Cesare Beccaria Quotes

happy is the nation without a history

Crimes are more effectually prevented by the certainty than the severity of punishment

The murder that is depicted as a horrible crime is repeated in cold blood, remorselessly.

False is the idea of utility that sacrifices a thousand real advantages for one imaginary or trifling inconvenience; that would take fire from men because it burns, and water because one may drown in it; that it has no remedy for evils, except destruction. The laws that forbid the carrying of arms are of such a nature. Such laws make things worse for the assaulted and better for the assailants; they serve rather to encourage than to prevent homicides, for an unarmed man may be attacked with greater confidence than an armed man.

  Every punishment which does not arise from absolute necessity, says the great Montesquieu, is tyrannical. A proposition which may be made more general thus: every act of authority of one man over another, for which there is not an absolute necessity, is tyrannical.

For every crime that comes before him, a judge is required to complete a perfect syllogism in which the major premise must be the general law; the minor, the action that conforms or does not conform to the law; and the conclusion, acquittal or punishment. If the judge were constrained, or if he desired to frame even a single additional syllogism, the door would thereby be opened to uncertainty.

It is a considerable point in all good legislation to determine exactly the credibility of witnesses and the proofs of a crime. Every reasonable man, everyone, that is, whose ideas have a certain interconnection and whose feelings accord with those of other men, may be a witness. The true measure of his credibility is nothing other than his interest in telling or not telling the truth; for this reason it is frivolous to insist that women are too weak [to be good witnesses], childish to insist that civil death in a condemned man has the same effects as a real death, and meaningless to insist on the infamy of the infamous, when they have no interest in lying.

When a fixed code of laws, which must be observed to the letter, leaves no further care to the judge than to examine the acts of citizens and to decide whether or not they conform to the law as written; then the standard of the just or the unjust, which is to be the norm of conduct for the ignorant as well as for the philosophic citizen, is not a matter of controversy but of fact; then only are citizens not subject to the petty tyrannies of the many which are the more cruel as the distance between the oppressed and the oppressor is less, and which are far more fatal than those of a single man, for the despotism of many can only be corrected by the despotism of one; the cruelty of a single despot is proportioned, not to his might, but to the obstacles he encounters.

Eğer toplum düzenini aynı derecede sarsmayan/ihlal etmeyen iki suça aynı ceza verilirse, insanlar en ağır suçu işlemekte bir sakınca görmeyecekler ve bu konuda çok zor bir engelle de karşılaşmayacaklardır.

Parmi un assurdo che le leggi, che sono l'espressione della pubblica volontà, che detestano e puniscono l'omicidio, ne commettono uno esse medesime, e, per allontanare i cittadini dall'assassinio, ordinino un pubblico assassinio.

Perché ogni pena non sia una violenza di uno o di molti contro un privato cittadino, dev'essere essenzialmente pubblica, pronta, necessaria, la minima delle possibili nelle date circostanze, proporzionata a' delitti, dettata dalle leggi.

  If every individual be bound to society, society is equally bound to him, by a contract which from its nature equally binds both parties. This obligation, which descends from the throne to the cottage, and equally binds the highest and lowest of mankind, signifies nothing more than that it is the interest of all, that conventions, which are useful to the greatest number, should be punctually observed. The violation of this compact by any individual is an introduction to anarchy.

In order that punishment should not be an act of violence perpetrated by one or many upon a private citizen, it is essential that it should be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the given circumstances, and determined by the law.

Quanto maggiore sarà il numero di quelli che intenderanno e avranno fralle mani il sacro codice delle leggi, tanto meno frequenti saranno i delitti, perché non v’ha dubbio che l’ignoranza e l’incertezza delle pene aiutino l’eloquenza delle passioni.

This harkens back to the eighteenth-century philosopher and reformer Cesare Beccaria, whose 1764 work On Crimes and Punishments—a high-water mark of the Italian Enlightenment—launched the movement to apply rational principles to criminal reform, such as adjusting the punishments to fit the crimes (proportionality) instead of, as was the custom of the day, the death penalty for such offenses as poaching, counterfeiting, theft, sodomy, bestiality, adultery, horse theft, being in the company of Gypsies, and two hundred other crimes and misdemeanors.

À medida que as penas forem mais brandas, quando as prisões já não forem a horrível mansão do desespero e da fome, quando a piedade e a humanidade penetrarem nas masmorras, quando enfim os executores impiedosos dos rigores da justiça abrirem os corações à compaixão, as leis poderão contentar-se com indícios mais fracos para ordenar a prisão.

Com efeito, no caso de um delito, há duas partes: o soberano, que afirma que o contrato social foi violado, e o acusado, que nega essa violação. É preciso, pois, que haja entre ambos um terceiro que decida a contestação. Esse terceiro é o magistrado, cujas sentenças devem ser sem apelo e que deve simplesmente pronunciar se há um delito ou se não há.

C'est le malheur de l'esprit humain que les choses les plus lointaines et les moins importantes, telles que les révolutions des corps célestes, lui soient les plus présentes et les mieux connues, alors que les notions morales, toutes proches et de la plus haute importance, restent toujours flottantes et confuses, au gré du souffle des passions qui les pousse, ou de l'ignorance dirigée qui les reçoit et les transmet.

