Ppm Quotes

Bill McKibben named his climate change advocacy group 350.org, because 350 ppm of atmospheric carbon dioxide is what Dr. James Hansen, former head of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies and one of the most respected climatologists in the world, says is the maximum level to “preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted.” Tragically, we have now exceeded 400 ppm.

Imagine that after reaching an atmospheric concentration of 450 ppm sometime in the next decade, we immediately stop all carbon dioxide emissions. By the year 3000, neither atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide nor global mean surface temperature would have returned to their pre-industrial baselines, and sea levels would still be rising.

bullshit sniffer set as ever to a brutally low ppm.

Holy ppm, Batman!

For the home winemaker at the crush stage, it's enough to shoot for 50 ppm (SO2) for reds and 70 ppm for whites, adjustable as the pH dictates from the optimums.

If all other emissions stopped immediately, it would take converting about 50 per cent of all the world’s croplands to forest to reduce carbon dioxide levels to 350 ppm by 2100.

Only forest fires produce more black carbon than bunker fuel. Bunker fuel can have a sulfur content of up to 45,000 parts per million (ppm). Low-sulfur diesel for cars is supposed to contain 10 ppm. The sulfur is converted into acid

if you go through the multi-thousand-page IPCC synthesis reports, you will not find any quantification of climate-related disaster deaths. And if you review the world’s leading source of climate disaster data, you will find that it totally contradicts the moral case for eliminating fossil fuels. Climate-related disaster deaths have plummeted by 98 percent over the last century, as CO2 levels have risen from 280 ppm (parts per million) to 420 ppm (parts per million) and temperatures have risen by 1°C.[6]

Griffith calculates that, in order to keep the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 at no more than 450 ppm, humanity has to do something that is almost unimaginably difficult. We have to cut our fossil fuel use to around 3 terawatts, which means we have to produce all the rest of our power from non-fossil-fuel sources, and we have to do it in about twenty-five years or it will be too late to level off at 450 ppm.

This might be perhaps the simplest single-paragraphy summation of civilizational advances, a concise summary of growth that matters most. Our ability to provide a reliable, adequate food supply thanks to yields an order of magnitude higher than in early agricultures has been made possible by large energy subsidies and it has been accompanied by excessive waste. A near-tripling of average life expectancies has been achieved primarily by drastic reductions of infant mortality and by effective control of bacterial infections. Our fastest mass-travel speeds are now 50-150 times higher than walking. Per capita economic product in affluent countries is roughly 100 times larger than in antiquity, and useful energy deployed per capita is up to 200-250 times higher. Gains in destructive power have seen multiples of many (5-11) orders of magnitude. And, for an average human, there has been essentially an infinitely large multiple in access to stored information, while the store of information civilization-wide will soon be a trillion times larger than it was two millenia ago. And this is the most worrisome obverse of these advances: they have been accompanied by a multitude of assaults on the biosphere. Foremost among them has been the scale of the human claim on plants, including a significant reduction of the peak posts-glacial area of natural forests (on the order of 20%), mostly due to deforestation in temperate and tropical regions; a concurrent expansion of cropland to cover about 11% of continental surfaces; and an annual harvest of close to 20% of the biosphere's primary productivity (Smil 2013a). Other major global concerns are the intensification of natural soil erosion rates, the reduction of untouched wilderness areas to shrinking isolated fragments, and a rapid loss of biodiversity in general and within the most species-rich biomes in particular. And then there is the leading global concern: since 1850 we have emitted close to 300 Gt of fossil carbon to the atmosphere (Boden and Andres 2017). This has increased tropospheric CO2 concentrations from 280 ppm to 405 ppm by the end of 2017 and set the biosphere on a course of anthropogenic global warming (NOAA 2017). These realities clearly demonstrate that our preferences have not been to channel our growing capabilities either into protecting the biosphere or into assuring decent prospects for all newborns and reducing life's inequalities to tolerable differences. Judging by the extraordinary results that are significantly out of line with the long-term enhancements of our productive and protective abilities, we have preferred to concentrate disproportionately on multiplying the destructive capacities of our weapons and, even more so, on enlarging our abilities for the mass-scale acquisition and storage of information and for instant telecommunication, and have done so to an extent that has become not merely questionable but clearly counterproductive in many ways.

