Divide And Rule Policy Quotes

If this is hatred, then it is very young. I has been caused, simply, by the informal divide-and-rule policies of the British colonial exercise. These policies manipulated the differences between the tribes and ensured that unity would not exist, thereby making the easy governance of such a large country practicable.

Divide and rule. It wasn’t just the British toward the Indians but all parents toward their children.

Consider the following sequence of cases, which we shall call the Tale of the Slave, and imagine it is about you. 1. There is a slave completely at the mercy of his brutal master’s whims. He is often cruelly beaten, called out in the middle of the night, and so on. 2. The master is kindlier and beats the slave only for stated infractions of his rules (not fulling the work quota, and so on). He gives the slave some free time. 3. The master has a group of slave, and he decides how things are to be allocated among them on nice grounds, taking into account their needs, merit, and so on. 4. The master allows the slave four days on their own and requires them to work only three days a week on his land. The rest of the time is their own. 5. The master allows his slaves to go off and work in the city (or anywhere they wish) for wages. He also retains the power to recall them to the plantation if some emergency threatens his land; and to raise or lower the three-sevenths amount required to be turned over to him. He further retains the right to restrict the slaves from participating in certain dangerous activities that threaten his financial return, for example, mountain climbing, cigarette smoking. 6. The master allows all of his 10,000 slaves, except you, to vote, and the joint decision is made by all of them. There is open discussion, and so forth, among them, and they have the power to determine to what use to put whatever percentage of your (and their) earnings they decide to take; what activities legitimately may be forbidden to you, and so on. 7. Though still not having the vote, you are at liberty (and are given the right) to enter into discussion of the 10,000, to try to persuade them to adopt various policies and to treat you and themselves in a certain way. They then go off to vote to decide upon policies covering the vast range of their powers. 8. In appreciation of your useful contributions to discussion, the 10,000 allow you to vote if they are deadlocked; they commit themselve3s to this procedure. After the discussion you mark your vote on a slip of paper, and they go off and vote. In the eventuality that they divide evenly on some issue, 5,000 for and 5,000 against, they look at your ballot and count it in. This has never yet happened; they have never yet had occasion to open your ballot. (A single master may also might commit himself to letting his slave decide any issue concerning him about which he, the master, was absolutely indifferent.) 9. They throw your vote in with theirs. If they are exactly tied your vote carries the issue. Otherwise it makes no difference to the electoral outcome. The question is: which transition from case 1 to case 9 made it no longer the tale of the slave?

But in the years to come, as Muslim prestige and learning sank, and Hindu confidence, wealth, education and power increased, Hindus and Muslims would grow gradually apart, as British policies of divide and rule found willing collaborators among the chauvinists of both faiths. The rip in the closely woven fabric of Delhi’s composite culture, opened in 1857, slowly widened into a great gash, and at Partition in 1947 finally broke in two. As the Indian Muslim elite emigrated en masse to Pakistan, the time would soon come when it would be almost impossible to imagine that Hindu sepoys could ever have rallied to the Red Fort and the standard of a Muslim emperor, joining with their Muslim brothers in an attempt to revive the Mughal Empire.

A Far Cry From Africa A wind is ruffling the tawny pelt Of Africa. Kikuyu, quick as flies, Batten upon the bloodstreams of the veldt. Corpses are scattered through a paradise. Only the worm, colonel of carrion, cries: “Waste no compassion on these separate dead!” Statistics justify and scholars seize The salients of colonial policy. What is that to the white child hacked in bed? To savages, expendable as Jews? Threshed out by beaters, the long rushes break In a white dust of ibises whose cries Have wheeled since civilization’s dawn From the parched river or beast-teeming plain. The violence of beast on beast is read As natural law, but upright man Seeks his divinity by inflicting pain. Delirious as these worried beasts, his wars Dance to the tightened carcass of a drum, While he calls courage still that native dread Of the white peace contracted by the dead. Again brutish necessity wipes its hands Upon the napkin of a dirty cause, again A waste of our compassion, as with Spain, The gorilla wrestles with the superman. I who am poisoned with the blood of both, Where shall I turn, divided to the vein? I who have cursed The drunken officer of British rule, how choose Between this Africa and the English tongue I love? Betray them both, or give back what they give? How can I face such slaughter and be cool? How can I turn from Africa and live?

Sir Humphrey Appleby: The Foreign Office is pro-Europe because it’s really anti-Europe. The civil service was united in its desire to make sure that the Common Market didn’t work. That’s why we went into it. Britain has had the same foreign policy objective for at least 500 years: to create a disunited Europe. In that cause we have fought with the Dutch against the Spanish, with the Germans against the French, French and Italians against the Germans, and the French against the Germans and Italians. Divide and rule, you see. Why should we change now, when it’s worked so well? Jim Hacker: It’s all ancient history, surely. Sir Humphrey Appleby: Yes, and current policy. We had to break the whole thing up, so we had to get inside. We tried to break it up from the outside, but that wouldn’t work. Now that we are inside, we can make a big pig’s breakfast of the whole thing! Set the Germans against the French, French against Italians, Italians against Dutch —The Foreign Office is terribly pleased! It’s just like old times! Jim Hacker: Surely we are committed to the European ideal! Sir Humphrey Appleby: Really, Minister! Jim Hacker: If not, why are we pressing for an increase in membership? Sir Humphrey Appleby: For the same reason. It's just like the United Nations, in fact. The more members it has, the more arguments it can stir up, the more futile and impotent it becomes. Jim Hacker: What appalling cynicism! Sir Humphrey Appleby: Yes. We call it diplomacy, Minister.

