β
The music is not in the notes,
but in the silence between.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Neither a lofty degree of intelligence nor imagination nor both together go to the making of genius. Love, love, love, that is the soul of genius.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
I pay no attention whatever to anybody's praise or blame. I simply follow my own feelings.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
When I am ..... completely myself, entirely alone... or during the night when I cannot sleep, it is on such occasions that my ideas flow best and most abundantly. Whence and how these ideas come I know not nor can I force them.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
To talk well and eloquently is a very great art, but that an equally great one is to know the right moment to stop.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Stay with me to-night; you must see me die. I have long had the taste of death on my tongue, I smell death, and who will stand by my Constanze, if you do not stay?
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
A man of ordinary talent will always be ordinary, whether he travels or not; but a man of superior talent will go to pieces if he remains forever in the same place.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
What's even worse than a flute? - Two flutes!
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
It is a mistake to think that the practice of my art has become easy to me. I assure you, dear friend, no one has given so much care to the study of composition as I. There is scarcely a famous master in music whose works I have not frequently and diligently studied.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
All I insist on, and nothing else, is that you should show the whole world that you are not afraid. Be silent, if you choose; but when it is necessary, speakβand speak in such a way that people will remember it.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Our riches, being in our brains, die with us... Unless of course someone chops off our head, in which case, we won't need them anyway.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Melody is the essence of music. I compare a good melodist to a fine racer, and counterpointists to hack post-horses; therefore be advised, let well alone and remember the old Italian proverb: Chi sa piΓΉ, meno saβWho knows most, knows least.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Look at me!β I screeched. βLook at me, Amadeus von Linden, you sadistic hypocrite, and watch this time! Youβre not questioning me now, this isnβt your work, Iβm not an enemy agent spewing wireless code! Iβm just a minging Scots slag screaming insults at your daughter! So enjoy yourself and watch! Think of Isolde! Think of Isolde and watch!
β
β
Elizabeth Wein (Code Name Verity (Code Name Verity, #1))
β
As death, when we come to consider it closely, is the true goal of our existence, I have formed during the last few years such close relationships with this best and truest friend of mankind that death's image is not only no longer terrifying to me, but is indeed very soothing and consoling.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
One day the last portrait of Rembrandt and the last bar of Mozart will have ceased to be β though possibly a colored canvas and a sheet of notes will remain β because the last eye and the last ear accessible to their message will have gone.
β
β
Oswald Spengler (The Decline of the West, Vol 1: Form and Actuality)
β
Nevertheless the passions, whether violent or not, should never be so expressed as to reach the point of disgust; and music, even in situations of the greatest horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
My dear sister! Iβm amazed to discover that you can compose so delightfully. In a word, your Lied is beautiful. You must compose more often.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
People err who think my art comes easily to me. I assure you, dear friend, nobody has devoted so much time and thought to compositions as I. There is not a famous master whose music I have not industriously studied through many times.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
I looked on astounded as from his ordinary life he made his art. We were both ordinary men, he and I. Yet from the ordinary he created Legends--and I from Legends created only the ordinary!
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
When I feel well and in a good humour, or when I am taking a drive or walking after a good meal, or in the night when I cannot sleep, thoughts crowd into my mind as easily as you could wish.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Goodness is nothing in the furnace of art.
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
I am not thoughtless but am prepared for anything and as a result can wait patiently for whatever the future holds in store, and I'll be able to endure it.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart: A Life in Letters)
β
What use, after all, is man, if not to teach God His lessons?
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
They probably think because I am so small and young, nothing of greatness and class can come out of me; but they shall soon find out.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
You know that I immerse myself in music, so to speakβ that I think about it all day longβ that I like experimentingβ studyingβ reflecting.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
God was singing through this little man to all the world.
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
It is, of course, a money marriage, nothing more. I wouldn't want to enter into this kind of marriage. I wish to make my wife happy and not make my happiness through her.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
If one has the talent it pushes for utterance and torments one; it will out; and then one is out with it without questioning.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart: the man and the artist, as revealed in his own words)
β
Leck mich im Arsch!
LaΓt uns froh sein!
Murren ist vergebens!
Knurren, Brummen ist vergebens,
ist das wahre Kreuz des Lebens,
das Brummen ist vergebens,
Knurren, Brummen ist vergebens, vergebens!
