Thermal Energy Quotes

Thus the thermal energy released during the A.D. 79 eruption would have been roughly 2 x 1018 joules—or about 100,000 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb.

Thank you for inviting me here today " I said my voice sounding nothing like me. "I'm here to testify about things I've seen and experienced myself. I'm here because the human race has become more powerful than ever. We've gone to the moon. Our crops resist diseases and pests. We can stop and restart a human heart. And we've harvested vast amounts of energy for everything from night-lights to enormous super-jets. We've even created new kinds of people, like me. "But everything mankind" - I frowned - "personkind has accomplished has had a price. One that we're all gonna have to pay." I heard coughing and shifting in the audience. I looked down at my notes and all the little black words blurred together on the page. I just could not get through this. I put the speech down picked up the microphone and came out from behind the podium. "Look " I said. "There's a lot of official stuff I could quote and put up on the screen with PowerPoint. But what you need to know what the world needs to know is that we're really destroying the earth in a bigger and more catastrophic was than anyone has ever imagined. "I mean I've seen a lot of the world the only world we have. There are so many awesome beautiful tings in it. Waterfalls and mountains thermal pools surrounded by sand like white sugar. Field and field of wildflowers. Places where the ocean crashes up against a mountainside like it's done for hundreds of thousands of years. "I've also seen concrete cities with hardly any green. And rivers whose pretty rainbow surfaces came from an oil leak upstream. Animals are becoming extinct right now in my lifetime. Just recently I went through one of the worst hurricanes ever recorded. It was a whole lot worse because of huge worldwide climatic changes caused by... us. We the people." .... "A more perfect union While huge corporations do whatever they want to whoever they want and other people live in subway tunnels Where's the justice of that Kids right here in America go to be hungry every night while other people get four-hundred-dollar haircuts. Promote the general welfare Where's the General welfare in strip-mining toxic pesticides industrial solvents being dumped into rivers killing everything Domestic Tranquility Ever sleep in a forest that's being clear-cut You'd be hearing chain saws in your head for weeks. The blessings of liberty Yes. I'm using one of the blessings of liberty right now my freedom of speech to tell you guys who make the laws that the very ground you stand on the house you live in the children you tuck in at night are all in immediate catastrophic danger.

Thus, an increase in entropy means a decrease in our ability to change thermal energy, the energy of heat, into mechanical energy. An increase of entropy means a decrease of available energy.

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Although I have mentioned a large number of energies, I would like to explain that we are not completely ignorant about this, and we do understand the relationship of some of them to others. For instance, what we call thermal energy is to a large extent merely the kinetic energy of the motion of the particles inside an object. Elastic

As a gas of normal matter pulls together-or, rather, falls together-it transforms gravitational potential energy into thermal energy. In other words, it heats up. That sets in motion a competition between gravity workimg to condense matter and thermal-energy pressure spreading matter apart. In the right circumstances, though, if the matter can cool off fast enough, gravity can pull it into very dense concentrations indeed.

In despair, I offer your readers their choice of the following definitions of entropy. My authorities are such books and journals as I have by me at the moment. (a) Entropy is that portion of the intrinsic energy of a system which cannot be converted into work by even a perfect heat engine.—Clausius. (b) Entropy is that portion of the intrinsic energy which can be converted into work by a perfect engine.—Maxwell, following Tait. (c) Entropy is that portion of the intrinsic energy which is not converted into work by our imperfect engines.—Swinburne. (d) Entropy (in a volume of gas) is that which remains constant when heat neither enters nor leaves the gas.—W. Robinson. (e) Entropy may be called the ‘thermal weight’, temperature being called the ‘thermal height.’—Ibid. (f) Entropy is one of the factors of heat, temperature being the other.—Engineering. I set up these bald statement as so many Aunt Sallys, for any one to shy at. [Lamenting a list of confused interpretations of the meaning of entropy, being hotly debated in journals at the time.]