In many ways, the partition of India was the inevitable result of three centuries of Britain’s divide-and-rule policy. As the events of the Indian Revolt demonstrated, the British believed that the best way to curb nationalist sentiment was to classify the indigenous population not as Indians, but as Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, etc. The categorization and separation of native peoples was a common tactic for maintaining colonial control over territories whose national boundaries had been arbitrarily drawn with little consideration for the ethnic, cultural, or religious makeup of the local inhabitants. The French went to great lengths to cultivate class divisions in Algeria, the Belgians promoted tribal factionalism in Rwanda, and the British fostered sectarian schisms in Iraq, all in a futile attempt to minimize nationalist tendencies and stymie united calls for independence. No wonder, then, that when the colonialists were finally expelled from these manufactured states, they left behind not only economic and political turmoil, but deeply divided populations with little common ground on which to construct a national identity.

It was the old colonial policy of divide and rule. This was his conclusion. He believed that it all began with the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and that since then the British had been encouraging hatred and enmity between the two sides. He wrote that ever since the Jews were granted the Balfour Declaration the colonizer has been active in fostering the spirit of enmity and hatred between Jews and Arabs and in creating obstacles in the way of any resolution whether by war or peace. Woe unto whoever is inspired to work on any of the complicated issues. If he should dare to exhibit any initiative he is considered a dangerous suspect and his name is added to the list of enemies. The colonizer then presses the button which signals his barking dogs to attack the man and destroy him.

Complicating the idea that race and class are distinctly separate rather than intertwined will be hard work. It involves piercing a million thought bubbles currently dominating conversations about class in this country. It means irritating politicians and commentators, and it means calling their story of a white working class besieged by selfish and ungrateful immigrants exactly what they are – hate-mongering nonsense. Divide and rule serves no useful purpose in the politics of class solidarity, neither does it work particularly well in lifting people out of poverty. We know that targeted policies aimed at eradicating class inequalities will also go some way in challenging race inequalities, because so many black households are low income. But we can’t be naive enough to believe that those in power are in any way interested in piercing their power for the sake of a fairer society. And although working-class white and BME people have lots in common, we need to remember that although the experiences are very similar, they are also very different.

A great liberal betrayal is afoot. Unfortunately, many “fellow-travelers” of Islamism are on the liberal side of this debate. I call them “regressive leftists”; they are in fact reverse racists. They have a poverty of expectation for minority groups, believing them to be homogenous and inherently opposed to human rights values. They are culturally reductive in how they see “Eastern”—and in my case, Islamic—culture, and they are culturally deterministic in attempting to freeze their ideal of it in order to satisfy their orientalist fetish. While they rightly question every aspect of their “own” Western culture in the name of progress, they censure liberal Muslims who attempt to do so within Islam, and they choose to side instead with every regressive reactionary in the name of “cultural authenticity” and anticolonialism. They claim that their reason for refusing to criticize any policy, foreign or domestic—other than those of what they consider “their own” government—is that they are not responsible for other governments’ actions. However, they leap whenever any (not merely their own) liberal democratic government commits a policy error, while generally ignoring almost every fascist, theocratic, or Muslim-led dictatorial regime and group in the world. It is as if their brains cannot hold two thoughts at the same time. Besides, since when has such isolationism been a trait of liberal internationalists? It is a right-wing trait. They hold what they think of as “native” communities—and I use that word deliberately—to lesser standards than the ones they claim apply to all “their” people, who happen to be mainly white, and that’s why I call it reverse racism. In holding “native” communities to lesser—or more culturally “authentic”—standards, they automatically disempower those communities. They stifle their ambitions. They cut them out of the system entirely, because there’s no aspiration left. These communities end up in self-segregated “Muslim areas” where the only thing their members aspire to is being tin-pot community leaders, like ghetto chieftains. The “fellow-travelers” fetishize these “Muslim” ghettos in the name of “cultural authenticity” and identity politics, and the ghetto chieftains are often the leading errand boys for them. Identity politics and the pseudo-liberal search for cultural authenticity result in nothing but a downward spiral of competing medieval religious or cultural assertions, fights over who are the “real” Muslims, ever increasing misogyny, homophobia, sectarianism, and extremism. This is not liberal. Among the left, this is a remnant of the socialist approach that prioritizes group identity over individual autonomy. Among the right, it is ironically a throwback from the British colonial “divide and rule” approach. Classical liberalism focuses on individual autonomy. I refer here to liberalism as it is understood in the philosophical sense, not as it’s understood in the United States to refer to the Democratic Party—that’s a party-political usage. The great liberal betrayal of this generation is that in the name of liberalism, communal rights have been prioritized over individual autonomy within minority groups. And minorities within minorities really do suffer because of this betrayal. The people I really worry about when we have this conversation are feminist Muslims, gay Muslims, ex-Muslims—all the vulnerable and bullied individuals who are not just stigmatized but in many cases violently assaulted or killed merely for being against the norm.

Heydrich's life therefore offers a uniquely privileged, intimate and organic perspective on some of the darkest aspects of Nazi rule, many of which are often artificially divided or treated separately in the highly specialized literature on the Third Reich: the rise of the SS and the emergence of the Nazi police state; the decision-making processes that led to the Holocaust; the interconnections between anti-Jewish and Germanization policies; and the different ways in which German occupation regimes operated across Nazi-controlled Europe. On a more personal level, it illustrates the historical circumstances under which young men from perfectly ‘normal’ middle-class backgrounds can become political extremists determined to use ultra-violence to implement their dystopian fantasies of radically transforming the world.

Americans were dividing into two camps. In the one were those with an “impulse toward orthodoxy,” clinging stubbornly to belief in “an external, definable, and transcendent authority.” In the other were those whose “impulse toward progressivism” made them increasingly averse to rules handed down from on high. In their view, individual empowerment required the privatization of faith, ending the practice of allowing religiously derived norms to affect public policy.19

he devised his policy of divide-and-rule and pushed it through ruthlessly.

