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Rwanda’s journey of institutional transformation stands out as one of the most compelling examples in Africa. In the aftermath of the 1994 genocide, which claimed nearly a million lives, the country was left devastated, burdened with fractured institutions, deep ethnic divisions, and a collapsed economy. Yet, in just a few decades, Rwanda rebuilt itself into a beacon of governance effectiveness on the continent. Under Paul Kagame’s leadership, the government instituted a results-oriented approach, where public officials were held accountable to clear, measurable goals. The introduction of Imihigo, a performance contract system, ensured accountability at every level of governance, fostering a culture of efficiency and transparency. In stark contrast to the bureaucratic gridlock and corruption that plague many African nations, Rwanda’s focus on streamlined processes and integrity became central to its institutional success.
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George K'Opiyo (Rethinking Leadership in Afria: Reflections on Dependency and Learned Helplessness)