He saw two stars collapse against one another and a nova form; it flared up and then, as he watched, it began to die out. He saw it turn from a furiously blazing ring into a dim core of dead iron and then he saw it cool into darkness. More stars cooled with it; he saw the force of entropy, the method of the Destroyer of Forms, retract the stars into dull reddish coals and then into dust-like silence. A shroud of thermal energy hung uniformly over the world, over this strange and little world for which he had no love or use. It's dying, he realized. The universe. The thermal haze spread on and on until it became only a disturbance, nothing more; the sky glowed weakly with it and then flickered. Even the uniform thermal disbursement was expiring. How strange and goddamn awful, he thought. He got to his feet, moved a step toward the door. And there, on his feet, he died. They found him an hour later. Seth Morley stood with his wife at the far end of the knot of people jammed into the small room and said to himself, "to keep him from helping with the prayer". "The same force that shut down the transmitter," Ignatz Thugg said. "They knew; they knew if he phrased the prayer it would go through. Even without the relay." He looked gray and frightened. All of them did, Seth Morley noticed. Their faces, in the light of the room, had a leaden, stone-like cast. Like, he thought, thousand-year-old idols. Time, he thought, is shutting down around us. It is as if the future is gone, for all of us.

Since our civilization is irreversibly dependent on electronics, abolition of EMR is out of the question. However, as a first step toward averting disaster, we must halt the introduction of new sources of electromagnetic energy while we investigate the biohazards of those we already have with a completeness and honesty that have so far been in short supply. New sources must be allowed only after their risks have been evaluated on the basis of the knowledge acquired in such a moratorium. 
With an adequately funded research program, the moratorium need last no more than five years, and the ensuing changes could almost certainly be performed without major economic trauma. It seems possible that a different power frequency—say 400 hertz instead of 60—might prove much safer. Burying power lines and providing them with grounded shields would reduce the electric fields around them, and magnetic shielding is also feasible. 
A major part of the safety changes would consist of energy-efficiency reforms that would benefit the economy in the long run. These new directions would have been taken years ago but for the opposition of power companies concerned with their short-term profits, and a government unwilling to challenge them. It is possible to redesign many appliances and communications devices so they use far less energy. The entire power supply could be decentralized by feeding electricity from renewable sources (wind, flowing water, sunlight, georhermal and ocean thermal energy conversion, and so forth) into local distribution nets. This would greatly decrease hazards by reducing the voltages and amperages required. Ultimately, most EMR hazards could be eliminated by the development of efficient photoelectric converters to be used as the primary power source at each point of consumption. The changeover would even pay for itself, as the loss factors of long-distance power transmission—not to mention the astronomical costs of building and decommissioning short-lived nuclear power plants—were eliminated. Safety need not imply giving up our beneficial machines. 
Obviously, given the present technomilitary control of society in most parts of the world, such sane efficiency will be immensely difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, we must try. Electromagnetic energy presents us with the same imperative as nuclear energy: Our survival depends on the ability of upright scientists and other people of goodwill to break the military-industrial death grip on our policy-making institutions.

Why are the equations from different phenomena so similar? We might say: "It is the underlying unity of nature." But what does that mean? What could such a statement mean? It could mean simply that the equations are similar for different phenomena; but then, of course, we have given no explanation. The underlying unity might mean that everything is made out of the same stuff, and therefore obeys the same equations. That sounds like a good explanation, but let us think. The electrostatic potential, the diffusion of neutrons, heat flow - are we really dealing with the same stuff? Can we really imagine that the electrostatic potential is physically identical to the temperature, or to the density of particles? Certainly is not exactly the same as the thermal energy of particles. The displacement of a membrane is certainly not like a temperature. Why, then, is there an underlying unity? [...] Is it possible that this is the clue? That the thing which is common to all the phenomena is the space, the framework into which the physics is put? - Lecture notes on physics,Vol. 3, p. 1, 1964

Then at 00:28, while reducing power to levels low enough to begin - a process which would take about an hour - Senior Reactor-Control Engineer Leonid Toptunov made a mistake when switching from manual to automatic control, causing the control rods to descend far more than intended.99 Toptunov had only been in his current position for a few months, during which the reactor power had never been reduced.100 Perhaps his nerves got the better of him. Power levels - supposed to be held at 1,500-Megawatts thermal (MWt) for the test - dropped all the way to 30MWt. (The reactor’s output is measured in terms of thermal power - the turbogenerator’s in electrical power. Energy is lost during the transfer from steam to electricity, hence the higher thermal figures.)