For nearly a thousand years, communities on the Indian subcontinent had coexisted in a cultural melting where religious identity was less salient than ethnic or linguistic identity. “A hybrid Indo-Islamic civilization emerged,” according to the historian of India William Dalrymple. “In the nineteenth century, India was still a place where traditions, languages, and cultures cut across religious groupings, and where people did not define themselves primarily through their religious faith.”51 Much as communities had negotiated means of coexistence in pre-Mandate Palestine only to see them unravel during British rule, the subcontinent’s communal arrangements corroded when the full weight of Britain’s colonial state bore down on them. The Raj’s divide and rule policies produced a chemical-like reaction, shattering long-standing traditions of coexistence and interacting with local personalities who had their own ambitions, passions, and allegiances. It was another liberal experiment in empire gone horribly wrong, and on a scale so epic that once history’s chain of contingent events combusted, no one could contain it.

Their efforts were undermined by the hierarchical, conservative, and divided nature of Palestinian society and politics, characteristic of many in the region, and further sapped by a sophisticated policy of divide and rule adopted by the mandatory authorities, aided and abetted by the Jewish Agency.

Whatever your politics, whatever you think about the outcome of the election, we as Americans must all agree on this. Donald Trump’s conduct on January sixth was a supreme violation of his oath of office and a complete dereliction of his duty to our nation. It is a stain on our history. It is a dishonor to all those who have sacrificed and died in service of our democracy. When we present our full findings, we will recommend changes to laws and policies to guard against another January sixth. The reason that’s imperative is that the forces Donald Trump ignited that day have not gone away. The militant, intolerant ideologies, the militias, the alienation and the disaffection, the weird fantasies and disinformation, they’re all still out there ready to go. That’s the elephant in the room. But if January sixth has reminded us of anything, I pray it reminded us of this: laws are just words on paper. They mean nothing without public servants dedicated to the rule of law and who are held accountable by a public that believes oaths matter—oaths matter more than party tribalism or the cheap thrill of scoring political points. We the people must demand more of our politicians and ourselves. Oaths matter.

Big business was certainly producing and reproducing racist policies and ideas to divide and conquer the working class, decrease its labor costs, and increase its political power. However, the CPUSA downplayed or ignored the ways in which White laborers and unions were discriminating against and degrading Black laborers to increase their own wages, improve their own working conditions, and bolster their own political power. And why would White labor not continue ruling Black labor if labor gained political and economic control over capital in the United States? The Communists did not address that; nor did they address their own racist ideas during these formative years, which were pointed out by the antiracist Blacks joining their ranks. In seeking to unify the working class, CPUSA leaders focused their early recruiting efforts on racist White laborers. They refused to update Karl Marx’s scriptures to account for their deeply racialized nation in 1919. CPUSA officials typically stayed silent on what it might mean for the future of racism if a Communist revolution took place that did not simultaneously support a revolution against racism.15

Part of this is related to the vast apparatus created to administer the criminal-justice system; part is related to the new laws that mandate longer sentences and keep the prisons full of older inmates for longer periods; part is due to the rules governing release and reentry—parole policies that lower the threshold for violations and ensure recidivism; and part is the result of lasting damage done to the families and the social fabric of the communities from which most prisoners are drawn.

Catholic colonizers showed greater tolerance of African cultural arts, especially the visual arts. In Jamaica, colonized by Anglicans, African cultural practices were not tolerated to the same degree that they were in Brazil. Even though the assumption behind the policy was "divide and rule," Catholic colonial governments in Brazil fostered brotherhoods segregated according to African ethnic affiliation. These islands of African space-where the bonds of oppression were temporarily loosened-were inhabited by people with similar languages and worldviews. Thus, they became areas where African language, customs, and ideas could legally be perpetuated.

Hindu treatise on the art of government, the Arthashastra, lays down the rules of policy for the complete tyrant, describing the organization of his palace, his court, and his state in such fashion as to make Machiavelli seem a liberal. The first rule is that he must trust no one, and be without a single intimate friend. Beyond this, he must organize his government as a series of concentric circles composed of the various ministers, generals, officers, secretaries, and servants who execute his orders, every circle constituting a degree of rank leading up to the king himself at the center—like a spider in its web. Beginning with the circle immediately surrounding the king, the circles must consist alternately of his natural enemies and his natural friends. Because the very highest rank of princes will be plotting to seize the king’s power, they must be surrounded and watched by a circle of ministers eager to gain the king’s favor—and this hierarchy of mutually mistrusting circles must go all the way out to the fringe of the web. Divide et impera—divide and rule. Meanwhile, the king remains in the safety of his inmost apartments, attended by guards who are in turn watched by other guards hidden in the walls. Slaves taste his food for poison, and he must sleep either with one eye open or with his door firmly locked on the inside. In case of a serious revolution, there must be a secret, underground passage giving him escape from the center—a passage containing a lever which will unsettle the keystone of the building and bring it crashing down upon his rebellious court. The Arthashastra does not forget to warn the tyrant that he can never win. He may rise to eminence through ambition or the call of duty, but the more absolute his power, the more he is hated, and the more he is the prisoner of his own trap. The web catches the spider. He cannot wander at leisure in the streets and parks of his own capital, or sit on a lonely beach listening to the waves and watching the gulls. Through enslaving others he himself becomes the most miserable of slaves.

Peace never came. Maybe we’d never wanted it from inside. We need geopolitical drama, we need commotion, we need a divide-and-rule policy, and we need to sell weapons and ammunition. We need profit. Who needs peace?

