best example of that.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
I always tell my students that Malcolm X came both to his spirituality and to his consciousness as a thinker when he had solitude to read. Unfortunately, tragically, like so many young black males, that solitude only came in prison.
โ
โ
bell hooks
โ
And just because you have colleges and universities doesn't mean you have education.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power)
โ
Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take it.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements)
โ
You don't have to be a man to fight for freedom. All you have to do is to be an intelligent human being.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
Anytime you find someone more successful than you are, especially when you're both engaged in the same business - you know they're doing something that you aren't.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
I believe in the brotherhood of man, all men, but I don't believe in brotherhood with anybody who doesn't want brotherhood with me. I believe in treating people right, but I'm not going to waste my time trying to treat somebody right who doesn't know how to return the treatment
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
You don't stick a knife in a man's back nine inches and then pull it out six inches and say you're making progress ... No matter how much respect, no matter how much recognition, whites show towards me, as far as I am concerned, as long as it is not shown to everyone of our people in this country, it doesn't exist for me.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
You get your freedom by letting your enemy know that you'll do anything to get it. Then you'll get it. It's the only way you'll get it.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
One day, may we all meet together in the light of understanding.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
It's just like when you've got some coffee that's too black, which means it's too strong. What do you do? You integrate it with cream, you make it weak. But if you pour too much cream in it, you won't even know you ever had coffee. It used to be hot, it becomes cool. It used to be strong, it becomes weak. It used to wake you up, now it puts you to sleep.
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โ
Malcolm X
โ
As long as you are convinced you have never done anything, you can never do anything.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุงูุณุงู ู
ุน ุงููู ูุงู ุงููู ู
ุนู ูุฃุฑุณู ูู ุนูุฏ ุงูุญุงุฌุฉ ุนูุงู
ุงุช ุชุฏู ุนูู ุฐูู.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I believe in recognizing every human being as a human being--neither white, black, brown, or red; and when you are dealing with humanity as a family there's no question of integration or intermarriage. It's just one human being marrying another human being or one human being living around and with another human being.
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โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
ููุฏ ููุช ูู ุงุณูู ุณุงูููู ูู ูุงุน ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูุงู
ุฑููู ูุนูุฏู
ุง ุงูุชุฏูุช ุงูู ุงููู ูุงูู ุงูุงุณูุงู
ุชุบูุฑ ู
ุฌุฑู ุญูุงุชู.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
It is only after slavery and prison that the sweetest appreciation of freedom can come.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
Iโve had enough of someone elseโs propagandaโฆ Iโm for truth, no matter who tells it. Iโm for justice, no matter who it is for or against. Iโm a human being first and foremost, and as such Iโm for whoever and whatever benefits humanity as a whole.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
True Islam taught me that it takes all of the religious, political, economic, psychological, and racial ingredients, or characteristics, to make the Human Family and the Human Society complete.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
By any means necessary.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I for one believe that if you give people a thorough understanding of what confronts them and the basic causes that produce it, they'll create their own program, and when the people create a program, you get action.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
There is no better than adversity. Every defeat, every heartbreak, every loss, contains its own seed, its own lesson on how to improve your performance next time.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I am a Muslim, because it's a religion that teaches you an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. It teaches you to respect everybody, and treat everybody right. But it also teaches you if someone steps on your toe, chop off their foot. And I carry my religious axe with me all the time.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I remember one night at Muzdalifa with nothing but the sky overhead I lay awake amid sleeping Muslim brothers and I learned that pilgrims from every land--every color, and class, and rank; high officials and the beggar alike--all snored in the same language.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
There is nothing in our book, the Qur'an, that teaches us to suffer peacefully. Our religion teaches us to be intelligent. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone lays a hand on you, send him to the cemetery.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
Despite my firm convictions, I have been always a man who tries to face facts, and to accept the reality of life as new experience and new knowledge unfolds it. I have always kept an open mind, which is necessary to the flexibility that must go hand in hand with every form of intelligent search for truth.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading has opened to me. I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
They cripple the bird's wing, and then condemn it for not flying as fast as they.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
ููุฏ ุชุนูู
ุช ุจุงูุฑุงู ุฅู ุงูุญู ูุง ูุนุทู ูู
ู ูุณูุช ุนูู, ูุฅู ุนูู ุงูู
ุฑุก ุฃู ูุญุฏุซ ุจุนุถ ุงูุถุฌูุฌ ุฅู ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู ูุญุตู ุนูู ุดูุก
โ
โ
Malcolm X (Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
Read absolutely everything you get your hands on because you'll never know where you'll get an idea from...