Three laws governing black hole changes were thus found, but it was soon noticed that something unusual was going on. If one merely replaced the words 'surface area' by 'entropy' and 'gravitational field' by 'temperature', then the laws of black hole changes became merely statements of the laws of thermodynamics. The rule that the horizon surface areas can never decrease in physical processes becomes the second law of thermodynamics that the entropy can never decrease; the constancy of the gravitational field around the horizon is the so-called zeroth law of thermodynamics that the temperature must be the same everywhere in a state of thermal equilibrium. The rule linking allowed changes in the defining quantities of the black hole just becomes the first law of thermodynamics, which is more commonly known as the conservation of energy.

So what then is “climate change”? As the WMO defines it, “climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer).” The important thing to keep in mind here is that the climate changes because it is forced to change. And it is forced to change either by natural forces or by forces introduced by mankind. In other words, the climate varies naturally because of its own complex internal dynamics, but it changes because something forces it to change. The most important natural forces inducing climate change are changes in the earth’s orbit—which change the intensity of the sun’s radiation hitting different parts of the earth, which changes the thermal energy balance of the lower atmosphere, which can change the climate. Climate change, scientists know, can also be triggered by large volcanic eruptions, which can release so many dust particles into the air that they act as an umbrella and shield the earth from some of the sun’s radiation, leading to a cooling period. The climate can be forced to change by natural, massive releases of greenhouses gases from beneath the earth’s surface—gases, like methane, that absorb much more heat than carbon dioxide and lead to a sudden warming period. What is new about this moment in the earth’s history is that the force driving climate change is not a change in the earth’s orbit, not a volcanic eruption, not a sudden natural release of greenhouse gases—but the burning of fossil fuels, the cultivation of rice and livestock, and the burning and clearing of forests by mankind, which together are pumping carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere a hundred times faster than nature normally does.

An opportunity presented itself in 1894, when he was commissioned for a special task—to optimize lightbulbs, maximizing the light produced while minimizing the energy used. In order to do this, he had to tackle the problem of what is called black-body radiation. We can grasp what this is by going out to the campfire. If you stick a metal shish kebab skewer into the fire, its tip will eventually become red-hot. If it gets even hotter, the color will go from red to yellow to white, then blue. As the interior of the skewer heats up, the surface starts emitting electromagnetic radiation in the form of light, called thermal radiation. The hotter the interior (the higher the energy), the shorter the wavelength (and the higher the frequency) of the light that is emitted—thus the color change. Physicists soon posited an idealized object, a “perfect” emitter and absorber that would look black when it is cold, because all light that falls on it would be completely absorbed.

The same cosmic forces that mold galaxies, stars, and atoms also mold each moment of self and world. The inner self and the outer scene are born in the cleft between expansion and contraction. By giving yourself to those forces, you become those forces, and through that, you experience a kind of immortality—you live in the breath and pulse of every animal, in the polarization of electrons and protons, in the interplay of the thermal expansion and self-gravity that molds stars, in the interplay of dark matter that holds galaxies together and dark energy that stretches space apart. Don’t be afraid to let expansion and contraction tear you apart, scattering you in many directions while ripping away the solid ground beneath you. Behind that seeming disorder is an ordering principle so primordial that it can never be disordered: father-God effortlessly expands while mother-God effortlessly contracts. The ultimate act of faith is to give yourself back to those forces, give yourself back to the Source of the world, and through that, become the kind of person who can optimally contribute to the Mending of the world.

