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is adored even by the Lord of Gods himself (5.81), illuminates the spatial directions (5.92), owns all the treasures of the deities, gandharvas, and nāgas (5.111),6 and abides as higher understanding (buddhi) in the hearts of all beings (11.8). But, as is clear from the core story of this hymn, the goddess also has her destructive side. She not only conquers all demonic forces but also annihilates the universe at the appropriate time. To her devotees, however, she shows her most benign maternal aspect, protecting and ultimately liberating them. After having been propitiated with praise, the goddess responds: Whosoever with concentration worships Me constantly with these [hymns], his every difficulty I will remove without a doubt. (12.2) Kālī, Shiva, and the Cosmic Dance Even a short précis of the Tantric view of time, as attempted here, would be incomplete without introducing the Divine Female, or Shakti, in her most startling manifestation as the goddess Kālī. The name is the feminine form of kāla, meaning “time,” “death,” and “black.” These three connotations are all fused in the symbolism of the goddess Kālī. Black results from the absorption of all colors, whereas white is their copresence. The saintly Ramakrishna, guru of Swami Vivekananda, offered a devotee’s complementary explanation of the name Kālī when he remarked, “You see her as black because you are far away from her. Go near and you will find her devoid of all color.”7 In The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, which chronicles the life and teachings of this great nineteenth-century master, we find the following hymn: In dense darkness, O Mother, Thy formless beauty sparkles; Therefore the yogis meditate in a dark mountain cave. In the lap of boundless dark, on Mahanirvana’s waves upborne, Peace flows serene and inexhaustible.8 Taking the form of the Void, in the robe of darkness wrapped, Who art Thou, Mother, seated alone in the shrine of samadhi?9 From the Lotus of Thy fear-scattering Feet flash Thy love’s lightnings; Thy Spirit-Face shines forth with laughter terrible and loud!10 To absorb, devour, or destroy the universe is one of the terrifying functions of the black goddess. She brings death not just to the individual but to the cosmic egg itself in which individuals, high and low, live out their respective separative lives over and over again. In the Mahānirvāna-Tantra (4.29–31) the goddess is addressed as the supreme yogini because at the end of time she devours the devourer of time himself, Shiva in his form as Mahākāla. In many temples in Bengal and Nepal, Kālī is depicted as a black or dark blue block of stone. In her humanoid form, Hindu iconography pictures Kālī as a fierce-looking female whose naked, full-breasted body stands astride or straddles the prostrate nude body of her divine partner Shiva, with ashen skin and erect penis.
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