One internationally renowned scholar I spoke to recently was telling me about how disastrous the greenhouse effect was, and I asked her what kind of function it was. She didn’t know. What I told her didn’t give her pause, but I think it should have. As the following illustration shows, the greenhouse effect of CO2 is an extreme diminishing effect—a logarithmically decreasing effect.23 This is how the function looks when measured in a laboratory. Notice that we are just before 400 ppm (which means CO2 is .04 percent of the atmosphere), where the effect really starts tapering off; the warming effect of each new molecule is not much. This means that the initial parts per million of CO2 do the vast majority of the warming of our atmosphere. The image below shows how, all things being equal, the heating effect of each additional increment of CO2 is smaller and smaller. Figure 4.1: The Decelerating, Logarithmic Greenhouse Effect Source: Myhre et al. (1998)

At a level of about 18,000 parts per million (ppm), the RFHCO would start to melt. At 20,000 ppm, the fuel vapor could spontaneously combust, without any exposure to a spark or flame, just from the friction caused by the movement of air. Waving your hand through the fuel vapor, at that concentration, could ignite it. The

1. Data show the CO2 level rose to 410 ppm by 2020, an increase of 130 ppm. 2. The IPCC assumes its core theory is true, which forces the conclusion that human CO2 caused all the increase above 280 ppm. 3. IPCC agrees that human CO2 emissions are less than 5 percent of natural CO2 emissions. 4. How can less that 5 percent of all CO2 emissions cause 32 percent of the CO2 in the atmosphere? Answer: It can’t. 8.2 Multiple lines of evidence prove IPCC’s core theory is wrong. 1. Ice core data prove natural CO2 caused the CO2 increase. 2. Direct CO2 data prove CO2 was much higher than 280 ppm before 1750. 3. Leaf stomata data prove CO2 was much higher than 280 ppm before 1750. 4. Statistics prove human CO2 is not the primary cause of the increase in CO2. 5. IPCC’s human carbon cycle is not consistent with its own natural carbon cycle. This is a basic physics error. 6. Inspection shows IPCC’s human carbon cycle is based on IPCC’s invalid assumption that its core theory is true. 8.3 A simple physics carbon cycle model replicates IPCC’s data for its natural carbon cycle. 1. This model easily calculates the true human carbon cycle that is compatible with IPCC’s natural carbon cycle. 2. The true human carbon cycle shows human CO2 has

A common measure of how the climate system responds to human influences, and an important piece of information we hope to learn from models, is the equilibrium climate sensitivity, or ECS. That’s how much the average surface temperature anomaly (recall that the anomaly is the deviation from the expected average) would increase if the CO2 concentration were hypothetically doubled from its preindustrial value of 280 ppm. If emissions continue at their current pace and the carbon cycle doesn’t change much, that doubling would happen in the real world toward the end of this century. The higher the ECS (i.e., the larger the predicted temperature increase), the more sensitive the climate is to human influences (or at least to increased CO2

The next most significant greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2), is different from water vapor in that its concentration in the atmosphere is much the same all over the globe. CO2 currently accounts for about 7 percent of the atmosphere’s ability to intercept heat. It’s also different in that human activities have affected its concentration (that is, the fraction of air molecules that are CO2). Since 1750, the concentration has increased from 0.000280 (280 parts per million or ppm) to 0.000410 (410 ppm) in 2019, and it continues to go up 2.3 ppm every year. Although most of today’s CO2 is natural, there is no doubt that this rise is, and has been, due to human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels.