Diagnosing this alleged antipathy of the Muslims, he elaborated: The Moslems in general and Indian Moslems in particular have not as yet grown out of the historical stage, of intense religiosity and the theological concept of state. Their theology and theocratical [sic] politics divide the human world into two groups only—The Moslem land and the enemy land. All lands which are either entirely inhabited by the Moslems or are ruled over by the Moslems are Moslem lands. All lands, which are mostly inhabited by non-Moslem power are enemy lands and no faithful Moslem is allowed to bear any loyalty to them and is called upon to do everything in his power by policy or force or fraud to convert the non-Moslem there to Moslem faith, to bring about its political conquest by a Moslem power. It is no good quoting sentences here or there from Moslem theological books to prove the contrary. Read the whole book to know its trend. And again it is not with books that we are concerned here but with the followers of the book and how they translate them in practice. You will then see that the whole Moslem history and their daily actions are framed on the design I have outlined above. Consequently, a territorial patriotism is a word unknown to the Moslem—nay is tabooed, unless in connection with a Moslem territory. Afghans can be patriots for Afghanisthan is a Moslem territory today. But an Indian Moslem if he is a real Moslem—and they are intensely religious as a people—cannot faithfully bear loyalty to India as a country, as a nation, as a State, because it is today ‘an Enemy Land’ and doubly lost; for non-Moslems are in a majority here and to boot it is not ruled by any Moslem power, Moslem sovereign. Add to this that of all non-Moslems the Hindus are looked upon as the most damned by Moslem theologians. For Christians and Jews are after all ‘Kitabis’, having the holy books partially in common. But the Hindus are totally ‘Kafirs’ as a consequence their land ‘Hindusthan’ is pre-eminently an ‘enemy’ and as long as it is not ruled by Moslems or all Hindus do not embrace Islam . . . What wonder then that the Muslim League should openly declare its intention to join hands with non-Indian alien Moslem countries rather than with Indian Hindus in forming a Moslem Federation? They could not be accused from their point of view of being traitors to Hindusthan. Their conscience was clear. They never looked upon our today’s ‘Hindusthan’ as their country, nation. It is to them already an alien land, and enemy land—‘a Dar-ul-Harb’ and not a ‘Dar-ul-Islam!!

In a long essay of about thirty thousand words, analyzing the philosophical and political underpinnings of the conflict, Adams surveyed the full range and implications of the tariff, the nullification controversy, and other administration policies: the end of a federal role in internal improvements; the elimination of the public lands as a source of revenue; the termination of the national bank; the refusal of fair protection for industry; the twisting and evasion of the words of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence; the preference for slave rather than free labor; and the privileging of those engaged in agriculture as an expression of the belief that the country was divided into superior and inferior people by occupation, geography, and birth. This “is the fundamental axiom of all landed aristocracies . . . holding in oppressive servitude the real cultivators of the soil, and ruling, with a hand of iron, over all the other occupations and professions of men. . . . The assumption of such a principle . . . for the future government of these United States, is an occurrence of the most dangerous and alarming tendency; as threatening . . . not only the prosperity but the peace of the country, and as directly leading to the most fatal of catastrophes—the dissolution of the Union by a complicated, civil, and servile war.

Clearly, our immigration policies should be reexamined. A convincing case can be made on environmental grounds alone that a nation of 300,000,000 needs no more people, especially since it would enjoy natural growth if the borders were closed tomorrow. How can we possibly claim to be fighting environmental degradation or hope for energy independence when we import a million or more people every year? How can we claim to be fighting poverty, crime, school failure, or disease when we import people who are more likely than natives to be poor, criminals, school failures, and to suffer from strange diseases? Immigration is even harder to justify when many newcomers speak no English, maintain foreign loyalties, or practice disconcerting religions. It is profoundly unwise to add yet more disparate elements to a population already divided by diversity. [D]emographers and economists are making dire projections based on the lower likelihood of blacks and Hispanics to become productive workers. These people go on to insist that the solution is to improve education for blacks and Hispanics, but the United States has already made enormous efforts to that end. There is no reason to think some kind of breakthrough is imminent. Clearly, the solution to the problems posed by an increasing Hispanic population is to stop Hispanic immigration. However, [...], our policy-makers are too afraid of accusations of racism to draw such an obvious conclusion. Americans must open their eyes to the fact that a changing population could change everything in America. The United States could come to resemble the developing world rather than Europe—in some places it already does. One recent book on immigration to Europe sounded a similar alarm when the author asked: “Can you have the same Europe with different people?” His answer was a forthright “no.” It should be clear from the changes that have already taken place in the United States that we cannot have the same America with different people, either. Different populations build different societies. The principles of European and European-derived societies—freedom of speech, the rule of law, respect for women, representative government, low levels of corruption—do not easily take root elsewhere. They were born out of centuries of struggle, false starts, and setbacks, and cannot be taken for granted. A poorer, more desperate America, one riven with racial rivalries, one increasingly populated by people who come from non-Western traditions could turn its back on those principles. Many people assert that all people can understand and assimilate Western thinking—and yet cultures are very different. Can you, the reader, imagine emigrating to Cambodia or Saudi Arabia or Tanzania and assimilating perfectly? Probably not; yet everyone in the world is thought to be a potential American. Even if there is only a small chance that non-Western immigrants will establish alien and unsettling practices, why take this risk? Immigration to the United States, like immigration to any nation, is a favor granted by citizens to foreigners. It is not a right. Immigration advocates often point to the objections Anglo-Americans made to turn-of-the-century immigrants from Italy, Ireland, Hungary, and other “non-Nordic” countries. They point out that these immigrants assimilated, and insist that Mexicans and Haitians will do the same. Those advocates overlook the fundamental importance of race. They forget that the United States already had two ill assimilated racial groups long before the arrival of European ethnics—blacks and American Indians—and that those groups are still uncomfortably distinct elements in American society. Different European groups assimilated across ethnic lines after a few generations because they were of the same race. There are many societal fault lines in “diverse” societies—language, religion, ethnicity—but the fault line of race is deepest.

