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Meyer summarizes his code of honor as “(1) Show up. (2) Work hard. (3) Be kind. (4) Take the high road.” As he contributed in ways that revealed his skills without spawning jealousy, colleagues began to admire and trust his comedic genius. “People started to see him as somebody who wasn’t just motivated personally,” Tim Long explains. “You don’t think of him as a competitor. He’s someone you can think of on a higher plane, and can trust creatively.” Carolyn Omine adds, “Compared to other writers’ rooms I’ve been in, I would say The Simpsons tends to look longer for jokes. I think it’s because we have writers, like George, who will say, ‘No, that’s not quite right,’ even if it’s late, even if we’re all tired. I think that’s an important quality. We need those people, like George, who aren’t afraid to say, ‘No, this isn’t good enough. We can do better.’” In a classic article, the psychologist Edwin Hollander argued that when people act generously in groups, they earn idiosyncrasy credits—positive impressions that accumulate in the minds of group members. Since many people think like matchers, when they work in groups, it’s very common for them to keep track of each member’s credits and debits. Once a group member earns idiosyncrasy credits through giving, matchers grant that member a license to deviate from a group’s norms or expectations. As Berkeley sociologist Robb Willer summarizes, “Groups reward individual sacrifice.” On The Simpsons, Meyer amassed plenty of idiosyncrasy credits, earning latitude to contribute original ideas and shift the creative direction of the show. “One of the best things about developing that credibility was if I wanted to try something that was fairly strange, people would be willing to at least give it a shot at the table read,” Meyer reflects. “They ended up not rewriting my stuff as much as they had early on, because they knew I had a decent track record. I think people saw that my heart was in the right place—my intentions were good. That goes a long way.

Honor student creativity by giving it a CC License. Students should be required to assign a Creative Commons (CC) license to every final product that is more than clever paraphrasing or a blatant copy.

Exclusive rights to publish and sell this book in print form in English are licensed to The MIT Press. All other rights are reserved by the author. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email special_sales@mitpress.mit.edu or write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142. Set in Stone sans and Stone serif by The MIT Press. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hippel, Eric von. Democratizing innovation / Eric von Hippel.

So if open source is cannibalizing the commercial software markets, it’s all smooth sailing for those who commercialize open source, right? Well, not exactly. In order to monetize an otherwise free and open source software product, vendors have been forced to develop creative new business models to get buyers to pay for what they can otherwise get for free. The most common of these are described below. Support/service The most common model of commercial open source is support and service. Instead of paying for the product, buyers pay vendors to support a product they can otherwise obtain at no cost. The advantage of this model is that most large organizations require commercial support for production applications, so sales is less of a challenge. The disadvantage of this services-only approach is that the deal size is commensurately lower than with traditional commercial software that includes both a license component and support and service.

making use of materials recovered and curated by The Agrippa Files Website. The winning submission was by Robert Xiao, but the whole effort was reported in a collaborative open-source mode. All the submissions and implementations of code were published online under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-Noncommerical 3.0 Unported). The contest sponsors implemented the decryption/re-encryption in Javascript, so that anyone who was curious could run the process in a Web browser. Quinn