Orwell Animal Farm Quotes

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All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Four legs good, two legs bad.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The only good human being is a dead one.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Man serves the interests of no creature except himself.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Let's face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be?
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than just ribbons?
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Man is the only creature that consumes without producing
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The Seven Commandments: Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. No animal shall wear clothes. No animal shall sleep in a bed. No animal shall drink alcohol. No animal shall kill any other animal. All animals are equal.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
All men are enemies. All animals are comrades
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The distinguishing mark of man is the hand, the instrument with which he does all his mischief.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
If liberty means anything at all it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on--that is, badly.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Four legs good, two legs better! All Animals Are Equal. But Some Animals Are More Equal Than Others.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
His answer to every problem, every setback was “I will work harder!” —which he had adopted as his personal motto.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
He would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Surely, comrades, you don't want Jones back?
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word-- Man
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
It had become usual to give Napoleon the Credit for every Successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to another, “Under the guidance of our leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days” or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would exclaim, “thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this water tastes!”...
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Comrades!' he cried. 'You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for your sake that we drink the milk and eat those apples.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
And remember also that in fighting against man we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
These people don’t see that if you encourage totalitarian methods, the time may come when they will be used against you instead of for you.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
I have no wish to take life, not even human life
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
At any given moment there is an orthodoxy, a body of ideas which it is assumed that all right-thinking people will accept without question.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
...and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse–hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
No sentimentality, comrade...The only good human being is a dead one.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be?
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer—except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the golden future time. Soon or late the day is coming, Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of England Shall be trod by beasts alone. Rings shall vanish from our noses, And the harness from our back, Bit and spur shall rust forever, Cruel whips shall no more crack. Riches more than mind can picture, Wheat and barley, oats and hay, Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels, Shall be ours upon that day. Bright will shine the fields of England, Purer shall its water be, Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free. For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toils for freedom's sake. Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well and spread my tidings Of the golden future time.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Between pigs and human beings there was not and there need not be any clash of interest whatsoever.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS
George Orwell (Animal Farm (with Bonus novel '1984' Free): 2 books in 1 edition (Bookmine))
لن تجد في البشر إنساناً صالحاً إلا الموتى منهم !.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Todos los animales son iguales, pero algunos son más iguales que otros.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
جميع الحيوانات متساوية، لكن بعضها أكثر مساواة من غيرها.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interest of no creature except himself.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
...out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind legs...out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter. There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years, of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened-they might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of- "Four legs good, two legs better! Four legs good, two legs better! Four legs good, two legs better!" It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument must lead you astray.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
One does not say that a book ‘ought not to have been published’ merely because it is a bad book. After all, acres of rubbish are printed daily and no one bothers.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Tutti gli animali sono uguali, ma alcuni sono più uguali degli altri
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
All the habits of Man are evil.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard and living frugally.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?" Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Last of all came the cat, who looked round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Comrades," he said, "here is a point that must be settled. The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits–are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are rats comrades?" The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The distinguishing mark of man is the hand, the instrument with which he does all his mischief.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The result of preaching totalitarian doctrines is to weaken the instinct by means of which free peoples know what is or is not dangerous.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very active in it for some days. She was seen one dag sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
«Si la libertad significa algo, será, sobre todo, el derecho a decirle a la gente aquello que no quiere oír.»
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings?
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
I meant the moral to be that revolutions only effect a radical improvement when the masses are alert and know how to chuck out their leaders as soon as the latter have done their job.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades," cried Squealer almost pleadingly
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The sinister fact about literary censorship in England is that it is largely voluntary. Unpopular ideas can be silenced, and inconvenient facts kept dark, without the need for any official ban.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge cart-horse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment.
George Orwell (Animal Farm / 1984)
As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Mọi con vật đều bình đẳng, nhưng một số con vật bình đẳng hơn những con khác.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Surely, comrades, you do not want Jones back?" Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." And from then on he adopted the maxim, "Napoleon is always right," in addition to his private motto of "I will work harder.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word ‒ Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
...And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found. She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she always made such excellent excuses , and purred so affectionately , that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Friend of fatherless! Fountain of happiness! Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on Fire when I gaze at thy Calm and commanding eye. Like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon! Thou are the giver of All thy creatures love, Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast great or small, Sleeps at peace in his stall, Thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! Had I a sucking-pig, Ere he had grown as big Even as a pint bottle or a a rolling-pin He should have learned to be Faithful and true to thee, Yes, his first squeak should be Comrade Napoleon!