Drum laΓt uns froh und frΓΆhlich, froh sein!
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
I should like to know for what reason idleness is so popular with many young people that it is impossible to dissuade them from it either by words or by chastisements.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart: A Life in Letters)
β
If you would dance, my pretty Count, I'll play the tune on my little guitar..
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Tell me, before you call us servants, who served whom? And who, I wonder, in your generations, will immortalize you?
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
I was eighteen now, just gone. Eighteen was not a young age. At eighteen old Wolfgang Amadeus had written concertos and symphonies and operas and oratorios and all that cal, no, not cal, heavenly music. And then there was old Felix M. with his "Midsummer Night's Dream" Overture. And there were others. And there was this like French poet set by old Benjy Britt, who had done all his best poetry by the age of fifteen, O my brothers. Arthur, his first name. Eighteen was not all that young an age then. But what was I going to do?
β
β
Anthony Burgess (A Clockwork Orange)
β
schlafen die kleinen Scheiben des Todes, wie ich verachte sie" which means sleep those tiny slices of death how i despise them
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
The only thing--I tell you this straight from the heart--that disgusts me in Salzburg is that one can't have any proper social intercourse with those people--and that music does not have a better reputation...For I assure you, without travel, at least for people from the arts and sciences, one is a miserable creature!...A man of mediocre talents always remains mediocre, may he travel or not--but a man of superior talents, which I cannot deny myself to have without being blasphemous, becomes--bad, if he always stays in the same place. If the archbishop would trust me, I would soon make his music famous; that is surely true.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Music, even in situations of the greatest horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music.
β
β
Woflgang Amadeus Mozart
β
You would absolve your Gods of guilt?β Tariq said, sounding surprised.
βYou would absolve humanity of responsibility?β Amadeus asked, scornful. βThe deferral of consequence to higher power is the deepest form of moral cowardice conceivable. Even your precious Book agrees, Pilgrim β we have a choice.
β
β
ErraticErrata (A Practical Guide to Evil V (A Practical Guide to Evil, #5))
β
I beg you most humbly to go on loving me just a little and to make do with these poor congratulations until I get some new drawers made for my small and narrow brainbox in which I can keep the brains that I still intend to acquire.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart: A Life in Letters)
β
Je ne vais jamais au lit sans rΓ©flΓ©chir que le lendemain peut-Γͺtre (si jeune que je sois) je ne serai plus lΓ ...; et pourtant personne, de tous ceux qui me connaissent, ne peut dire que je sois chagrin ou triste dans ma conversation...
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
What annoys me most is that these stupid Frenchmen think I am still just seven years old - because that was my age when they first saw me - (...) they treat me here like a beginner - except the musicians; they know better.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
Oh, you monster!No one exists but you, do they? You and your music!
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
(...) you know that I am, as it were, completely immersed in Musique - it is on my mind all day long - I love to plan - study - reflect on it (...).
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
You humans are crazy.
β
β
Mark A. Rayner (The Amadeus Net)
β
(...) the French are such assess, they are truly inept, for they have to go abroad for help.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
Wise men speak because they have something to say; fools because they have to say something.β β Plato
β
β
Daniel Hemsworth (Inspirational Quotes from the Greatest Minds in Human History (Part 2): Plato, Galileo Galilei, Aristotle, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Charles Darwin)
β
If people could see into my heart, I should almost feel ashamed - all there is cold, cold as ice.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
The organ is in my eyes and ears the king of all instruments.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
(...) he must have thought: this is a young fellow and a stupid German besides - that's just how all French speak of the Germans - he will be quite content with this - but the stupid German was not content - and didn't accept the money either (...).
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
Some fellow built a house here and wrote on it:
When I built my house I was very glad,
when I knew its cost I got very sad.
(During the night somebody scribbled right under it:)
Building a house takes a lot of loot,
and you should have known it,
you nincompoop.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
you mustnβt place your signature too low down on the page and thereby leave a blank space above it, otherwise some rogue β if such a letter were to fall into the wrong hands β might cut out the name and add some small demand for several louis dβor in the blank space above it.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart: A Life in Letters)
β
The human voice vibrates naturally - but in such a way - to such a degree that it all sounds beautiful - it is the nature of the voice. We imitate such effects not only on wind instruments, but also with violins - even on clavier - but as soon as you go beyond the natural limits, it no longer sounds beautiful - because it is contrary to nature.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
Emperor Joseph II: My dear young man, don't take it too hard. Your work is ingenious. It's quality work. And there are simply too many notes, that's all. Just cut a few and it will be perfect.
