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That said, however, we did notice one particularly provocative form of economic insight that every good-to-great company attained, the notion of a single “economic denominator.” Think about it in terms of the following question: If you could pick one and only one ratio—profit per x (or, in the social sector, cash flow per x)—to systematically increase over time, what x would have the greatest and most sustainable impact on your economic engine? We learned that this single question leads to profound insight into the inner workings of an organization’s economics.
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Jim Collins (Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap...And Others Don't)
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Statisticians say that stocks with healthy dividends slightly outperform the market averages, especially on a risk-adjusted basis. On average, high-yielding stocks have lower price/earnings ratios and skew toward relatively stable industries. Stripping out these factors, generous dividends alone don’t seem to help performance. So, if you need or like income, I’d say go for it. Invest in a company that pays high dividends. Just be sure that you are favoring stocks with low P/Es in stable industries. For good measure, look for earnings in excess of dividends, ample free cash flow, and stable proportions of debt and equity. Also look for companies in which the number of shares outstanding isn’t rising rapidly. To put a finer point on income stocks to skip, reverse those criteria. I wouldn’t buy a stock for its dividend if the payout wasn’t well covered by earnings and free cash flow. Real estate investment trusts, master limited partnerships, and royalty trusts often trade on their yield rather than their asset value. In some of those cases, analysts disagree about the economic meaning of depreciation and depletion—in particular, whether those items are akin to earnings or not. Without looking at the specific situation, I couldn’t judge whether the per share asset base was shrinking over time or whether generally accepted accounting principles accounting was too conservative. If I see a high-yielder with swiftly rising share counts and debt levels, I assume the worst.
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Joel Tillinghast (Big Money Thinks Small: Biases, Blind Spots, and Smarter Investing (Columbia Business School Publishing))
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The LTV/CAC ratio is a key performance measure, but it’s important to remember that cash flow from customers is earned over time, whereas the cost of acquiring customers is incurred up front. This implies that a startup with a healthy LTV/CAC ratio that is aggressively expanding its customer base could be burning through its capital reserves rapidly, meaning it may be at risk of violating the cardinal rule of entrepreneurship: Don’t run out of cash!
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Tom Eisenmann (Why Startups Fail: A New Roadmap for Entrepreneurial Success)
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Capitalization Rate = Net Operating Income / Current Market Value The capitalization rate or “cap rate” is another commonly referenced ratio for expressing the investment value of cash flowing assets. A cap rate between 5 percent and 10 percent is considered a good investment.
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Culin Tate (Host Coach: A Blueprint for Creating Financial Freedom Through Short-Term Rental Investing)
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What are you trying to buy? Asset type? Size? Price? To determine the answer to the first question, do the following: Start with your own net worth. Add in friends and family. The total team net worth is your starting point. Choose a market. Consider travel time and expense. You must be able to be in your market to look at deals at least once a month. Determine the viability of your market. Job growth? Population growth? Get deal flow from the market. Real estate agents Find all commercial realty companies in the city. Get on all their mailing lists. Analyze deals online from realtors in the area. Call the realtors about their listings. Direct to owners Get lists of owners. Create a system to reach owners directly. Mail Text Cold calling Analyze deals. Income approach Income – Expenses = Net operating income Net operating income – Debt service = Cash flow Check with lenders for current terms on debt. What is the CoC return? Cap rate? Debt ratio? Comparable data Check the analyzed cap rate against cap rates in the area for similar properties. Check comparable sale prices. Comps should be close in size and age to the subject property. Comps should have similar amenities. Comps should be within a few miles of the subject property. Exit Hold and operate. Refinance. Sell or flip. Consider upcoming market conditions. Debt Check with lenders or a mortgage broker to determine the availability of loans for this type of property. What are the terms and conditions? Is this the information you used to analyze the deal originally? Make the offer. Use an LOI to submit the offer in writing. The LOI will summarize the main deal points. If your offer is less than 15 percent of the asking price, speak with the realtor before you submit the offer. Once the offer is accepted, send the LOI to your attorney and have them draft the purchase agreement. Draft the purchase and sale agreement. Now that you have a fully executed contract, the clock starts. Earnest money goes into escrow. Do your due diligence. Financial inspection Physical inspection Lease audit Begin your loan application. The lender will complete three inspections. Appraisal Environmental inspection Physical engineer inspection of the buildings Do your closing. The lender will wire the loan proceeds to the closing escrow. Wire your down payment funds to the closing escrow. You own a new property! Engage property management for takeover of operations.