When someone doesn’t acknowledge the miraculous conditions of the cosmos, and instead attributes all the systemization and orderliness that we observe all to thermal energy, as if we should expect energy has some innate potential to create orderliness, it stinks of a kind of repression of the profound for no other reason than to avoid the philosophical implications.

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Ocean thermal energy conversion is a source of renewable energy wherein the temperature differential between deeper, colder water and warmer, shallow water is used to run a heat energy engine and produce electricity. Here Jeremy Feakins is the CEO of Ocean Thermal Energy Corporation which located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

we do not know the physics of climate system responses to warming well enough to blame most of the warming on human activities. Human causation is simply assumed. The models are designed with the assumption that the climate system was in natural balance before the Industrial Revolution, despite historical evidence to the contrary. They only produce human-caused climate change because that is the way they are designed. This is in spite of abundant evidence of past warm episodes, such as 1,000- to 2,000-year-old tree stumps being uncovered by receding glaciers; temperature proxy evidence for the Roman and Medieval Warm Periods covering that same time frame; and Arctic sea ice proxy evidence for a natural decrease in sea ice starting well before humans could be blamed. Natural warming since the Little Ice Age of a few hundred years ago is simply ignored in the design of climate models, since we do not know what caused it. Simply put, the computerized climate models support human causation of climate change because that’s what they assume from the outset. They are an example of circular reasoning. There is little to no evidence of long-term increases in heat waves, droughts, or floods. Wildfire activity has, if anything, decreased, even though poor land management practices are now making some areas more vulnerable to wildfires even without climate change. Contrary to popular perception and new reports, there is little to no evidence of increased storminess resulting from climate change. This includes tornadoes and hurricanes. Long-term increases in monetary storm damages have indeed occurred, but are due to increasing development, not worsening weather. Sea level has been rising naturally since at least the mid-1800s, well before humans could be blamed. Land subsidence in some areas (e.g. Norfolk, Miami, Galveston-Houston, New Orleans) would result in increasing flooding problems even without any sea-level rise, let alone human-induced sea-level rise causing thermal expansion of the oceans. Some evidence for recent acceleration of sea-level rise might support human causation, but the magnitude of the human component since 1950 has been only 1 inch every 30 years. Ocean acidification is now looking like a non-problem, as the evidence builds that sea life prefers somewhat more CO2, just as vegetation on land does. Given that CO2 is necessary for life on Earth, yet had been at dangerously low levels for thousands of years, the scientific community needs to stop accepting the premise that more CO2 in the atmosphere is necessarily a bad thing. Global greening has been observed by satellites over the last few decades, which is during the period of most rapid rises in atmospheric CO2. The benefits of increasing CO2 to agriculture have been calculated to be in the trillions of dollars. Crop yields continue to break records around the world, due to a combination of human ingenuity and the direct effects of CO2 on plant growth and water use efficiency. Much of this evidence is not known by our citizens, who are largely misinformed by a news media that favors alarmist stories. The scientific community is, in general, biased toward alarmism in order to maintain careers and support desired governmental energy policies. Only when the public becomes informed based upon evidence from both sides of the debate can we expect to make rational policy decisions. I hope my brief treatment of these subjects provides a step in that direction. THE END

More than just the ship,’ said the Doctor. He indicated the burnt ends of the tangled fibres. ‘There was enough thermal energy generated by that thing to destroy an entire planet.’ ‘He was going to wipe out Cambridge?’ Chris was horror-struck. ‘All the colleges? The Backs, the railway station… the pubs?’ ‘Plus the entire planet,’ said the Doctor gravely.

It is the valley above Riorson House, heated by natural thermal energy, that is its greatest asset. For there lie the original hatching grounds of the Dubhmadinn Line, from which two of the greatest dragons of our time—Codagh and Tairn—descend. —Colonel Kaori’s Field Guide to Dragonkind

I squeeze his hand to let him know that I get it, that I share his pain. That's the moment when I think I finally understand what my science teachers tried to explain when they talked about thermal energy. My atoms are in motion making a path from my fingertips where I connect with him, spreading to my whole body and getting me hotter by the second. All my molecules seem to be moving and vibrating on their own accord, faster and faster and making my hand feels tingly. Whenever I'm around him I always have this warmth that surrounds me. When I get all flustered because he is making me all hot and bothered without even meaning to, the heat starts to resemble a fever. Now, it's like a volcano erupted all over me. It's passion and love and suffering all smashed together and linked between our hands. A little ball of emotions that keeps expanding.

