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At the end of the fourth century, the orator Libanius looked out and described in despair what he observed. He and other worshippers of the old gods saw, he said, their temples “in ruins, their ritual banned, their altars overturned, their sacrifices suppressed, their priests sent packing and their property divided up between a crew of rascals.”56 They are powerful words, and it is a powerful image. Yet in the Christian histories, men like Libanius barely exist. The voices of the worshippers of the old gods are rarely, if ever, recorded. But they were there. Some voices, such as his, have come down to us. Far more must have expressed such feelings. It is thought that when Constantine had come to the throne, ten percent of the empire, at most, were Christian. That is not to say that the rest were fervent worshippers of Isis or Jupiter—the popularity of different gods waxed and waned over time and the spectrum of classical belief ran from firm believer to utter skeptic. But what is more certain is that probably around ninety percent were not Christian. By the end of that first, tumultuous century of Christian rule, estimates suggest that this figure had been reversed: between seventy and ninety percent of the empire were now Christian.57 One law from around that time declared, entirely untruthfully, that there were no more “pagans.” None. The aggression of the claim is remarkable. Christians were writing the wicked “pagans” out of existence. In the crowing words of one triumphalist account: “The pagan faith, made dominant for so many years, by such pains, such expenditure of wealth, such feats of arms, has vanished from the earth.
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Catherine Nixey (The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World)