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Bill Ham (Real Estate Raw: A step-by-step instruction manual to building a real estate portfolio from start to finish)
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One valuation method we’re considering is to calibrate how much the market is willing to pay for the transactional utility of a blockchain. To gain this information, we divide the network value of a cryptoasset by its daily transaction volume. If the network value has outpaced the transactional volume of that asset, then this ratio will grow larger, which could imply the price of the asset has outpaced its utility. We call this the crypto “PE ratio,” taking inspiration from the common ratio used for equities. For cryptoassets we put forth that the denominator of valuation should be transaction volumes, not earnings, as these are not companies with cash flows.
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Chris Burniske (Cryptoassets: The Innovative Investor's Guide to Bitcoin and Beyond)
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Like all traders and investors, I periodically review the performance of my portfolios and check in on whether they are getting the job done. I say periodically, because the temptation – a dangerous one for many – is to be constantly watching and let’s face it, this is a long term game, not a get rich quick punt, right? As such, over the past few months, one of my personal favourites – the covered call, has continued to deliver the cash flow I seek from that particular portfolio. For example, this calendar year, in the Australian market, FMG being the one blot on the ledger, we have had only one loser from 13 closed positions. For those that obsess about win/loss ratios – a flawed measure in my book – that is a 92% win rate for the calendar year. Of course, this is a reflection of the underlying market conditions, which have been supportive of the strategy.
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Andrew Baxter
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Commonly used appraisal methods are as follows: [a] Payback Period. [b] Average Rate of Return. [c] Discounted Cash Flow Techniques: [i] Net Present Value. [ii] Benefit Cost Ratio. [iii] Internal Rate of Return.
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N.P. Srinivasan (A Text on Financial Management)
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If you could pick one and only one ratio—profit per x (or, in the social sector, cash flow per x)—to systematically increase over time, what x would have the greatest and most sustainable impact on your economic engine?
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Jim Collins (Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap...And Others Don't)
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While this may mean that the company has enough liquidity to cover short-term bills, a current ratio of less than one does not always indicate that the company faces liquidity problems.
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Mariusz Skonieczny (The Basics of Understanding Financial Statements: Learn how to read financial statements by understanding the balance sheet, the income statement, and the cash flow statement)
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The current ratio measures short-term liquidity and is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities
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Mariusz Skonieczny (The Basics of Understanding Financial Statements: Learn how to read financial statements by understanding the balance sheet, the income statement, and the cash flow statement)
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Market value of equity: The price per share or market capitalization. Market value of firm: The sum of the market values of both debt and equity. Market value of operating assets or enterprise value: The sums of the market values of debt and equity but with cash netted out of the value. When measuring earnings and book value, you can again measure them from the perspective only of equity investors or of both debt and equity (firm). Thus, earnings per share and net income are earnings to equity, whereas operating income measures earnings to the firm. The shareholders' equity on a balance sheet is book value of equity; the book value of the entire business includes debt; and the book value of invested capital is that book value, net of cash. To provide a few illustrations: you can divide the market value of equity by the net income in order to estimate the PE ratio (measuring how much equity investors are paying per dollar of earnings) or divide enterprise value by EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) to get a sense of the market value of operating assets relative to operating cash flow. The central reason for standardizing, though, does not change. We want to compare these numbers across companies.
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Aswath Damodaran (The Little Book of Valuation: How to Value a Company, Pick a Stock, and Profit (Little Books. Big Profits))
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Even the simplest multiples are defined and computed differently by different analysts. A PE ratio for a company can be computed using earnings from the last fiscal year (current PE), the last four quarters (trailing PE), or the next four quarters (forward), yielding very different estimates. It can also vary depending on whether you use diluted or primary earnings. The first test to run on a multiple is to examine whether the numerator and denominator are defined consistently. If the numerator is an equity value, then the denominator should be an equity value as well. If the numerator is a firm value, then the denominator should be a firm value as well. To illustrate, the PE ratio is a consistently defined multiple since the numerator is the price per share (which is an equity value) and the denominator is earnings per share (which is also an equity value). So is the enterprise value to EBITDA multiple since the numerator and denominator are both measures of operating assets; the enterprise value measures the market value of the operating assets of a company, and the EBITDA is the cash flow generated by the operating assets. In contrast, the price-to-sales ratio and price to EBITDA are not consistently defined since they divide the market value of equity by an operating measure. Using these multiples will lead you to finding any firm with a significant debt burden to be cheap.
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Aswath Damodaran (The Little Book of Valuation: How to Value a Company, Pick a Stock, and Profit (Little Books. Big Profits))