Mozart: Which few did you have in mind, Majesty?
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
Everyone is a psychoanalyst, it would seem, and they try to dig beneath words. I say what I mean. There is no subtext. I
β
β
Mark A. Rayner (The Amadeus Net)
β
I had the honour of kissing St. Peter's foot at Sanct Pietro, and because I have the misfortune of being so small I, the same old numbskull, Wolfgang Mozart, had to be lifted up.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
Truly civilised people, people with βinner cultureβ, cannot do something that is wrong. Even if you force them to, so to speak, they cannot!
β
β
Paul Amadeus Dienach (Chronicles From The Future: The amazing story of Paul Amadeus Dienach)
β
I thank my God for graciously granting me the opportunity . . . of learning that death is the key which unlocks the door to our true happiness
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
If a passage occurs twice it is played slower the second time; if three times, still slower.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart: the man and the artist, as revealed in his own words)
β
[W]ithout travelling one remains a poor creature; that goes especially for people in the arts and sciences! [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]
β
β
Jasper Rees (A Devil to Play: One Man's Year-Long Quest to Master the Orchestra's Most Difficult Instrument)
β
Beethoven Amadeus Bannister, Iβm trying to ask you to marry me,β he shouts. βJesus, is that your real name? No wonder you prefer Bee,β I say, but everyone ignores me.
β
β
Lily Morton (Merry Measure (The Wright Brothers, #2))
β
Amadeus reached up with both hands, holding her face so that his fingers rested on the back of her neck.
β
β
Grey Liliy (Obsidian of Ruby)
β
Amadeus turned, and placed the necklace around Ladyβs throat.
β
β
Grey Liliy (Obsidian of Ruby)
β
Wolfgang AmadΓ© Mozart takes pity on Leutgeb, ass, ox, and simpleton, at Vienna, March 27, 1783.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Journey to the Interior of the Earth Original title: Voyage au Centre de la Terre (1865) Series: Voyages Extraordinaires #3 Translation: Frederic Amadeus Malleson (1819-1897)
β
β
Jules Verne (Jules Verne: The Extraordinary Voyages Collection (The Greatest Writers of All Time Book 42))
β
Exactly, my dear sir, as the radio for ten minutes together projects the most lovely music without regard into the most impossible places, into respectable drawing rooms and attics and into the midst of chattering, guzzling, yawning and sleeping listeners, and exactly as it strips this music of its sensuous beauty, spoils and scratches and slimes it and yet cannot altogether destroy its spirit, just so does life, the so-called reality, deal with the sublime picture-play of the world and make a hurley-burley of it. It makes its unappetizing tone-slime of the most magic orchestral music. Everywhere it obtrudes its mechanism, its activity, its dreary exigencies and vanity between the ideal and the real, between orchestra and ear. All life is so, my child, and we must let it be so: and, if we are not asses, laugh at it. It little becomes people like you to be critics of radio or of life either. Better learn to listen first! Learn what is to be taken seriously and laugh at the rest.
β
β
Hermann Hesse
β
What else is genius than that productive power through which deeds arise, worthy of standing in the presence of God and Nature, and which, for this reason, bear results and are lasting? All the creations of Mozart are of this class; within them there is a generative force which is transplanted from generation to generation, and is not likely soon to be exhausted or devoured." CHIPS
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart: the man and the artist, as revealed in his own words)
β
there are no miracles and supernatural things; there are no things that break the laws of nature. All these things that we call supernatural are nothing but laws that are inaccessible to human cognition, logic and way of thinking.
β
β
Paul Amadeus Dienach (Chronicles From The Future: The amazing story of Paul Amadeus Dienach)
β
Arkham Asylum, founded by Dr. Amadeus Arkham in the early nineteen hundreds, was named after Elizabeth Arkham, Amadeusβ mother. Elizabeth had long suffered from mental illness and eventually committed suicide, although legend had it that Amadeus had actually euthanized her. Whatever
β
β
Marv Wolfman (Batman Arkham Knight: The Official Novelization)
β
He was always careful with his words, cautious not to let slip things that went beyond rationality and scientific, cognitive thinking. He strongly believed, all the same, in a spiritual element of an undefined nature in man, which eludes the law of biological decay, surpassing the barriers of time and space.