Only once in the geological past—the Permian period, 300 million years ago—have atmospheric CO2 levels been as low as they are today. Plant and animal life flourished abundantly during times when CO2 levels were five or ten times higher than today’s. But those were different plants and animals. So while carbon dioxide, in and of itself, is not particularly a concern for the planet, what is a concern is that, because life today has evolved to be well-suited to a low level of CO2 (anatomically modern humans appeared only some 200,000 years ago, at the extreme right of this chart), the rapid increases of the past century might prove disruptive. Concentrations up to 1,000 ppm (2.5 times that in open air today) are common in classrooms or auditoriums.

However, if the trends of the past decade continue, it will be some 250 years before the concentration reaches 1,000 ppm, which would be at 3.3 on this chart.

One of the volumes, “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle,” noted that CO2 levels had varied in the last million years with a high point, during warm, interglacial phases, of 350 ppm.21 An enormous amount had been learned; the “Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide” alone was over 400 pages long, and is full of hard evidence of how much the federal government knew about the impacts of burning fossil fuels.

200 e 250 PPM: Você é um leitor lento. Esse é considerado o limite inferior da escala. Ainda há muito o que melhorar. Entre 250 e 280 PPM: Se o resultado dos seus cálculos lhe colocou nessa faixa, você se encontra na média do que a população costuma ler. E é claro que poderemos melhorar esse índice. Entre 280 e 300 PPM: Sua média é considerada alta e muitos leitores dinâmicos se encontram nessa faixa. Assim sendo, você já está acima de grande parte da população. Mas por que parar por aqui se sabemos que você pode melhorar ainda mais? Entre 300 e 400 PPM: Bem rápido e poucas pessoas conseguem ler acima de 300 PPM. Essa agora é uma zona de desafio constante e você vai estar sempre querendo ultrapassar ela. Acima de 400 PPM: Excelente nível. Quanto mais alto for sua taxa de PPM melhores serão suas habilidades de leitura dinâmica. O ideal é manter seus índices sempre acima desse grupo. Conforme dito anteriormente, isso traz inúmeros benefícios para você. Ficou satisfeito com seu resultado? Geralmente a maioria das pessoas não fica e tem o desejo de subir nessa escala da quantidade de palavras por minuto que consegue ler. Assim sendo, agora esse é o momento ideal para que você defina uma meta a alcançar! Imagine a quantidade de palavras por minuto que você deseja atingir. Porém tenha em mente que você está começando agora e o caminho pode ser longo, por causa disso é sempre bom ter metas realistas. Mas isso não significa que ela precise manter-se sempre a mesma. Logo após definida sua meta, chegou a hora de colocar sua leitura em prática. Conforme você verá mais à frente, é importante criar uma agenda de leitura e que ela seja algo prazeroso na sua vida. Isso porque a prática saudável de leitura vai influenciar positivamente na sua velocidade e compreensão do que você lerá. Nada do que é feito obrigado e por pressão produz efeitos muito positivos. Somado a tudo isso, estudos revelam que se você praticar entre 15 e 20 minutos por dia, aplicando as técnicas de leitura dinâmica você conseguirá chegar a cerca de 400 palavras por minuto da sua capacidade de leitura em poucos dias. Impressionante, não é mesmo? Depois de definir seu objetivo de velocidade de leitura, uma ferramenta importante e muito útil para monitorar seu desempenho e avanços é fazer um gráfico de cada dia de treino. Diariamente,

As of 2021, we have CO2 levels at 420 parts per million (ppm), or 0.042 percent of the atmosphere. At 120 to 150 ppm CO2, most plants die. Since ultimately all animals live on plants (carnivores live on herbivores), CO2 levels that low are apocalyptic—and today’s CO2 levels are quite low from a plant-preference perspective.

We know that in the depth of the last glaciation carbon dioxide fell to 180 ppm, rose to 280 ppm after the ice age ended, and has risen now to 380 ppm as a result of our pollution.

However, you should adopt the following concept permanently into your mind: Purified water that is either neutralized or slightly alkalized, and remineralized up to a TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) level of 200 ppm is the healthy drinking water!