Most white Americans believe elections should be a choice of policies rather than expressions of racial identity. If Americans vote for a candidate because of his racial agenda, representative government is crippled. Democratic systems operate well only when politicians recognize that even if their opponents’ approaches may be different, all parties are trying to work for the good of the country as a whole. When politics fracture along racial lines, it becomes easy to assume that elected officials work for narrow, ethnic interests, and political contests become very bitter. The ultimate logic of politics in a racially fractured electorate is a system of quotas in which seats in elective bodies are set aside in proportion to the racial composition of the population. This is the formula hopelessly divided countries such as Lebanon and immediate post-white-rule Zimbabwe and South Africa hit upon. It could be the solution for other divided countries such as Iraq, Sudan, Fiji, Malaysia, or Sri Lanka, where politics is a perpetual squabble over ethnic interests. There is already implied support for proportional racial representation in the federal approach to voter districts. The US Department of Justice has long required that congressional districts be gerrymandered to create black and Hispanic majorities that are expected to vote along racial lines and send one of their own to Congress. The department also routinely sues cities that choose their governing bodies in at-large elections. If, for example, a city is 30 percent black but has no blacks on the city council because all candidates must appeal to the entire city, voting must be switched to a ward system, with wards drawn so that blacks—by voting for people like themselves have approximately 30 percent of the council seats. In 2006, the Justice Department used precisely this argument to threaten Euclid, Ohio, with litigation if it did not replace its at-large elections with a system of eight separate wards. In 2010, Hispanics made the same argument when they sued the city of Compton: They claimed that an at-large voting system shut them out and kept the city council all black.

Although political representation by racial quota is the effect of government policy, it is not yet respectable to call for it explicitly. When President Bill Clinton tried to appoint Lani Guinier as Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights her appointment failed, in part because of Miss Guinier’s advocacy of representation by race. In her view, if blacks were 13 percent of the US population, 13 percent of seats in Congress should be set aside for them. It does not cause much comment, however, when the Democratic Party applies this thinking to its selection of delegates to presidential conventions. Each state party files an affirmative action plan with the national party, and many states set quotas. For the 2008 Democratic Convention, California mandated an over-representation of non-white delegates. Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics were only 4.6, 5.2, and 21.1 percent, respectively, of the Democratic electorate, but had to be 16, 9, and 26 percent of the delegates. Other states had similar quotas. Procedures of this kind do lead to diversity of delegates but suggest that race is more important than policy. Perhaps it is. In Cincinnati, where blacks are 40 to 45 percent of the population, Mayor Charlie Luken complained that the interests of blacks and whites seemed so permanently in conflict that “race gets injected into every discussion as a result.” In other words, any issue can become racial. In 2004, the Georgia legislature passed a bill to stop fraud by requiring voters to show a state-issued ID at the polls. People without drivers’ licenses could apply for an ID for a nominal fee. Black legislators felt so strongly that this was an attempt to limit the black vote that they did not merely vote against the law; practically the entire black delegation stormed out of the Capitol when the measure passed over their objections. In 2009, when Congress voted a stimulus bill to get the economy out of recession, some governors considered refusing some federal funds because there were too many strings attached. Jim Clyburn, a black South Carolina congressman and House Majority Whip, complained that rejecting any funding would be a “slap in the face of African-Americans.” Race divides Cook County, Illinois, which contains Chicago. In 2007, when the black president of the county board, Todd Stroger, could not get his budget passed, his floor leader William Beavers-also black—complained that it was “because he’s black.” He said there was only one real question: 'Who’s gonna control the county—white or black—that’s all this is.

Government's commitment to separating residential areas by race began nationwide following the violent suppression of Reconstruction after 1877. Although the Supreme Court in 1917 forbade the first wave of policies—racial segregation by zoning ordinance—the federal government began to recommend ways that cities could evade that ruling, not only in the southern and border states but across the country. In the 1920s a Harding administration committee promoted zoning ordinances that distinguished single-family from multifamily districts. Although government publications did not say it in as many words, committee members made little effort to hide that an important purpose was to prevent racial integration. Simultaneously, and through the 1920s and the Hoover administration, the government conducted a propaganda campaign directed at white middle-class families to persuade them to move out of apartments and into single-family dwellings. During the 1930s the Roosevelt administration created maps of every metropolitan area, divided into zones of foreclosure risk based in part on the race of their occupants. The administration then insured white homeowners' mortgages if they lived in all-white neighborhoods into which there was little danger of African Americans moving. After World War II the federal government went further and spurred the suburbanization of every metropolitan area by guaranteeing bank loans to mass-production builders who would create the all-white subdivisions that came to ring American cities. In 1973, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights concluded that the 'housing industry, aided and abetted by Government, must bear the primary responsibility for the legacy of segregated housing. . . . Government and private industry came together to create a system of residential segregation.

How to Easily buy Instagram Accounts in This time (2025) Instagram in 2025 feels a bit different than it did a few years ago. Platforms have tightened enforcement, the underground market for accounts has been targeted by legal action, and buyers have gotten savvier about verifying authenticity before handing over money. That means if you’re thinking of buying an account in 2025, you need both caution and a plan. Two hard facts to keep top of mind: Read that twice. Buying can still happen, but you must be smart about the risk and the steps you take. ➤24/7 Customer Support ★★★★★ ➤ Telegram: @smmusazone ➤ WhatsApp: +1 (850) 247-7643 ✅Tip #1 — Know the Rules & the Real Risks Instagram/Meta policy on buying & selling accounts Instagram’s terms are straightforward: transferring or selling accounts is forbidden under the platform’s rules. That means if the platform decides an account transfer violates the terms, they may suspend or disable the account — which could wipe out the value you just paid for. Treat this as a fundamental risk rather than a footnote. Instagram Help Centre ✅Recent enforcement trends and lawsuits Meta (Instagram’s parent) has pursued legal action against operators of services that sell usernames, fake engagement, or account reinstatement — in 2025 it even sued people allegedly running these services. That sends a clear signal: the platform is prepared to use legal tools, not just bans. If you buy an account tied to those shady networks, you’re buying risk. ✅Business Insider Bottom line: if the price looks cheap because the seller used bots, or the account was built in grey-market ways, that bargain could vanish overnight if Meta intervenes. ✅Tip #2 — Audit the Account Like a CRO Detective Buying an account is an acquisition — think of it like buying a mini-business. You wouldn’t buy a shop without checking sales, right? The same applies here. ✅Engagement rate: Likes + comments divided by follower count. High followers with low engagement = red flag. ✅Follower trends: Look for sudden spikes — fast growth often means fake followers or bought engagement. ✅Audience demographics: Are followers in markets you care about (country, language, interests)? ✅Content history: Are previous posts in line with your brand? Sudden shifts often cause follower churn. ✅Ad and brand partnerships history: Has the account worked with brands? That shows monetization potential. ✅Tools and services for auditing followers Use third-party audit tools to check for fake followers and suspicious behavior. Tools in 2025 (and earlier) like HypeAuditor, Modash, and similar auditor services provide fake-follower checks and engagement diagnostics. These tools won’t catch everything but they dramatically reduce uncertainty. ✅Quick audit checklist Run the account through a fake-follower audit. ✅Check the last 12 months of follower growth for unnaturally big jumps. ✅Sample 100 followers manually: look for profiles with zero posts or weird usernames (often bots). ✅Review top-performing posts — are likes realistic for follower numbers? ✅Ask the seller for audience insights and ad account access (view-only) for verification. ✅Tip: ask the seller to grant temporary, view-only access to Instagram Insights or show exports/screenshots of analytics — then cross-check with public metrics. ✅Tip #3 — Use Reputable Marketplaces & Secure Escrow If you decide to buy, the market you use and the payment method matter. ✅Marketplace examples and what to look for There are marketplaces that list social accounts, and some claim to vet listings. Examples of known players include dedicated brokers and marketplaces that advertise account listings (marketplaces change fast — always verify reputation). Platforms like SocialTradia specialize in Instagram accounts and promote a vetting process. Use marketplaces that provide contracts, verification, and dispute support.

