β
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Cowards die many times before their deaths;
The valiant never taste of death but once.
Of all the wonders that I yet have heard,
It seems to me most strange that men should fear;
Seeing that death, a necessary end,
Will come when it will come.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Men at some time are masters of their fates. The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Et tu, Brute?
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Veni, vidi, vici. (I came, I saw, I conquered.)
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
What is more important, that Caesar is assassinated or that he is assassinated by his intimate friends? β¦ That,β Frederick said, 'is where the tragedy is.
β
β
M.L. Rio (If We Were Villains)
β
Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus; and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs, and peep about
To find ourselves dishonourable graves.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar (Classics Illustrated))
β
A coward dies a thousand times before his death, but the valiant taste of death but once. It seems to me most strange that men should fear, seeing that death, a necessary end, will come when it will come.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Cry havoc and let slip the dogs of war!
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Of all the wonders that I have heard,
It seems to me most strange that men should fear;
Seeing death, a necessary end,
Will come when it will come.
(Act II, Scene 2)
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Beware the ides of March.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
There is a tide in the affairs of men
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
Omitted, all the voyage of their life
Is bound in shallows and in miseries.
On such a full sea are we now afloat;
And we must take the current when it serves,
Or lose our ventures.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
His life was gentle; and the elements
So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, THIS WAS A MAN!
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
In the end, it is impossible not to become what others believe you are.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
As they spoke, the only thing I could think about was that scene from Julius Caesar where Brutus stabs him in the back. Et tu, Eric?
β
β
Nicholas Sparks (A Walk to Remember)
β
Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Experience is the teacher of all things.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell; and George the Third β ['Treason!' cried the Speaker] β may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.
β
β
Patrick Henry
β
The greatest enemy will hide in the last place you would ever look.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
Without training, they lacked knowledge.
Without knowledge, they lacked confidence.
Without confidence, they lacked victory.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
We need a Napoleon. An Alexander. Except that Napoleon lost in the end, and Alexander flamed out and died young. We need a Julius Caesar, except that he made himself a dictator, and died for it.
β
β
Orson Scott Card (Enderβs Game (Ender's Saga, #1))
β
Death, a necessary end, will come when it will come
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
And since you know you cannot see yourself,
so well as by reflection, I, your glass,
will modestly discover to yourself,
that of yourself which you yet know not of.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
When beggars die, there are no comets seen; the heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
There are no tricks in plain and simple faith.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
It is easier to find men who will volunteer to die, than to find those who are willing to endure pain with patience.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
Men are nearly always willing to believe what they wish
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
No one is so brave that he is not disturbed by something unexpected.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
The ides of March are come.
Soothsayer: Ay, Caesar; but not gone.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Bid me run, and I will strive with things impossible.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
What a terrible era in which idiots govern the blind.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
As I love the name of honour more than I fear death.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
But I am constant as the Northern Star,
Of whose true fixed and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
If you must break the law, do it to seize power: in all other cases observe it.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
La culpa, no estΓ‘ en nuestras estrellas, sino en nosotros mismos, que consentimos en ser inferiores.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
It is better to create than to learn! Creating is the essence of life.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
Let me have men about me that are fat,
...Sleek-headed men and such as sleep a-nights.
Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look,
He thinks too much; such men are dangerous.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
I came to Rome when it was a city of stone ... and left it a city of marble
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
As he was valiant, I honor him. But as he was ambitious, I slew him.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Iβm up for the Julius Caesar Author of the Year Award this year. Iβm tremendously proud, considering Caesar is the guy who burned down the Library of Alexandria.
β
β
Jarod Kintz (This Book Has No Title)
β
Now let it work. Mischief, thou art afoot. Take thou what course thou wilt.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Divide and Conquer.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
I love treason but hate a traitor.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
All bad precedents begin as justifiable measures.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
Let the die be cast! [Greek: αΌΞ½Ξ΅ΟΟΞ―ΟΞΈΟ ΞΊΟΞ²ΞΏΟ; contemporary Latin (mis)translation: Iacta alea est!]
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
If the assassination of Julius Caesar became a model for the effective removal of a tyrant, it was also a powerful reminder that getting rid of a tyrant did not necessarily dispose of tyranny.
β
β
Mary Beard (SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome)
β
And it is very much lamented,...
That you have no such mirrors as will turn
Your hidden worthiness into your eye
That you might see your shadow.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
What we wish, we readily believe, and what we ourselves think, we imagine others think also.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him;
The evil that men do lives after them,
The good is oft interred with their bones,
So let it be with Caesar ... The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Caesar answered it ...
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest,
(For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all; all honourable men)
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral ...
He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable manβ¦.
He hath brought many captives home to Rome,
Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:
Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man.
You all did see that on the Lupercal
I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And, sure, he is an honourable man.
I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,
But here I am to speak what I do know.