โ
โ
Malcolm X (Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements)
โ
And when I speak, I don't speak as a Democrat. Or a Republican. Nor an American. I speak as a victim of America's so-called democracy. You and I have never seen democracy - all we've seen is hypocrisy. When we open our eyes today and look around America, we see America not through the eyes of someone who has enjoyed the fruits of Americanism. We see America through the eyes of someone who has been the victim of Americanism. We don't see any American dream. We've experienced only the American nightmare.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I saw all races, all colors, blue eyed blonds to black skinned Africans in true brotherhood! In unity! Living as one! Worshiping as one! No segregationists, no liberals; they would not have known how to interpret the meaning of those words
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
This was my first lesson about gambling: if you see somebody winning all the time, he isn't gambling, he's cheating. Later on in life, if I were continuously losing in any gambling situation, I would watch very closely.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
ููุง ูุฑูุฏ ุฑุฌู ุงุตูุฑ ูุชูู ุฑุฌู ุงุณูุฏ ูู ุญุฑุจ ุฑุฌู ุฃุจูุถ ูุงู ูุฏ ูุชู ูู ุงูุฑุฌุงู ุงูุญู
ุฑ
โ
โ
Malcolm X (Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
America's greatest crime against the black man was not slavery or lynching, but that he was taught to wear a mask of self-hate and self-doubt.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
ุงุฑู ุงู ุงูุณุฌู ูุฃุชู ุจุนุฏ ุงูุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ูุฃูุณุจ ู
ูุงู ูู
ู ูุฑูุฏ ุงู ูููุฑ
โ
โ
ู
ุงูููู
ุฅูุณ (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
It"s good to keep wide-open ears and listen to what everybody else has to say, but when you come to make a decision, you have to weigh all of what you"ve heard on its own, and place it where it belongs, and come to a decision for yourself; you"ll never regret it. But if you form the habit of taking what someone else says about a thing without checking it out for yourself, you"ll find that other people will have you hating your friends and loving your enemies.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
We all like chicken
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
ููุฏ ุงูุณุน ุงูุญุฌ ูุทุงู ุชูููุฑู ููุชุญ ุจุตูุฑุชู ูุฑุฃูุช ูู ุฃุณุจูุนูู ู
ุง ูู
ุฃุฑู ูู ุชุณุน ูุซูุงุซูู ุณูุฉ.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I'm a man who believes that I died 20 years ago. And I live like a man who is dead already. I have no fear whatsoever of anybody or anything.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I imagine that one of the biggest troubles with colleges is there are too many distractions, too much panty-raiding, fraternities, and boola-boola and all of that.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
ุงููู ุงุญุชุฑู
ุญู ูู ุงูุณุงู ูู ุงู ูุคู
ู ุจู
ุง ูุนุชูุฏ ุงูู ุงูุตูุงุจุ ูุงูุชุธุฑ ุฃู ุฃุนุงู
ู ุจุงูู
ุซู.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I don't advocate violence; but if a man steps on my toes, I'll step on his...
