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It is the simplest phrase you can imagine,β Favreau said, βthree monosyllabic words that people say to each other every day.β But the speech etched itself in rhetorical lore. It inspired music videos and memes and the full range of reactions that any blockbuster receives online today, from praise to out-of-context humor to arch mockery. Obamaβs βYes, we canβ refrain is an example of a rhetorical device known as epistrophe, or the repetition of words at the end of a sentence. Itβs one of many famous rhetorical types, most with Greek names, based on some form of repetition. There is anaphora, which is repetition at the beginning of a sentence (Winston Churchill: βWe shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fieldsβ). There is tricolon, which is repetition in short triplicate (Abraham Lincoln: βGovernment of the people, by the people, and for the peopleβ). There is epizeuxis, which is the same word repeated over and over (Nancy Pelosi: βJust remember these four words for what this legislation means: jobs, jobs, jobs, and jobsβ). There is diacope, which is the repetition of a word or phrase with a brief interruption (Franklin D. Roosevelt: βThe only thing we have to fear is fear itselfβ) or, most simply, an A-B-A structure (Sarah Palin: βDrill baby drill!β). There is antithesis, which is repetition of clause structures to juxtapose contrasting ideas (Charles Dickens: βIt was the best of times, it was the worst of timesβ). There is parallelism, which is repetition of sentence structure (the paragraph you just read). Finally, there is the king of all modern speech-making tricks, antimetabole, which is rhetorical inversion: βItβs not the size of the dog in the fight; itβs the size of the fight in the dog.β There are several reasons why antimetabole is so popular. First, itβs just complex enough to disguise the fact that itβs formulaic. Second, itβs useful for highlighting an argument by drawing a clear contrast. Third, itβs quite poppy, in the Swedish songwriting sense, building a hook around two elementsβA and Bβand inverting them to give listeners immediate gratification and meaning. The classic structure of antimetabole is AB;BA, which is easy to remember since it spells out the name of a certain Swedish band.18 Famous ABBA examples in politics include: βMan is not the creature of circumstances. Circumstances are the creatures of men.β βBenjamin Disraeli βEast and West do not mistrust each other because we are armed; we are armed because we mistrust each other.β βRonald Reagan βThe world faces a very different Russia than it did in 1991. Like all countries, Russia also faces a very different world.β βBill Clinton βWhether we bring our enemies to justice or bring justice to our enemies, justice will be done.β βGeorge W. Bush βHuman rights are womenβs rights and womenβs rights are human rights.β βHillary Clinton In particular, President John F. Kennedy made ABBA famous (and ABBA made John F. Kennedy famous). βMankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to mankind,β he said, and βEach increase of tension has produced an increase of arms; each increase of arms has produced an increase of tension,β and most famously, βAsk not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.β Antimetabole is like the CβGβAmβF chord progression in Western pop music: When you learn it somewhere, you hear it everywhere.19 Difficult and even controversial ideas are transformed, through ABBA, into something like musical hooks.
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