You all did love him once, not without cause:
What cause withholds you then to mourn for him?
O judgement! thou art fled to brutish beasts,
And men have lost their reasonβ¦. Bear with me;
My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,
And I must pause till it come back to me
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Not much could have distracted me from coffee, but hearing Julius Caesar quoted at Spencerβs certainly did.
β
β
Richelle Mead (The Golden Lily (Bloodlines, #2))
β
And Caesar's spirit, raging for revenge,
With Ate by his side come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice
Cry "Havoc!" and let slip the dogs of war,
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men, groaning for burial.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, / That I am meek and gentle with these butchers!
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Veni, Vidi, Vici. (I came, I saw, I conquered).
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things!
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel:
Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him!
This was the most unkindest cut of all
β
β
William Shakespeare
β
O Judgment ! Thou art fled to brutish beasts, and men have lost their reason !
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
I have not slept.
Between the acting of a dreadful thing
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream:
The Genius and the mortal instruments
Are then in council; and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
The nature of an insurrection.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
And some that smile have in their hearts, I fear, millions of mischiefs.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look;
He thinks too much: such men are dangerous
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
When I was 5 years old, my mom always told me that hapΒpiΒness was the key to life. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I wrote down βhappyβ. They told me I didnβt underΒstand the assignΒment and I told them they didnβt underΒstand life.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
This rudeness is a sauce to his good wit,
Which gives men stomach to digest his words
With better appetite.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
He has not learned the lesson of life who does not every day surmount a fear.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
Danger knows full well that Caesar is more dangerous than he. We are two lions litterβd in one day, and I the elder and more terrible.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
No, Cassius; for the eye sees not itself,
But by reflection, by some other things.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
If we assume that the last breath of, say, Julius Caesar has by now become thoroughly scattered through the atmosphere, then the chances are that each of us inhales one molecule of it with every breath we take.
β
β
James Hopwood Jeans (An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases (Cambridge Library Collection - Physical Sciences))
β
Classical Studies
Question: What were the circumstances of Julius Caesar's death?
Answer: Suspicious ones
β
β
Richard Benson (F in Exams: The Best Test Paper Blunders)
β
But, for my own part, it was Greek to me.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Et Tu BrutΓ©?
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
It struck him as curious that you could create dead men but not living ones. Comrade Ogilvy, who had never existed in the present, now existed in the past, and when once the act of forgery was forgotten, he would exist just as authentically, and upon the same evidence, as Charlemagne or Julius Caesar.
β
β
George Orwell (1984)
β
I was born free as Caesar; so were you
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
for the eye sees not itself,
but by reflection, by some other things.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
I am Caesar not Rex
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,
Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech,
To stir menβs blood: I only speak right on;
I tell you that which you yourselves do know;
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
I could be well moved, if I were as you;
If I could pray to move, prayers would move me:
But I am constant as the northern star,
Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
But Shakespeare never drank coffee. Nor did Julius Caesar, or Socrates. Alexander the Great conquered half the world without even a cafΓ© latte to perk him up. The pyramids were designed and constructed without a whiff of a sniff of caffeine. Coffee was introduced to Europe only in 1615. The achievements of antiquity are quite enough to cow the modern human, but when you realize that they did it all without caffeine it becomes almost unbearable.
β
β
Mark Forsyth (The Etymologicon: A Circular Stroll through the Hidden Connections of the English Language)
β
How many ages hence
Shall this our lofty scene be acted over,
In states unborn and accents yet unknown!
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
It is not these well-fed long-haired men that I fear, but the pale and the hungry-looking....
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar (The Civil War: With the Anonymous Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars)
β
In war, events of importance are the result of trivial causes.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
But 'tis common proof, that lowliness is young ambition's ladder, whereto the climber-upward turns his face; but when he once attains the upmost round, he then turns his back, looks in the clouds, scorning the vase defrees by which he did ascend.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
But men may construe things after their fashion, Clean from the purpose of the things themselves.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
When I notice how carefully arranged his hair is and when I watch him adjusting the parting with one finger, I cannot imagine that this man could conceive of such a wicked thing as to destroy the Roman constitution.
β
β
Marcus Tullius Cicero
β
Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus, and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs and peep about
To find ourselves dishonorable graves.
Men at some time are masters of their fates.
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars
But in ourselves, that we are underlings.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Into what dangers would you lead me, Cassius,
That you would have me seek into myself
For that which is not in me?
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
He reads much;
He is a great observer and he looks
Quite through the deeds of men: he loves no plays,
As thou dost, Antony; he hears no music;
Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort
As if he mock'd himself and scorn'd his spirit
That could be moved to smile at any thing.
Such men as he be never at heart's ease
Whiles they behold a greater than themselves,
And therefore are they very dangerous.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
Ich liebe den Verrat, aber ich hasse den VerrΓ€ter.