5 Essential Tips for Buying Instagram Accounts in 2025 Instagram in 2025 feels a bit different than it did a few years ago. Platforms have tightened enforcement, the underground market for accounts has been targeted by legal action, and buyers have gotten savvier about verifying authenticity before handing over money. That means if you’re thinking of buying an account in 2025, you need both caution and a plan. Two hard facts to keep top of mind: ➤ Customer 5 ster reviews ★★★★★ ➤ Telegram: @smmusazone ➤ WhatsApp: +1 (850) 247-7643 ☆ ★ ✮ ★ ☆☆ ★ ✮ ★ ☆☆ ★ ✮ ★ ☆☆ ★ ✮ ★ ☆☆ ★ ✮ ★ ☆ ✅Instagram’s Terms of Use explicitly prohibit buying, selling, or transferring accounts. Instagram Help Centre Meta has stepped up enforcement and legal action against people selling accounts and offering shady reinstatement services. That’s not theoretical — there have been public lawsuits in 2025. Business Insider Read that twice. Buying can still happen, but you must be smart about the risk and the steps you take. Tip #1 — Know the Rules & the Real Risks ✅Instagram/Meta policy on buying & selling accounts Instagram’s terms are straightforward: transferring or selling accounts is forbidden under the platform’s rules. That means if the platform decides an account transfer violates the terms, they may suspend or disable the account — which could wipe out the value you just paid for. Treat this as a fundamental risk rather than a footnote. Instagram Help Centre ✅Recent enforcement trends and lawsuits Meta (Instagram’s parent) has pursued legal action against operators of services that sell usernames, fake engagement, or account reinstatement — in 2025 it even sued people allegedly running these services. That sends a clear signal: the platform is prepared to use legal tools, not just bans. If you buy an account tied to those shady networks, you’re buying risk. Bottom line: if the price looks cheap because the seller used bots, or the account was built in grey-market ways, that bargain could vanish overnight if Meta intervenes. ✅Tip #2 — Audit the Account Like a CRO Detective Buying an account is an acquisition — think of it like buying a mini-business. You wouldn’t buy a shop without checking sales, right? The same applies here. ✅Key metrics to check Engagement rate: Likes + comments divided by follower count. High followers with low engagement = red flag. ✅Follower trends: Look for sudden spikes — fast growth often means fake followers or bought engagement. ✅Audience demographics: Are followers in markets you care about (country, language, interests)? Content history: Are previous posts in line with your brand? Sudden shifts often cause follower churn. Ad and brand partnerships history: Has the account worked with brands? That shows monetization potential. ✅Tools and services for auditing followers Use third-party audit tools to check for fake followers and suspicious behavior. Tools in 2025 (and earlier) like HypeAuditor, Modash, and similar auditor services provide fake-follower checks and engagement diagnostics. These tools won’t catch everything but they dramatically reduce uncertainty. ✅Quick audit checklist ✅Run the account through a fake-follower audit. ✅Check the last 12 months of follower growth for unnaturally big jumps. ✅Sample 100 followers manually: look for profiles with zero posts or weird usernames (often bots). ✅Review top-performing posts — are likes realistic for follower numbers? ✅Ask the seller for audience insights and ad account access (view-only) for verification. ✅Tip: ask the seller to grant temporary, view-only access to Instagram Insights or show exports/screenshots of analytics — then cross-check with public metrics.

How to Find and Buy Quality Reddit Accounts Reddit is a vast platform where users share content, engage in discussions, and build communities. One of the key metrics that measure a user's influence on Reddit is Karma.