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
ูุง ูุฏุฑู ุงููุงุณ ุฃู ูุชุงุจุง ูุงุญุฏุง ูุฏ ูุบูุฑ ุญูุงุฉ ุงูุณุงู
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
Times change so quickly that if you and I don't keep up with the times, we'll find ourselves with an umbrella in our hand, over our head, when the sun is out. Or we'll find ourselves standing in the rain, with the umbrella inside the door.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
ุฅู ุนุจุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฅูู ุงููุงุญุฏ ูุญุฏูุง ุณุชูุฑุจ ุงูุงูุณุงู ู
ู ุงูุณูุงู
ุงูุฐู ูุชููู
ุนููู ุงูุฌู
ูุน ููุงููุนู ุฃุญุฏ ุดูุฆุงู ูุชุญูููู.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
Only the mistakes were mine.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
The tragedy of Tupac is that his untimely passing is representative of too many young black men in this country....If we had lost Oprah Winfrey at 25, we would have lost a relatively unknown, local market TV anchorwoman. If we had lost Malcolm X at 25, we would have lost a hustler named Detroit Red. And if I had left the world at 25, we would have lost a big-band trumpet player and aspiring composer--just a sliver of my eventual life potential.
โ
โ
Quincy Jones
โ
We didn't land on plymouth rock, Plymouth rock landed on us".
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
ุฅุฐุง ุฑุฃูุช ุดุฎุตุงู ุฃูุถู ู
ูู ุจุดูุก ูุงุนูู
ุฃูู ููุนู ุดูุก ูุง ุชูุนูู ุฃูุช
โ
โ
Malcolm X (ุงููุตูุต ุงูู
ุญุฑู
ุฉ ููุตูุต ุฃุฎุฑู)
โ
America needs to understand Islam, because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem. Throughout my travels in the Muslim world, I have met, talked to, and even eaten with people who in America would have been considered white, but the white attitude was removed from their minds by the religion of Islam. I have never before seen sincere and true brotherhood practiced by all together, irrespective of their color.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
Western interests: imperialism, colonialism, exploitation, racism, and other negative -isms.
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
ุฅู ุงููุงุณ ูุง ุชุนุฑู ุฃู ูุชุงุจุงู ูุงุญุฏุงู ููููุงู ุจุฃู ูุบูุฑ ู
ุฌุฑู ุญูุงุฉ ุงูุฅูุณุงู
โ
โ
ู
ุงูููู
ุฅูุณ (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
I believe in human beings, and that all human beings should be respected as such, regardless of their color
โ
โ
Malcolm X
โ
I grew up in the midst of poverty but every black kid that I knew could read and write. We have to talk about the fact that we cannot educate for critical consciousness if we have a group of people who cannot access Fanon, Cabral, or Audre Lorde because they canโt read or write. How did Malcolm X radicalize his consciousness? He did it through books. If you deprive working-class and poor black people of access to reading and writing, you are making them that much farther removed from being a class that can engage in revolutionary resistance.
โ
โ
bell hooks
โ
I learned early that crying out in protest could accomplish things. My older brothers and sister had started to school when, sometimes, they would come in and ask for a buttered biscuit or something and my mother, impatiently, would tell them no. But I would cry out and make a fuss until I got what I wanted. I remember well how my mother asked me why I couldn't be a nice boy like Wilfred; but I would think to myself that Wilfred, for being so nice and quiet, often stayed hungry. So early in life, I had learned that if you want something, you had better make some noise.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
โ
When I am dead--I say it that way because from the things I know, I do not expect to live long enough to read this book in its finished form--I want you to just watch and see if I'm not right in what I say: that the white man, in his press, is going to identify me with "hate". He will make use of me dead, as he has made use of me alive, as a convenient symbol, of "hatred"--and that will help him escape facing the truth that all I have been doing is holding up a mirror to reflect, to show, the history of unspeakable crimes that his race has committed against my race.