β
β
Gaius Julius Caesar
β
These growing feathers pluck'd from Caesar's wing
Will make him fly an ordinary pitch,
Who else would soar above the view of men
And keep us all in servile fearfulness.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
You must bear losses like a soldier, the voice told me, bravely and without complaint, and just when the day seems lost, grab your shield for another stand, another thrust forward. That is the juncture that separates heroes from the merely strong.
β
β
Margaret George (The Memoirs of Cleopatra)
β
O that a man might know
The end of this day's business ere it come!
But it sufficeth that the day will end
And then the end is known.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar (Classics Illustrated))
β
If we do meet again, why, we shall smile;
if not this parting was well made.
β
β
one William Shakespeare
β
Between the acting of a dreadful thing
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasm or a hideous dream.
The genius and the moral instruments
Are then in council, and the state of a man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
The nature of an insurrection.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
NΓ£o tenho dormido.
Entre a aΓ§Γ£o de um ato terrΓvel e o primeiro gesto, todo esse intervalo Γ© como um fantasma ou um sonho odioso: O GΓ©nio e os instrumentos mortais estΓ£o nessa altura reunidos; e a condiΓ§Γ£o do homem, equiparΓ‘vel a um pequeno reino, sofre entΓ£o a natureza de uma insurreiΓ§Γ£o.
β
β
William Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
β
The personal inevitably trumps the political, and the erotic trumps all: We will remember that Cleopatra slept with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony long after we have forgotten what she accomplished in doing so, that she sustained a vast, rich, densely populated empire in its troubled twilight in the name of a proud and cultivated dynasty. She remains on the map for having seduced two of the greatest men of her time, while her crime was to have entered into those same "wily and suspicious" marital partnerships that every man in power enjoyed. She did so in reverse and in her own name; this made her a deviant, socially disruptive, an unnatural woman. To these she added a few other offenses. She made Rome feel uncouth, insecure, and poor, sufficient cause for anxiety without adding sexuality into the mix.
β
β
Stacy Schiff (Cleopatra: A Life)
β
We look back on history, and what do we see? Empires rising and falling; revolutions and counter-revolutions succeeding one another; wealth accumulating and wealth dispersed; one nation dominant and then another. As Shakespeareβs King Lear puts it, βthe rise and fall of great ones that ebb and flow with the moon.β In one lifetime Iβve seen my fellow countrymen ruling over a quarter of the world, and the great majority of them convinced β in the words of what is still a favorite song β that God has made them mighty and will make them mightier yet. Iβve heard a crazed Austrian announce the establishment of a German Reich that was to last for a thousand years; an Italian clown report that the calendar will begin again with his assumption of power; a murderous Georgian brigand in the Kremlin acclaimed by the intellectual elite as wiser than Solomon, more enlightened than Ashoka, more humane than Marcus Aurelius. Iβve seen America wealthier than all the rest of the world put together; and with the superiority of weaponry that would have enabled Americans, had they so wished, to outdo an Alexander or a Julius Caesar in the range and scale of conquest. All in one little lifetime β gone with the wind: England now part of an island off the coast of Europe, threatened with further dismemberment; Hitler and Mussolini seen as buffoons; Stalin a sinister name in the regime he helped to found and dominated totally for three decades; Americans haunted by fears of running out of the precious fluid that keeps their motorways roaring and the smog settling, by memories of a disastrous military campaign in Vietnam, and the windmills of Watergate. Can this really be what life is about β this worldwide soap opera going on from century to century, from era to era, as old discarded sets and props litter the earth? Surely not. Was it to provide a location for so repetitive and ribald a production as this that the universe was created and man, or homo sapiens as he likes to call himself β heaven knows why β came into existence? I canβt believe it. If this were all, then the cynics, the hedonists, and the suicides are right: the most we can hope for from life is amusement, gratification of our senses, and death. But it is not all.
β
β
Malcolm Muggeridge
β
When my namesake, the great Caesar, rode in triumph,β Julius said, βhe was accompanied by a slave whose role was to whisper to him, You are but mortal. To remind him he was merely a man who would one day die like any other. If I could, I should have you at my side to remind me that I am alive, because I have not felt alive in so damned long, and with you, I do. No, I donβt want you to marry, any more than I want you to return to your dirty democrats. I want to show you the world, and see you smile, and keep you with me while my soul grows back.
