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After decades of research, Panksepp is convinced that most animal brains, from Oliver's to a ticklish mouse's, likely have the capacity for dreaming, for taking pleasure in eating, for feeling anger, fear, love, lust, grief, and acceptance from their mothers, for being playful, and for some conception of selfhood, an argument that might have seemed painfully unscientific just forty years ago. Panksepp believes that emotional capacity evolved in mammals long before the emergence of the human neocortex and its massive powers of cognition. He is careful to say that this doesn't mean that all animal or even mammalian emotions are the same. And when it comes to complex cognitive skills, he believes that the human brain puts all others to shame. But he is convinced that other animals have many special abilities that we don't have and this may extend to emotional states. Rats, for example, have richer olfactory lives, eagles have impressive eyesight, and dolphins can sense the world via sight, sound, sonar, and touch. These abilities may translate into more and different feelings associated with their various sensory or cognitive experiences. Panksepp believes that rabbits, for example, may have bigger or different capacities for fear while cats may have larger capacities for aggression and anger.
Over the past fifteen years the cognitive ethologist Marc Bekoff has published accounts of many types of animal emotions, from compassionate chimps to contrite hyenas. The primatologist Frans de Waal has written of altruism, empathy, and morality in bonobos and other apes. An explosion of recent research on dogs plumbs their ability to mirror the emotions of their owners, and studies of hormonal fluctuations in baboons after the death of their troops' babies have shown monthlong spikes of glucocorticoid stress hormones in the mothers, chemical surges that point toward a long grieving process. A number of recent studies have gone far beyond our closest relatives to argue for the possible emotional capacities of honeybees, octopi, chickens, and even fruit flies. The results of these studies are changing debates about animal minds from "Do they have emotions?"What sorts of emotions do they have and why?"
Perhaps this shouldn't be too surprising. As the neurologist Antonio Damasio has argued, emotions are a necessary part of animal social behavior. Consciously or not, they guide our behavior, helping us to flee from danger, seek pleasure, avoid pain, or bond with the right fellow creatures. Both dolphins and parrots, for example, can exhibit symptoms similar to human sadness and depression after the loss of a companion. They might ignore food or refuse to play with others. Other social animals, like dogs, often do the same. These emotions are consequences of a very helpful evolutionary process: attaching to others who protect you, feed you, play with you, groom you, hunt or forage with you, or otherwise make your life more enjoyable or productive. Affective states, as the emotional expressions of animals are known, are useful whether you're a prairie dog collaborating with other prairie dogs on a tunnel extension or a harried human negotiating who is going to pick up dinner on the way home from work.
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Laurel Braitman (Animal Madness: How Anxious Dogs, Compulsive Parrots, and Elephants in Recovery Help Us Understand Ourselves)