โ
โ
Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
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And because I had been a hustler, I knew better than all whites knew, and better than nearly all of the black 'leaders' knew, that actually the most dangerous black man in America was the ghetto hustler. Why do I say this? The hustler, out there in the ghetto jungles, has less respect for the white power structure than any other Negro in North America. The ghetto hustler is internally restrained by nothing. He has no religion, no concept of morality, no civic responsibility, no fear--nothing. To survive, he is out there constantly preying upon others, probing for any human weakness like a ferret. The ghetto hustler is forever frustrated, restless, and anxious for some 'action'. Whatever he undertakes, he commits himself to it fully, absolutely. What makes the ghetto hustler yet more dangerous is his 'glamour' image to the school-dropout youth in the ghetto.These ghetto teen-agers see the hell caught by their parents struggling to get somewhere, or see that they have given up struggling in the prejudiced, intolerant white manโs world. The ghetto teen-agers make up their own minds they would rather be like the hustlers whom they see dressed โsharpโ and flashing money and displaying no respect for anybody or anything. So the ghetto youth become attracted to the hustler worlds of dope, thievery, prostitution, and general crime and immorality.
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Malcolm X (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
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I certainly wasn't seeking any degree, the way a college confers a status symbol upon its students. My homemade education gave me, with every additional book that I read, a little bit more sensitivity to the deafness, dumbness and blindness that was afflicting the black race in America. Not long ago, an English writer telephoned me, asking questions. One was, "What's your alma mater?" I told him, "Books.
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Alex Haley (The Autobiography of Malcolm X)
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Here's an interesting form of murder we came up with: assassination. You know what's interesting about assassination? Well, not only does it change those popularity polls in a big fucking hurry, but it's also interesting to notice who it is we assassinate. Did you ever notice who it is? Stop to think who it is we kill? It's always people who've told us to live together in harmony and try to love one another. Jesus, Gandhi, Lincoln, John Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Medgar Evers, Malcolm X, John Lennon, they all said, "Try to live together peacefully." BAM! Right in the fucking head. Apparently we're not ready for that.
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George Carlin
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Ignorance of each other is what has made unity impossible in the past. Therefore we need enlightenment. We need more light about each other. Light creates understanding, understanding creates love, love creates patience, and patience creates unity. Once we have more knowledge (light) about each other, we will stop condemning each other and a United front will be brought about.
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Malcolm X
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I tell sincere white people, 'Work in conjunction with us- each of us working among our own kind.' Let sincere white individuals find all other white people they can who feel as they do- and let them form their own all-white groups, to work trying to convert other white people who are thinking and acting so racist. Let sincere whites go and teach non-violence to white people!
We will completely respect our white co-workers. They will deserve every credit. We will give them every credit. We will meanwhile be working among our own kind, in our own black communities- showing and teaching black men in ways that only other black men can- that the black man has got to help himself. Working separately, the sincere white people and sincere black people actually will be working together.
In our mutual sincerity we might be able to show a road to the salvation of America's very soul.
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Malcolm X
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The White liberal is the worst enemy to America and the worst enemy to the Black man. Let me first explain what I mean by this White liberal. In America thereโs no such thing as Democrats and Republicans anymore. Thatโs antiquated. In America you have liberals and conservatives. This is what the American political structure boils down to among Whites. The only people who are still living in the past and thinks in terms of โIโm a Democratโ or โIโm a Republicanโ is the American Negro. Heโs the one who runs around bragging about party affiliation and heโs the one who sticks to the Democrat or sticks to the Republican, but White people in America are divided into two groups, liberals and Republicansโฆor rather, liberals and conservatives. And when you find White people vote in the political picture, theyโre not divided in terms of Democrats and Republicans, theyโre divided consistently as conservatives and as liberal. The Democrats who are conservative vote with Republicans who are conservative. Democrats who are liberals vote with Republicans who are liberals. You find this in Washington, DC. Now the White liberals arenโt White people who are for independence, who are liberal, who are moral, who are ethical in their thinking, they are just a faction of White people who are jockeying for power the same as the White conservatives are a faction of White people who are jockeying for power. Now they are fighting each other for booty, for power, for prestige and the one who is the football in the game is the Negro. Twenty million Black people in this country are a political football, a political pawn an economic football, an economic pawn, a social football, a social pawn...
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Malcolm X