+1 (888) 283-1335 — That’s the number to dial when your travel plans span multiple cities. Whether you’re organizing a school trip across Europe or planning a group adventure with stops in London, Paris, and Rome, British Airways makes it possible to split your itinerary between cities. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is your direct line to making those multi-city dreams a reality. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 helps you customize your route without the headache of navigating complex booking tools. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is especially useful when your trip involves different arrival and departure cities. Say you’re flying into Madrid but heading home from Berlin—this number gets you sorted. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 connects you with booking specialists who understand how to structure multi-city itineraries for maximum efficiency. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also helps you lock in the best fares and avoid unnecessary layovers. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is the fastest way to get clarity on how British Airways handles split-city travel. Not all routes are created equal, and some require special handling to ensure smooth transitions. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 gives you access to real-time availability and route options tailored to your needs. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also helps you understand how baggage allowances and fare rules apply across different legs of your journey. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is your go-to if you’re managing a group itinerary with varied city stops. Whether it’s a school tour hopping from Dublin to Amsterdam or a business trip with meetings in Milan and Zurich, this number helps you coordinate it all. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 ensures that each traveler’s route is aligned and that your group stays together. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also helps you manage seating, meal preferences, and special requests across cities. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is perfect for travelers who want to explore more without booking separate tickets. British Airways allows you to build a single itinerary with multiple city stops, and this number helps you do it right. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 ensures that your connections are smooth and your travel time is optimized. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also helps you avoid the confusion of juggling multiple confirmation numbers. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is ideal for those planning a trip with open-jaw flights—where you fly into one city and out of another. This setup is common for European vacations, and British Airways supports it. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 helps you structure your itinerary to fit your travel style. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also ensures that your ticket reflects the correct routing and that all legs are confirmed. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is a smart move if your travel plans are flexible and you want to explore options. Maybe you’re deciding between starting in Lisbon or Barcelona—this number helps you compare routes and fares. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 gives you access to insider tips on which cities pair best for travel. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also helps you understand visa requirements and travel advisories for each destination. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is especially helpful when coordinating travel for events across cities. If your group is attending a conference in Geneva and then heading to a festival in Prague, British Airways can help you split the trip. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 ensures that your itinerary reflects both destinations and that your group arrives on time. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also helps you manage changes if event dates shift. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is the number to call if your trip involves different travel zones. British Airways divides its routes by zones, and multi-city travel may affect your fare structure. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 helps you understand how taxes, fees, and baggage policies apply across zones. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also helps you maximize your travel budget by choosing the most efficient routing.

☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 is your go-to for group travel changes. Whether you're managing a school trip, a wedding party, or a corporate retreat, group rescheduling can feel like juggling flaming batons. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 helps you explore flexible options without the chaos. From shifting dates to adjusting passenger lists, you’ve got more control than you think. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 makes it easier to compare choices, avoid penalties, and keep everyone in sync. Let’s break down the most common questions travelers ask when trying to reschedule group bookings. 1. Can I view all rescheduling options before confirming any changes? ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 lets you preview rescheduling options before locking anything in. You don’t have to commit right away—just explore. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 gives you access to flight alternatives, fare differences, and available seats for your entire group. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 also helps you compare routes and times that suit everyone’s schedule. Most airlines allow you to check multiple rebooking paths without finalizing. You can see if a later flight works better, or if splitting the group across two flights saves money. This is especially helpful when dealing with delays, cancellations, or last-minute changes. You’ll also see if any fees apply and whether your fare type qualifies for free changes. If your group includes different ticket types or special requests (like wheelchair access or meal preferences), previewing options ensures nothing gets missed. Use spreadsheets or travel apps to track preferences and match them with available flights. The goal is to make informed decisions without pressure. So yes, you can absolutely view multiple rescheduling options before confirming—and it’s smart to do so. 2. Can I reschedule just part of the group, not everyone? ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 supports partial group changes, so you’re not stuck with one plan. If only a few travelers need to shift dates, ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 helps you split the booking. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 makes it easy to adjust without affecting the rest of the group. Most airlines allow you to divide a group reservation into separate itineraries. This is called “splitting the PNR” (Passenger Name Record). It’s useful when some travelers face emergencies, schedule conflicts, or visa delays. You can reschedule just those individuals while keeping the rest of the group intact. Be aware that splitting may affect group discounts or perks. If your original booking included bulk pricing or free baggage, those benefits might change. Always check the terms before confirming. Also, make sure the new flights align with your group’s overall itinerary—especially if you’re coordinating hotel check-ins or event times. Partial rescheduling gives you flexibility without disrupting everyone’s plans. It’s a great way to stay organized and responsive when things shift unexpectedly. Just keep communication clear and document all changes. 3. Are there fees for checking multiple rescheduling options? ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 doesn’t charge for exploring your options—it’s part of the process. You can browse different flights, ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 check fare differences, and compare schedules without paying upfront. ☎️+1 (888) 283-1335 helps you avoid surprise costs. However, once you confirm a change, fees may apply depending on your fare type. Basic economy tickets often have stricter rules, while flexible fares offer more wiggle room. Some airlines waive fees for group bookings if changes are made early or due to emergencies. It’s smart to check the airline’s change policy before diving in. Look for terms like “voluntary changes,” “fare difference,” and “reissue fees.” These tell you what to expect if you go ahead with a new itinerary. Also, keep an eye on taxes and surcharges—they can sneak in during rebooking. Bottom line: exploring options is free, but confirming changes might cost you. Use that preview windo

Air France Cancellation Policy – Updated Information for Travelers1_877-738-0274[Usa). Understanding the Air France cancellation policy is essential for passengers who want flexibility and peace of mind when managing their travel plans 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Air France offers a structured yet customer-friendly cancellation system, ensuring that travelers can make adjustments without unnecessary stress depending on the type of fare purchased and the timing of the cancellation request 1_877-738-0274[Usa). One of the most valuable features is the 24-hour risk-free cancellation policy, which allows customers to cancel a booking within 24 hours of purchase for a full refund, provided the booking was made at least seven days before departure 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Air France tickets are divided into refundable and non-refundable categories, and the refund amount depends largely on the ticket type 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Passengers who purchase Economy Light fares often face stricter cancellation conditions, while those booking Premium Economy, Business, or La Première tickets enjoy more flexibility with free or reduced-fee cancellations 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Refundable fares allow a straightforward reimbursement back to the original payment method, whereas non-refundable tickets may only offer credit vouchers for future travel with Air France 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Travelers can cancel their booking online by accessing the “My Bookings” section on the Air France website or mobile app, which provides an easy and secure process to request a refund or credit 1_877-738-0274[Usa). In cases where a flight is canceled by the airline due to weather conditions, strikes, or technical disruptions, Air France ensures passengers are eligible for a full refund or complimentary rebooking options, regardless of the fare type purchased 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Additionally, Air France provides the option to request a travel credit, which can be applied toward future flights and often comes with added flexibility in booking changes 1_877-738-0274[Usa). It is also important to note that cancellations made through third-party travel agencies or booking platforms must be handled directly with the agency, as Air France may not process refunds for tickets purchased outside its direct channels 1_877-738-0274[Usa). For passengers who purchased additional services such as seat upgrades or extra baggage, Air France’s cancellation terms may vary, with some add-ons being refundable and others non-refundable depending on the fare conditions 1_877-738-0274[Usa). The Air France cancellation policy is designed to give travelers confidence and flexibility in an ever-changing travel environment 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Whether you need to take advantage of the 24-hour free cancellation window, cancel a refundable Business Class ticket, or claim a refund due to airline-initiated disruptions, Air France provides several options to ensure passengers are not left without support 1_877-738-0274[Usa). This policy reflects the airline’s commitment to making air travel more convenient and passenger-friendly, which is why understanding your ticket type and its rules is key before canceling 1_877-738-0274[Usa).