β
β
Paul Amadeus Dienach (Chronicles From The Future: The amazing story of Paul Amadeus Dienach)
β
Two could live as cheaply as one
β
β
Amadeus Wolfgang Mozart
β
What shall I say to you who will one day hear this last act for yourselves? You willβbecause whatever else shall pass away, this must remain.
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
I was absolutely determined to leave. They wouldnβt let me. They wanted me to give a concert; I wanted them to beg me. And so they did. I gave a concert.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Yes, but I wasn't running around asking other people how to do it.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
A mystery. Love strikes where it will, not where you will it.
β
β
Mark A. Rayner (The Amadeus Net)
β
It has always been thus, that the mundane masks the magnificent in us.
β
β
Mark A. Rayner (The Amadeus Net)
β
We can be very cruel to one another, even when weβre old enough to know better, when weβve outgrown the intense selfishness of youth. She
β
β
Mark A. Rayner (The Amadeus Net)
β
Don Giovanni, you invited me to sup with you: I have come.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Don Giovanni in Full Score)
β
The thing is I have an inexpressible desire to write an opera again; it would make me so happy because it gives me something to compose which is my real joy and passion (...).
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
Everything here is too far to walk - or too muddy; for the dirt in Paris is beyond all description.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
I am afraid I have never exist.
β
β
Amadeus Casaubon Garamond
β
The heaviest penalty for declining to rule is to be ruled by someone inferior to yourself.β β Plato Β Β βAccording
β
β
Daniel Hemsworth (Inspirational Quotes from the Greatest Minds in Human History (Part 2): Plato, Galileo Galilei, Aristotle, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Charles Darwin)
β
We are what we repeatedly do. Greatness then, is not an act, but a habitβΒ βΒ Aristotle Β Β β...happiness
β
β
Daniel Hemsworth (Inspirational Quotes from the Greatest Minds in Human History (Part 2): Plato, Galileo Galilei, Aristotle, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Charles Darwin)
β
Once a fighter always a fighter. The fire may grow weaker with time, but it never truly dies. Is this not true?
β
β
Rafael Amadeus Hines (Bishop's War (Bishop, #1))
β
Our arses should be signs of peace!
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
β
Then we forced him to confess to his crimes as I dined on his lover and personal secretary in front of him.
β
β
Amadeus Rockefeller (Formosan Vampire: Donβt Be Afraid. Be Terrified. (From the chronicles of Seth Ardelean the Cro-Magnon Vampire))
β
I bet you that's how God hears the world! Millions of sounds ascending at once and mixing in His ear to become an unending music, unimaginable to us!
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
The light that comes from the mind is like the light from the moon.....reflected light with no warmth...but the light from the heart is like solar light..... warming and life-giving.
β
β
Amadeus Volden
β
Itβs WA today, Minna,β called Orson from across the room, Orsonβs name for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Orson played second violin with a sloppy serenity, rolling his eyes and sticking out his tongue, his bowing long and sweeping and beautiful even when out of tune. βIf you must make a mistake,β he had quoted, βmake it a big one.β Was it Heifetz who had said it? Perlman? Zukerman maybe?
β
β
Patricia MacLachlan (The Facts and Fictions of Minna Pratt (Charlotte Zolotow Books (Paperback)))
β
A goodly number of high nobility was present: the Duchess Kickass, the Countess Pisshappy, also the Princess Smellshit with her two daughters, who are married to the two Princes of Mustbelly von Pigtail.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
I have been listening to the cats in the courtyard. They are all singing Rossini. It is obvious that cats have declined as badly as composers. Domenico Scarlatti owned one which would actually stroll across the keyboard and pick out passable subjects for fugue. But that was a Spanish cat of the Enlightenment. It appreciated counterpoint. Nowadays all cats appreciate are coloratura. Like the rest of the Public.
β
β
Peter Shaffer (Amadeus)
β
(...) he must have thought: this is a young fellow and a stupid German besides - that's just how all French speak of the Germans - he will be guite content with this - but the stupid German was not content (...).