The First Law starts from the fact that in any physical system there are two kinds of energy (for simplicity, we ignore the possible presence of electric and magnetic fields), mechanical and thermal. Their sum may change because one performs work on the system or supplies heat to the system.

As I’ve explained, solar generation on the utility scale is likely to be dominated by concentrating solar thermal power (CSP). So far the

The Higgs field originated as the universe cooled down after the Big Bang-a bit like the crystallization of ice as water cools down. We have already argued that just as ice crystals form an ordered structure, so does the effect of the Higgs field-with the difference that this happens not in geometric space but in the abstract space of elementary particle properties. We know that water molecules drop down into the ordered structure of ice, releasing energy in the process. The most important difference between this notion and that of the ordering by means of the Higgs field seems to be this: The positive energy contribution associated with the field's very existence is more than canceled by the negative energy associated with the structure it causes to emerge. Consequently, a space pervaded by the Higgs field has a lower energy content than a space in its absence. This means that the Higgs field can spontaneously emerge from empty space, just as ice can spontaneously emerge from water if the temperature is low enough-that is, if the thermal motion that tends to oppose the ordering is weak enough. In the case of ice in water, the critical temperature is 0 degrees Celsius; for the Higgs field, it is 10^15 degrees. When the decreasing temperature cossed this critical mark some 10^-10 seconds after the Big Bang, the Higgs field emerged. It has pervaded the universe ever since, and all masses in the universe owe their existence to the ordering it has caused in the process of the cooling down of the universe.

As we showed in figure 5, water molecules oscillate about their rest positions in ice. Quantum mechanics says that this remains true at absolute zero and will not admit a molecule at full rest. Similarly, we saw that what we call empty space is replete with the appearance and disappearance of virtual particles. Add energy, and these particles can become real. Add energy to ice, and it will melt. Moving in the opposite direction, remove energy from water and it will freeze because the water molecules attract each other; ice lets them approach as close as possible. The resulting crystalline structure is destroyed by thermal motion of the molecules when energy is added. Moving at random, the molecules emerge as individual particles, much as an electron-positron pair emerges from the vacuum when we add energy.

At a temperature of 10^10 degrees, the energy of the photons of the electromagnetic/thermal radiation becomes that needed for the creations of an electron-positron pair, according to Einstein's formula E=mc^2. We know that virtual electron-positron pairs, like all other particle-antiparticle pairs, always exist in the vacuum. It is just that at temperatures below 10^10 degrees,the lack the energy to pass from virtual to real existence. It is at this temperature that the transition becomes possible; the energy density is now sufficient to produce electron-positron pairs from the vacuum. This means that our thermal oven is now changing into the playground for real particles. The previously virtual electrons and positrons show up as real particles. They move about, collide with others; charged-particle detectors can give electronic signals upon their passage.

If they were as we described them, the existence of black holes would contradict the principles of thermodynamics. One of these principles says that heat always flows from hotter to cooler bodies. The classical non-quantum mechanical black hole will eat up energy in any shape, including thermal energy. Therefore, it is colder than-or at least as cold as-any other matter existing. Thermodynamics will admit temperatures that are barely above absolute zero, but not this lower limiting temperature itself. The problem that a classical black hole poses is therefore this: It cannot be warmer than absolute zero; otherwise there might be colder objects to which it would pass thermal energy. But like all other objects, it cannot reach absolute zero itself. Thus it is impossible for us to assign any temperature at all to a black hole, and that clashes with the laws of thermodynamics. It takes quantum mechanics to resolve this contradiction. Stephen Hawking devised an answer in 1974: While the black hole itself does not radiate, its immediate surroundings can give off thermal energy by radiation, like any other mass. To an observer at some distance, the radiation appears to issue from the black hole itself.