Air France Cancellation Policy – Updated Information for Travelers1_877-738-0274[Usa). Understanding the Air France cancellation policy is essential for passengers who want flexibility and peace of mind when managing their travel plans 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Air France offers a structured yet customer-friendly cancellation system, ensuring that travelers can make adjustments without unnecessary stress depending on the type of fare purchased and the timing of the cancellation request 1_877-738-0274[Usa). One of the most valuable features is the 24-hour risk-free cancellation policy, which allows customers to cancel a booking within 24 hours of purchase for a full refund, provided the booking was made at least seven days before departure 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Air France tickets are divided into refundable and non-refundable categories, and the refund amount depends largely on the ticket type 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Passengers who purchase Economy Light fares often face stricter cancellation conditions, while those booking Premium Economy, Business, or La Première tickets enjoy more flexibility with free or reduced-fee cancellations 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Refundable fares allow a straightforward reimbursement back to the original payment method, whereas non-refundable tickets may only offer credit vouchers for future travel with Air France 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Travelers can cancel their booking online by accessing the “My Bookings” section on the Air France website or mobile app, which provides an easy and secure process to request a refund or credit 1_877-738-0274[Usa). In cases where a flight is canceled by the airline due to weather conditions, strikes, or technical disruptions, Air France ensures passengers are eligible for a full refund or complimentary rebooking options, regardless of the fare type purchased 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Additionally, Air France provides the option to request a travel credit, which can be applied toward future flights and often comes with added flexibility in booking changes 1_877-738-0274[Usa). It is also important to note that cancellations made through third-party travel agencies or booking platforms must be handled directly with the agency, as Air France may not process refunds for tickets purchased outside its direct channels 1_877-738-0274[Usa). For passengers who purchased additional services such as seat upgrades or extra baggage, Air France’s cancellation terms may vary, with some add-ons being refundable and others non-refundable depending on the fare conditions 1_877-738-0274[Usa). The Air France cancellation policy is designed to give travelers confidence and flexibility in an ever-changing travel environment 1_877-738-0274[Usa). Whether you need to take advantage of the 24-hour free cancellation window, cancel a refundable Business Class ticket, or claim a refund due to airline-initiated disruptions, Air France provides several options to ensure passengers are not left without support 1_877-738-0274[Usa). This policy reflects the airline’s commitment to making air travel more convenient and passenger-friendly, which is why understanding your ticket type and its rules is key before canceling 1_877-738-0274[Usa).

Are flight changes free for business class tickets? +1-888-807-7128 is the number you should call if you want to know whether flight changes are free for business class tickets. Many passengers traveling in premium cabins expect more flexibility, but rules differ depending on the airline and the type of fare purchased. To avoid confusion, it is always recommended to dial +1-888-807-7128 for clarification. Some business class tickets do allow free changes, but others may still involve a fee or fare difference. That’s why checking with +1-888-807-7128 before making adjustments is the smartest choice. Airlines usually divide business class fares into different categories. Fully flexible fares often allow unlimited changes without penalty, while discounted promotional fares may still have restrictions. To understand the category of your ticket, call +1-888-807-7128 and speak with an agent. They can confirm whether your fare includes complimentary modifications. Even if change fees are waived, fare differences can still apply. For detailed guidance, +1-888-807-7128 remains the best source. Since the pandemic, many airlines have relaxed their policies, allowing more passengers to adjust travel plans without penalties. However, not every business class ticket falls under these updated rules. If you are uncertain about your specific booking, a quick call to +1-888-807-7128 will clear things up. Travelers frequently find that +1-888-807-7128 provides faster answers than searching through fine print online. Business class travelers often pay for comfort and convenience, but it is important to know that not every ticket guarantees free flexibility. Certain airlines still enforce charges for changes made close to departure. To verify whether this applies to you, simply reach out to +1-888-807-7128. The team at +1-888-807-7128 can check your flight, review fare rules, and explain possible costs. This ensures no surprises at the last minute. Even when airlines advertise “free changes,” the term usually refers to the waiver of administrative fees. Fare differences are still your responsibility. For example, if your new business class flight costs more than the original, you will pay the difference. To understand exactly how much you might owe, call +1-888-807-7128 before rebooking. Many passengers avoid unexpected charges by relying on +1-888-807-7128 for accurate details. In situations like weather delays, schedule changes, or operational disruptions, airlines are more flexible with business class travelers. Often, they allow free rebooking as a courtesy. But to take advantage of these benefits, it’s wise to call +1-888-807-7128 quickly. The faster you connect with +1-888-807-7128, the better your chances of getting a convenient alternative. Ultimately, whether flight changes are free for business class tickets depends on the fare type, airline policy, and timing of your request. Instead of guessing, pick up the phone and dial +1-888-807-7128. This number gives you direct access to specialists who can review your case and offer solutions. Whenever you have doubts, +1-888-807-7128 is the most reliable way to confirm the rules. Call +1-888-807-7128 today and travel with peace of mind knowing your business class booking is in safe hands.