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In 1680, the bishop of Norwich remarked that astrology ‘lies in the midway between magic and imposture’,132 suggesting that critics of astrology were now as likely to regard it as fraudulent as morally impermissible. Publication of learned speculations on the nature of astrology declined after 1688, although almanacs remained popular. The astrologer John Partridge, an ardent Whig who returned from exile after the revolution, maintained traditional astrological methods – to the point where he stubbornly rejected Copernican heliocentrism, by then virtually universally accepted. Partridge’s rival, the pro-Jacobite John Gadbury, embraced a heliocentric universe with equal fervour.133
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