Or je dis qu’il n’y a point d’homme, qui avec un peu de réflexion puisse balancer entre le crime, quelque avantage qu’il s’en promette, & la perte entière & perpétuelle de sa liberté. Donc l’intensité de la peine d’un esclavage perpétuel a tout ce qu’il faut pour détourner du crime l’esprit le plus déterminé, aussi bien que la peine de mort. J’ajoute qu’elle produira cet effet encore plus sûrement. Beaucoup d’hommes envisagent la mort d’un œil ferme & tranquille, les uns par fanatisme, d’autres par cette vanité qui nous accompagne au-delà même du tombeau ; d’autres par un dernier désespoir qui les pousse à sortir de la misère, ou à cesser de vivre. Mais le fanatisme & la vanité abandonnent le criminel dans les chaînes, sous les coups, dans une cage de fer ; & le désespoir ne termine pas ses maux, mais les commence.

A scaffold, when it is erected and prepared, has indeed a profoundly disturbing effect. We may remain more or less open-minded on the subject of the death penalty, indisposed to commit ourselves, so long as we have not seen a guillotine with our own eyes. But to do so is to be so shaken that we are obliged to take our stand for or against. Joseph de Maistre approved of the death penalty, Cesar de Beccaria abominated it. The guillotine is the ultimate expression of Law, and its name is vengeance; it is not neutral, nor does it allow us to remain neutral. He who sees it shudders in the most confounding dismay. All social questions achieve their finality around that blade. The scaffold is an image. It is not merely a framework, a machine, a lifeless mechanism of wood, iron and rope. It is as though it were a being having its own dark purpose, as though the framework saw, the machine listened, the mechanism understood; as though that arrangement of wood and iron and rope expressed a will. In the most hideous picture which its presence evokes it seems to be most terribly a part of what it does. It is the executioner's accomplice; it consumes, devouring flesh and drinking blood. It is a special kind of monster created by the judge and the craftsman; a spectre seeming to live an awful life born of the death it deals. This was the effect it had on the bishop, and on the day following the execution, and for many days after, he seemed to be overwhelmed. The almost violent serenity of the fateful moment vanished: he was haunted by the ghost of social justice. Whereas ordinarily he returned from the performance of his duties with a glow of satisfaction, he seemed now to be assailed with a sense of guilt. There were times when he talked to himself, muttering gloomy monologues under his breath. This is a fragment that his sister overheard: 'I did not know that it was so monstrous. It is wrong to become so absorbed in Divine Law that one is no longer aware of human law. Death belongs only to God. What right have men to lay hands on a thing so unknown?

Una consecuencia extraña que necesariamente se deriva del uso de la tortura, es, que el inocente se hace de peor condición que el reo; puesto que aplicados ambos al tormento, el primero tiene todas las combinaciones contrarias; porque, o confiesa el delito, y es condenado, o lo niega, y declarado inocente ha sufrido una pena que no debía; pero el reo tiene un caso favorable para sí; este es, cuando resistiendo a la tortura con firmeza, debe ser absuelto como inocente; pues así ha cambiado una pena mayor por una menor. Luego el inocente debe perder, y el culpable puede ganar.

In order for punishment not to be, in every instance, an act of violence of one or many against a private citizen, it must be essentially public, prompt, necessary, the least possible in the given circumstances, proportionate to the crime and dictated by the laws. — Cesare Beccaria

Telle est pourtant la chimère des hommes bornés lorsqu'ils ont en main le commandement. Interdire une foule d'actions indifférentes, ce n'est pas prévenir les délits qui peuvent résulter de ces actions : c'est en créer de nouveaux, c'est définir à son gré la vertu et le vice, dont on nous proclame qu'ils sont éternels et immuables. A quoi serions(nous réduits si l'on devait interdire tout ce qui peut inciter aux délits ? Il faudrait priver l'homme de l'usage de ses sens. Pour un motif qui pousse à commettre un véritable délit, il y en a mille qui poussent à commettre ces actions indifférentes que les mauvaises lois appellent délits ; et si la probabilité des délits est proportionnelle au nombre des motifs qui y incitent, élargir la sphère des délits, c'est accroïtre la probabilité qu'on les commette. La plupart des lois ne sont que des privilèges, c'est à dire un tribut payé par tout le monde en faveur d'un petit nombre. Vous voulez prévenir les délits ? Faites que les lois soient claires, simples, que toute la force de la nation soit rassemblée pour les défendre et qu'aucune de ses parties ne s'emploie à les détruire.

Topluma doğrudan zarar veren bir suçun cezasız kalmasının, gerçekleşmesi olanaksız bulunan bir suçun ise cezalandırılmasının siyasal sakıncaları çok önemli ve büyüktür.

FINE DELLE PENE. Dalla semplice considerazione delle verità fin qui esposte egli è evidente che il fine delle pene non è di tormentare ed affliggere un essere sensibile, né di disfare un delitto già commesso. Può egli in un corpo politico, che, ben lungi di agire per passione, è il tranquillo moderatore delle passioni particolari, può egli albergare questa inutile crudeltà stromento del furore e del fanatismo dei deboli tiranni? Le strida di un infelice richiamano forse dal tempo che non ritorna le azioni già consumate? Il fine duque non è altro che d'impedire il reo dal far nuovi danni ai suoi cittadini e di rimuovere gli altri dal farne uguali. Quelle pene dunque e quel metodo d'infliggerle deve esser prescelto che, serbata la proporzione, farà una impressione piú efficace e piú durevole sugli animi degli uomini, e la meno tormentosa sul corpo del reo.