It is therefore of utmost importance that you should learn how to remineralize the purified water by adding the correct amount of Himalayan pink salt, Celtic sea salt, or ConcenTrace mineral drops to purified water in order to maintain a healthy TDS level of up to 200 ppm. This chapter is designed to teach you how to do that.

He turned off the phone, returned it to the safe. He checked the particulate meter on the wall: 1300 ppm. This for fine particulates, 25 nanometers and smaller. He went out onto the street again, staying in the shade of buildings. Everyone was doing that; no one stood in the sun now. Gray air lay on the town like smoke. It was too hot to have a smell, there was just a scorched sensation, a smell like heat itself, like flame.

carry the risks of fire and explosion. In 1860 Ferdinand Carré patented a refrigeration cycle using ammonia, and that compound, despite its own risks—corrosive to skin, eyes, and lungs, acutely toxic at 300 ppm—became the preferred refrigerant in large industrial systems and remains so even today because it produces the best net refrigerating effect (heat absorbed per unit of refrigerant from the refrigerated space). Ammonia is also flammable (in concentrations of 15–28 percent by volume in air), but its flammability is less than that of hydrocarbon refrigerants, and its low odor threshold (just 20 ppm) makes it easy to detect even without sensors.

The Keeling Curve is a useful reality check, one that cuts through all the noise and confusion of the climate and energy debates. Unlike the slopes of the huge volcano on which it is measured, the initially gentle upward curve gets steeper the higher you go. That means that the rate of CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere is steadily increasing, from roughly 1 ppm in the early years to about 2 ppm annually today. There is no visible slowdown, no sudden downwards blip, to mark the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, still less 2009’s Copenhagen ‘two degrees’ commitment or the landmark Paris Agreement of 2015. All those smiling heads of state shaking hands, the diplomats hugging on the podium after marathon sessions of all-night negotiating – none of that actually made any identifiable difference to the Keeling Curve, which is the only thing that actually matters to the planet’s temperature. All our solar panels, wind turbines, electric cars, lithium-ion batteries, LED lightbulbs, nuclear plants, biogas digesters, press conferences, declarations, pieces of paper; all our shouting and arguing, weeping and marching, reporting and ignoring, decrying and denying; all our speeches, movies, websites, lectures and books; our announcements, carbon-neutral targets, moments of joy and despair; none of these to date have so much as made the slightest dent in the steepening upward slope of the Keeling Curve.

Realization 2. It will become painfully apparent that mitigation is not going to succeed. The whirlwind is coming anyway. Currently imaginable efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions do not level off at the desired 450 parts per million (ppm) of CO 2 in the atmosphere, nor at 550 ppm, and probably not even at 650 ppm.

If human existence on Earth were a day, our approximately five millennia of recorded history would take up the last half hour before midnight. Throughout 99.9 percent of humanity’s two hundred thousand years on Earth, the average planetary temperature never rose above 61 degrees Fahrenheit and carbon dioxide concentrations never went above 300 parts per million (ppm). Nearly

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Over the past 10,000 years, when almost everything we value about humanity and its creations came into existence, the Earth has been remarkably stable on a broad range of indicators. Until the last 250 years, when concentrations began to grow as a result of the industrial revolution, concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide have varied between 240 and 280 ppm. We have reached nearly 400 ppm as a result of human action,

What do those warning signs say? To avoid dangerous climate change, for example, keep the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere below 350 parts per million (ppm). In terms of limiting land conversion, ensure that at least 75 percent of once-forested land remains forested. And when it comes to using chemical fertilisers, add at most 62 million tonnes of nitrogen and 6 million tonnes of phosphorus to Earth’s soils each year.

Atmospheric carbon concentration should not breach 350ppm if the climate is to remain stable (we crossed that boundary in 1990, and hit 415ppm in 2020).

Research on air quality in New York City, Phoenix, and Baltimore shows that ambient CO2 parts per million (ppm) levels can spike into the 400s, 500s, and 600s—right now, the global average is 393 ppm—which climate modelers predict will become the norm in 20 to 30 years.