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
And who are its enemies? It always appears that they are not only those who attack it openly and consciously, but those who ‘objectively’ endanger it by spreading mistaken doctrines. In other words, defending democracy involves destroying all independence of thought.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
لاقت الخنازير الثلاثة في بداية الأمر صعوبة بالغة في نشر دعوتها لما اعترضها من غباء الحيوانات الأخرى واستكانتها للأمر الواقع، حتى إن فيها من كان يرى ضرورة الإخلاص لجونز وأصرت على الإشارة له بلقب السيد! وكانت تحمد له صنيعه في إيوائها وإطعامها، وكانت تخشى عاقبة الخروج من طاعته، وكانت الحيوانات المستكينة لا تخجل من أن تجادل بأن الموت مكتوب عليها بطريقة ما، وبأنها إذا ماتت فإنها لا تأبه بما بعد الموت! وإذا ما ذكرت لها الخنازير الثلاثة أن الثورة آتية لا ريب، وأنها من الأمور الحتمية تساءلت: فعلام إذن الجهاد والتعب فيما هو آت بالضرورة واقع بالحتمية؟
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
El hombre es el único ser que consume sin producir. No da leche, no pone huevos, es demasiado débil para tirar del arado y su velocidad ni siquiera le permite atrapar conejos. Sin embargo, es dueño y señor de todos los animales
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Unpopular ideas can be silenced, and inconvenient facts kept dark, without the need for any official ban. Anyone who has lived long in a foreign country will know of instances of sensational items of news — things which on their own merits would get the big headlines-being kept right out of the British press, not because the Government intervened but because of a general tacit agreement that ‘it wouldn’t do’ to mention that particular fact. So far as the daily newspapers go, this is easy to understand. The British press is extremely centralised, and most of it is owned by wealthy men who have every motive to be dishonest on certain important topics. But the same kind of veiled censorship also operates in books and periodicals, as well as in plays, films and radio. At any given moment there is an orthodoxy, a body of ideas which it is assumed that all right-thinking people will accept without question. It is not exactly forbidden to say this, that or the other, but it is ‘not done’ to say it, just as in mid-Victorian times it was ‘not done’ to mention trousers in the presence of a lady. Anyone who challenges the prevailing orthodoxy finds himself silenced with surprising effectiveness. A genuinely unfashionable opinion is almost never given a fair hearing, either in the popular press or in the highbrow periodicals.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
لكن أصبح من المستحيل التمييز بين الإنسان والخنزير.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Dışarıdaki hayvanlar, bir domuzların yüzlerine, bir insanların yüzlerine bakıyor, ama birbirlerinden ayırt edemiyorlardı.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The idea is always bigger than the man’.
George Orwell (Animal Farm (with Bonus novel '1984' Free): 2 books in 1 edition (Bookmine))
Bütün hayvanlar eşittir ama bazıları daha eşittir.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
Tutti gli animali sono uguali, ma alcuni sono più uguali degli altri. (All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others).
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
how men, when given power over other men, start to behave like pigs.
George Orwell (Animal Farm (with Bonus novel '1984' Free): 2 books in 1 edition (Bookmine))
All animals are equal.
George Orwell
Animal Farm is not a book about how pigs—animals—when bestowed with power start to behave like men. It is a book about how men, when given power over other men, start to behave like pigs.
George Orwell (Animal Farm (with Bonus novel '1984' Free): 2 books in 1 edition (Bookmine))
Up there, comrades," he would say solemnly, pointing to the sky with his large beak– "up there, just on the other side of that dark cloud that you can see– there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our labours!" He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights, and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else?
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
únicamente el viejo Benjamín manifestaba recordar cada detalle de su larga vida y saber que las cosas nunca fueron, ni podrían ser, mucho mejor o mucho peor; el hambre, la opresión y el desengaño eran, así dijo él,la ley inalterable de la vida
George Orwell
In that case the current orthodoxy happens to be challenged, and so the principle of free speech lapses. Now, when one demands liberty of speech and of the press, one is not demanding absolute liberty. There always must be, or at any rate there always will be, some degree of censorship, so long as organised societies endure. But freedom, as Rosa Luxembourg [sic] said, is ‘freedom for the other fellow’. The same principle is contained in the famous words of Voltaire: ‘I detest what you say; I will defend to the death your right to say it.’ If the intellectual liberty which without a doubt has been one of the distinguishing marks of western civilisation means anything at all, it means that everyone shall have the right to say and to print what he believes to be the truth, provided only that it does not harm the rest of the community in some quite unmistakable way.
George Orwell (Animal Farm / 1984)
Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money–had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into "Four legs good, two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
«La guerra es la guerra. El único ser humano bueno es el que ha muerto.»