The energy that was hidden in the false vacuum is liberated in the course of this phase transition of the universe into the real vacuum; it now becomes normal energy, just like the thermal energy liberated in the process of crystallization of ice in water. The Higgs field takes the place of the ice crystals as the physical vacuum develops in the inflationary model. The energy generated in the inflationary process, which originates in the false vacuum ground state, manifests itself as motion energy in the Higgs field. We might say that it makes the Higgs field shiver. It then produces radiation and massive particles that move about randomly. In this thermalization process, it increases the temperature of the universe; it spreads evenly throughout all space. Inflation ends some 10^-33 after its own Big (or Small!) Bang in the same state the universe would have reached in the hot Big Bang model without inflation. This coincidence is at the basis of our model's success. We believe we can understand all further developments in terms of various theories, some of which are quite speculative, but none of which clash with the inflationary model. The success of the inflationary scenario when compared with that of the hot Big Bang is its implied explanation of the properties of the universe after t = 10^-33 seconds; these properties have to be entered into the hot Big Bang model as unexplained initial conditions.

WHAT IS POWDER BED FUSION Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) stands as a notable Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique, characterized by its layer-by-layer approach to creating objects. With its potential applications across automotive, aerospace, energy sectors, and household appliances, PBF represents a pivotal future manufacturing method. Alongside PBF, other AM methods like Laminated Object Manufacturing, Direct Energy Deposition, Stereolithography (SLA), and Solid Ground Curing (SGC) contribute to the diverse landscape of additive manufacturing. This overview will focus on the mechanics of the PBF process, particularly highlighting Direct Metal Laser Deposition (DMLS), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), and Selective Heat Sintering (SHS). In these techniques, a layer of powder is spread onto a platform, often referred to as the build platform. While SLS, SLM, and DMLS employ lasers as the primary heat source, EBM utilizes an electron beam. SHS, on the other hand, employs a heated thermal head for sintering plastic powders. Among these methods, SLS, DMLS, and SHS are powder-sintering processes, whereas SLM and EBM are powder-melting processes.

The ocean, indeed, has long been the silent hero in this burning world. It has absorbed almost one-third of the carbon dioxide released by humans since the Industrial Revolution and more than 90 percent of the resulting heat---helping the air we breathe at the expense of a souring sea. Warm water, put simply, expands, whereas cold water takes up less space. And when carbon dioxide mixes with seawater, it undergoes chemical reactions that increase the water's acidity. It we treat Earth as our most ailing patient, the symptoms are right here in the water. Across the seven seas, coral reefs are dying, oysters and clams are struggling to build their shells. Gray whales, sentinels of the Pacific as they migrate 12,000 miles each year from the Arctic to Baja California, have washed up dead in staggering numbers. A special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change found that marine heatwaves---extreme periods of broiling water that disrupt entire ecosystems--have doubled in frequency since 1982. In just one year, the world's oceans got hotter by about 14 zettajoules (one zettajoule is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 joules of energy). This is a mind-bending number, so one thermal scientist put it this way: "The oceans have absorbed heat equivalent to seven Hiroshima atomic bombs detonating each second, twenty-four hours a day, three hundred sixty-five days a year.

Energy is not a single, easily definable entity, but rather an abstract collective concept, adopted by nineteenth-century physicists to cover a variety of natural and anthropogenic (generated by humans) phenomena. Its most commonly encountered forms are heat (thermal energy), motion (kinetic or mechanical energy), light (electromagnetic energy) and the chemical energy of fuels and foodstuffs.

Solar energy can be used for large scale production of electricity in power plants by means of flat plate and concentrator photovoltaic (PV) systems, as well as by thermal concentrated solar power (CSP) systems.