β
β
K.J. Charles (A Fashionable Indulgence (Society of Gentlemen, #1))
β
Homer, in the second book of the Iliad says with fine enthusiasm, "Give me masturbation or give me death." Caesar, in his Commentaries, says, "To the lonely it is company; to the forsaken it is a friend; to the aged and to the impotent it is a benefactor. They that are penniless are yet rich, in that they still have this majestic diversion." In another place this experienced observer has said, "There are times when I prefer it to sodomy." Robinson Crusoe says, "I cannot describe what I owe to this gentle art." Queen Elizabeth said, "It is the bulwark of virginity." Cetewayo, the Zulu hero, remarked, "A jerk in the hand is worth two in the bush." The immortal Franklin has said, "Masturbation is the best policy." Michelangelo and all of the other old masters--"old masters," I will remark, is an abbreviation, a contraction--have used similar language. Michelangelo said to Pope Julius II, "Self-negation is noble, self-culture beneficent, self-possession is manly, but to the truly great and inspiring soul they are poor and tame compared with self-abuse." Mr. Brown, here, in one of his latest and most graceful poems, refers to it in an eloquent line which is destined to live to the end of time--"None knows it but to love it; none name it but to praise.
β
β
Mark Twain (On Masturbation)
β
CHRONO-SYNCLASTIC INFUNDIBULAβJust imagine that your Daddy is the smartest man who ever lived on Earth, and he knows everything there is to find out, and he is exactly right about everything, and he can prove he is right about everything. Now imagine another little child on some nice world a million light years away, and that little childβs Daddy is the smartest man who ever lived on that nice world so far away. And he is just as smart and just as right as your Daddy is. Both Daddies are smart, and both Daddies are right. Β Β Β Only if they ever met each other they would get into a terrible argument, because they wouldnβt agree on anything. Now, you can say that your Daddy is right and the other little childβs Daddy is wrong, but the Universe is an awfully big place. There is room enough for an awful lot of people to be right about things and still not agree. Β Β Β The reason both Daddies can be right and still get into terrible fights is because there are so many different ways of being right. There are places in the Universe, though, where each Daddy could finally catch on to what the other Daddy was talking about. These places are where all the different kinds of truths fit together as nicely as the parts in your Daddyβs solar watch. We call these places chrono-synclastic infundibula. Β Β Β The Solar System seems to be full of chrono-synclastic infundibula. There is one great big one we are sure of that likes to stay between Earth and Mars. We know about that one because an Earth man and his Earth dog ran right into it. Β Β Β You might think it would be nice to go to a chrono-synclastic infundibulum and see all the different ways to be absolutely right, but it is a very dangerous thing to do. The poor man and his poor dog are scattered far and wide, not just through space, but through time, too. Β Β Β Chrono (kroh-no) means time. Synclastic (sin-class-tick) means curved toward the same side in all directions, like the skin of an orange. Infundibulum (in-fun-dib-u-lum) is what the ancient Romans like Julius Caesar and Nero called a funnel. If you donβt know what a funnel is, get Mommy to show you one.
β
β
Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (The Sirens of Titan)
β
My conception of freedom. -- The value of a thing sometimes does not lie in that which one attains by it, but in what one pays for it -- what it costs us. I shall give an example. Liberal institutions cease to be liberal as soon as they are attained: later on, there are no worse and no more thorough injurers of freedom than liberal institutions. Their effects are known well enough: they undermine the will to power; they level mountain and valley, and call that morality; they make men small, cowardly, and hedonistic -- every time it is the herd animal that triumphs with them. Liberalism: in other words, herd-animalization.
These same institutions produce quite different effects while they are still being fought for; then they really promote freedom in a powerful way. On closer inspection it is war that produces these effects, the war for liberal institutions, which, as a war, permits illiberal instincts to continue. And war educates for freedom. For what is freedom? That one has the will to assume responsibility for oneself. That one maintains the distance which separates us. That one becomes more indifferent to difficulties, hardships, privation, even to life itself. That one is prepared to sacrifice human beings for one's cause, not excluding oneself. Freedom means that the manly instincts which delight in war and victory dominate over other instincts, for example, over those of "pleasure." The human being who has become free -- and how much more the spirit who has become free -- spits on the contemptible type of well-being dreamed of by shopkeepers, Christians, cows, females, Englishmen, and other democrats. The free man is a warrior. How is freedom measured in individuals and peoples? According to the resistance which must be overcome, according to the exertion required, to remain on top. The highest type of free men should be sought where the highest resistance is constantly overcome: five steps from tyranny, close to the threshold of the danger of servitude. This is true psychologically if by "tyrants" are meant inexorable and fearful instincts that provoke the maximum of authority and discipline against themselves; most beautiful type: Julius Caesar. This is true politically too; one need only go through history. The peoples who had some value, who attained some value, never attained it under liberal institutions: it was great danger that made something of them that merits respect. Danger alone acquaints us with our own resources, our virtues, our armor and weapons, our spirit, and forces us to be strong. First principle: one must need to be strong -- otherwise one will never become strong.
Those large hothouses for the strong -- for the strongest kind of human being that has so far been known -- the aristocratic commonwealths of the type of Rome or Venice, understood freedom exactly in the sense in which I understand it: as something one has and does not have, something one wants, something one conquers
β
β
Friedrich Nietzsche