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county-in all England!-owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming: it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of Beasts of England was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves. No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other creature "Master." All animals were equal.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
بدا العجوز بنيامين، الحمار، وأنه لم يتغير منذ الثورة. كان يؤدي عمله بنفس الأسلوب البطيء العنيد الذي كان معتادا عليه منذ زمن جونز، لا يتهرب أبدا، ولا يتطوع أبدا لعمل إضافي. لم يكن يعبر عن أي رأى حول الثورة ونتائجها. حينما كان سُأل ما إن كان الآن أكثر سعادة بعد أن رحل جونز، كان يجيب " تعيش الحمير طويلا. لم ير أحدكم حمارا ميتا". وكان على الآخرين تقبل هذه الإجابة المقتضبة.
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
I felt as if Orwell knew where I was from and what I had been through. The animal farm was really North Korea, and he was describing my life. I saw my family in the animals—my grandmother, mother, father, and me, too: I was like one of the “new pigs” with no ideas. Reducing the horror of North Korea into a simple allegory erased its power over me. It helped set me free.
Yeonmi Park (In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl's Journey to Freedom)
ولعل أسخف سؤال وجه إلى معاشر الخنازير سؤال "موللي" الفرس البيضاء، فقد ذهبت تسأل الرفيق "سنوبول" لأول وهلة: وهل سيبقى في الأرض سكر بعد الثورة....؟؟ قال بلهجة التوكيد : كلا فلسنا نملك في المزرعة من الوسائل ما نصنع به السكر، ولكنك لن تحتاجي إليه أيتها الرفيقة، إذ ستنعمين من الدخن والذرة والشعير بما تشائين. قالت : وهل سيؤذن لي بتجميل معرفتي بالأشرطة والفيونكات؟؟ فصاح سنوبول بها قائلا : إن هذه الأشرطة التي تولعين بها أيتها الرفيقة هي شارة العبودية والهوان ، أفلا تدركين أن الحرية خير ألف مرة من أشرطتك هذه وربطاتك ؟؟ وهزت موللي رأسها مقرة، وإن بدت غير مقتنعة
George Orwell (Animal Farm)
The dominant literary mode of the twentieth century has been the fantastic. This may appear a surprising claim, which would not have seemed even remotely conceivable at the start of the century and which is bound to encounter fierce resistance even now. However, when the time comes to look back at the century, it seems very likely that future literary historians, detached from the squabbles of our present, will see as its most representative and distinctive works books like J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, and also George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm, William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and The Inheritors, Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five and Cat’s Cradle, Ursula Le Guin’s The Left Hand of Darkness and The Dispossessed, Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot-49 and Gravity’s Rainbow. The list could readily be extended, back to the late nineteenth century with H.G. Wells’s The Island of Dr Moreau and The War of the Worlds, and up to writers currently active like Stephen R. Donaldson and George R.R. Martin. It could take in authors as different, not to say opposed, as Kingsley and Martin Amis, Anthony Burgess, Stephen King, Terry Pratchett, Don DeLillo, and Julian Barnes. By the end of the century, even authors deeply committed to the realist novel have often found themselves unable to resist the gravitational pull of the fantastic as a literary mode. This is not the same, one should note, as fantasy as a literary genre – of the authors listed above, only four besides Tolkien would find their works regularly placed on the ‘fantasy’ shelves of bookshops, and ‘the fantastic’ includes many genres besides fantasy: allegory and parable, fairy-tale, horror and science fiction, modern ghost-story and medieval romance. Nevertheless, the point remains. Those authors of the twentieth century who have spoken most powerfully to and for their contemporaries have for some reason found it necessary to use the metaphoric mode of fantasy, to write about worlds and creatures which we know do not exist, whether Tolkien’s ‘Middle-earth’, Orwell’s ‘Ingsoc’, the remote islands of Golding and Wells, or the Martians and Tralfa-madorians who burst into peaceful English or American suburbia in Wells and Vonnegut. A ready explanation for this phenomenon is of course that it represents a kind of literary disease, whose sufferers – the millions of readers of fantasy – should be scorned, pitied, or rehabilitated back to correct and proper taste. Commonly the disease is said to be ‘escapism’: readers and writers of fantasy are fleeing from reality. The problem with this is that so many of the originators of the later twentieth-century fantastic mode, including all four of those first mentioned above (Tolkien, Orwell, Golding, Vonnegut) are combat veterans, present at or at least deeply involved in the most traumatically significant events of the century, such as the Battle of the Somme (Tolkien), the bombing of Dresden (Vonnegut), the rise and early victory of fascism (Orwell). Nor can anyone say that they turned their backs on these events. Rather, they had to find some way of communicating and commenting on them. It is strange that this had, for some reason, in so many cases to involve fantasy as well as realism, but that is what has happened.
Tom Shippey (J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century)