Conductors have tons of free electrons and they keep moving in random direction (due to thermal energy), and each of these small movements contribute to an Electric current. You might be thinking, if an electric current is produced this easily in a conductor, why do we need batteries and generators and power plants and stuff. Can’t we just hook up a small piece of copper wire to a bulb and be done with it. Unfortunately, that won’t work. That’s because the currents produced by each free electron are in random direction (in accordance with the direction of their motion) and when we consider the conductor as a whole, these currents cancel each other out and net current is zero.

As Anderson cleared maps and other papers from the table adjacent to his desk, I asked him for the heat content of the coal. His reply: about 12,500 Btu (British thermal units)

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edged weapons, incendiary weapons, kinetic weapons, melee weapons, energy weapons, auditory, thermal, light, olfactory, irritant, biological weapons, explosive, electronic, magnetic, vibratory, chemical weapons, nano-weapons, nuclear, area denial, siege weapons, thrown, hand carried, shoulder carried, surgically implanted, crew served, vehicle mounted, land/sea/air/space based – then I started thinking of how much damage was to be inflicted and at what ranges.

Like every tokamak, ITER has central solenoid coils, large toroidal and poloidal magnets (respectively around and along the doughnut shape). The basic specifications are a vacuum vessel plasma of 6.2 meter radius and 830 cubic meters in volume, with a confining magnetic field of 5.3 tesla and a rated fusion power of 500 MW (thermal). This heat output would correspond to Q ≥ 10 (it would require the injection of 50 MW to heat the hydrogen plasma to about 150 million degrees) and hence would achieve, for the first time on Earth, a burning plasma of the kind required for any continuously operating fusion reactor. ITER would generate burning plasmas during pulses lasting 400 to 600 seconds, time spans sufficient to demonstrate the feasibility of building an actual electricity-generating fusion power plant. But it is imperative to understand that ITER is an experimental device designed to demonstrate the feasibility of net energy generation and to provide the foundation for larger, and eventually commercial, fusion designs, not to be a prototype of an actual energy-generating device.

Jeremy P. Feakins is a businessperson who has been at the helm of 8 special companies and holds the position of Chairman, CEO, CFO, Secretary & Treasurer at Ocean Thermal Energy Corp. and Chief Executive Officer at JPF Venture Group.

Thermal filling Saving Energy and the Environment which provide the more efficient appliances to better building materials, advances in residential technologies are helping homeowners save energy, and many of these technologies can trace their roots back to the Energy Department.

Thermal imaging is a technique using a special camera that detects heat radiation from the objects in focus and converts then into images according to the infrared spectrum. A warm body or object emits enough heat that when placed against a cooler object, shows different colors in the screen. The hottest objects will appear white or bright colors, and black is emitted in low-temperature objects.

The World War II bombs, the only nuclear devices ever used as weapons so far, were airbursts, detonated at about 1,900 feet above the ground.31 The air surrounding the bomb instantly heated to incandescence. This feature is called “the fireball.” This rapidly expanding sphere translated a percentage of the thermal energy into blast energy, or a destructive wave of compressed air moving outward at high speed, capable of knocking over concrete buildings.

The first thing hit by this airwave was the ground directly underneath the bomb, or “ground zero.” This was a hard thump, and it resulted in an earthquake-like shock energy traveling outward through the ground. The total energy from the detonation was thus distributed as 50 percent blast and shock, 35 percent thermal radiation, 10 percent residual nuclear radiation, and 5 percent initial nuclear radiation. The scientists had not been wrong in predicting small damage due to nuclear radiation, but they had been way off in considering the damage done directly and indirectly by the intense thermal energy.

health leader Dhru Purohit has aptly popularized the truism: “Either you have a filter, or you become the filter.” This applies to all aspects of our environment: we either thoughtfully source pesticide-free food, filter our air, filter our water, buy less-toxic toys and furniture, stop touching receipts and thermal papers, minimize plastic use, and eliminate conventional household products and personal care products with synthetic scents and obesogens, or our bodies and poor organs become the filters for the thousands of synthetic chemicals that these products contain.