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Unfortunately, many of these wide-based labor organizations had other agendas besides improving the wages and working conditions of their members. They increasingly adhered to socialist ideas imported from Europe that, perhaps not surprisingly, found little support among the population of a nation that had been founded and built by generations of individualists bent on their own economic advancement. Socialism, in all its many forms, is based on class and the idea that the various social classes are fixed, and therefore the members of each class have economic interests that are in common and opposed to the other classes. But the so-called classes in democratic countries are, in fact, nothing more than lines drawn by intellectuals across what are, in the real world, economic continua. For generations now, more than 90 percent of Americans have defined themselves as “middle class.” And no country in history has developed a social structure more rewarding of individual economic success than the United States. Ward McAllister, the self-appointed arbiter of New York society in the Gilded Age—he coined the phrase “the four hundred”—described that group’s membership. It consisted, he wrote, of those, “who are now prominently to the front, who have the means to maintain their position, either by gold, brains or beauty, gold being always the most potent ‘open sesame,’ beauty the next in importance, while brains and ancestors count for very little.” No wonder so many intellectuals have been chronically disaffected with American society.
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John Steele Gordon (An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power)