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
I ask you most humbly to continue loving me a little, and to be content for the moment with this token of a congratulation until new drawers can be made for my small little brain box, so I have a place to put the brain that I still hope to acquire.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life)
β
Anybody can become angry β that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right degree and at the right time and for the right purpose, and in the right way β that is not within everybody's power and is not easy.βΒ βΒ Aristotle Β Β βExcellence
β
β
Daniel Hemsworth (Inspirational Quotes from the Greatest Minds in Human History (Part 2): Plato, Galileo Galilei, Aristotle, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Charles Darwin)
β
He fixed his eyes on my fingers while I played to him, then said suddenly, "My God; I work at it till I sweat and yet get no success - while you, my friend, simply play at it!" "Yes," said I, "but I too had to work in order that I might be exempt from work now.
β
β
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (The Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1769-1791); Volume 2)
β
I was eighteen now, just gone. Eighteen was not a young age. At eighteen old Wolfgang Amadeus had written concertos and symphonies and operas and oratorios and all that cal, no, not cal, heavenly music. And then there was old Felix M. with his Midsummer Night's Dream Overture. And then there were others. And there was this like French poet set by old Benjy Britt, who had done all his best poetry by the age of fifteen, O my brothers. Arthur, his first name. Eighteen was not all that young an age, then. But what was I going to do?
β
β
Anthony Burgess (A Clockwork Orange)
β
...To see your life flow in obscurity among the treasures of the heart and of nature, happy in your anonymity, and to occasionally lose yourself in reading or in the pleasure of being a sensitive admirer of the fine arts; thatβs the image of modern life youβre looking for!
β
β
Paul Amadeus Dienach (Chronicles From The Future: The amazing story of Paul Amadeus Dienach)
β
Choreographer Twyla Tharp, who directed the opera and dance scenes for the
film Amadeus, has this to say about the filmβs portrait of Mozart:
There are no βnaturalβ geniusesβ¦ No-one worked harder than
Mozart. By the time he was twenty-eight years old, his hands were deformed because of
all the hours he had spent practicing, performing, and gripping a quill pen to composeβ¦
As Mozart himself wrote to a friend, βPeople err who think my art comes easily to me. I
assure you, dear friend, nobody has devoted so much time and thought to composition as
I. There is not a famous master whose music I have not industriously studied through
many times.
β
β
Mark McGuinness (Time Management For Creative People)
β
It is us, he says, who pass by, not time. We, the human creatures with the short-lived biological destiny, come and go. The dimension of depth eludes us. Our antennas have a very limited capacity. They only form subjective impressions that are totally irrelevant to the true and objective βGreat Realityβ, the Samith as he called it.
β
β
Paul Amadeus Dienach (Chronicles From The Future: The amazing story of Paul Amadeus Dienach)
β
It makes a world of difference to know that God loved you enough to send His only begotten Son to suffer and die for you. Suddenly our lives and sufferings aren't meanigless accident, but part of God's loving plan for us. And our acceptance of that plan becomes our own loving response. It is the difference between being in love and living a dreary existence!
β
β
Amadeus (The Truth Is Out There: Brendan & Erc in Exile, Volume 1)
β
For me, there's nothing better than when I become the funnel, and have that out of body experience where I'm not the one writing anymore. At that point, it's all about bladder control. Sitting back and watching scenes, characters, and dialogue appear out of nowhere, and fear of breaking the spell makes you hold in your pee for six or eight hours is the best thing about being a writer.
β
β
Rafael Amadeus Hines (Bishop's War (Bishop, #1))
β
In one of my favorite scenes from one of my favorite movies, Amadeus, Salieri looks with wide-eyed astonishment at a manuscript of Mozart's and says, "Displace one note and there would be diminishment. Displace one phrase and the structure would fall."
In this, Salieri captured the essence of perfection. His two sentences define precisely what we mean by perfection in many contexts, including theoretical physics. You might say it's a perfect definition.
A theory begins to be perfect if any change makes it worse. That's Salieri's first sentence, translated from music to physics. And it's right on point. But the real genius comes with Salieri's second sentence. A theory becomes perfectly perfect if it's impossible to change it significantly without ruining it entirely-that is, if changing the theory significantly reduces it to nonsense.
β
β
Frank Wilczek (The Lightness of Being: Mass, Ether, and the Unification of Forces)