Iris Marion Young Quotes

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Breasts are a scandal because they shatter the border between motherhood and sexuality.
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Iris Marion Young
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One theorist, Iris Marion Young, relying on a famous “birdcage” metaphor, explains it this way: If one thinks about racism by examining only one wire of the cage, or one form of disadvantage, it is difficult to understand how and why the bird is trapped. Only a large number of wires arranged in a specific way, and connected to one another, serve to enclose the bird and to ensure that it cannot escape.11
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Michelle Alexander (The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness)
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One theorist, Iris Marion Young, relying on a famous “birdcage” metaphor, explains it this way: If one thinks about racism by examining only one wire of the cage, or one form of disadvantage, it is difficult to understand how and why the bird is trapped. Only a large number of wires arranged in a specific way, and connected to one another, serve to enclose the bird and to ensure that it cannot escape.
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Michelle Alexander (The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness)
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structural racism, yet the concept is fairly straightforward. One theorist, Iris Marion Young, relying on a famous “birdcage” metaphor, explains it this way: If one thinks about racism by examining only one wire of the cage, or one form of disadvantage, it is difficult to understand how and why the bird is trapped. Only a large number of wires arranged in a specific way, and connected to one another, serve to enclose the bird and to ensure that it cannot escape.
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Michelle Alexander (The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness)
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The unfortunate reality we must face is that racism manifests itself not only in individual attitudes and stereotypes, but also in the basic structure of society. Academics have developed complicated theories and obscure jargon in an effort to describe what is now referred to as structural racism, yet the concept is fairly straightforward. One theorist, Iris Marion Young, relying on a famous “birdcage” metaphor, explains it this way: If one thinks about racism by examining only one wire of the cage, or one form of disadvantage, it is difficult to understand how and why the bird is trapped. Only a large number of wires arranged in a specific way, and connected to one another, serve to enclose the bird and to ensure that it cannot escape.11 What is particularly important to keep in mind is that any given wire of the cage may or may not be specifically developed for the purpose of trapping the bird, yet it still operates (together with the other wires) to restrict its freedom. By the same token, not every aspect of a racial caste system needs to be developed for the specific purpose of controlling black people in order for it to operate (together with other laws, institutions, and practices) to trap them at the bottom of a racial hierarchy. In the system of mass incarceration, a wide variety of laws, institutions, and practices—ranging from racial profiling to biased sentencing policies, political disenfranchisement, and legalized employment discrimination—trap African Americans in a virtual (and literal) cage. Fortunately,
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Michelle Alexander (The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness)
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Thus the activity of preservation should be distinguished from the nostalgia accompanying fantasies of a lost home from which the subject is separated and to which he seeks to return. Preservation entails remembrance, which is quite different from nostalgia.
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Iris Marion Young (On Female Body Experience: "Throwing Like a Girl" and Other Essays (Studies in Feminist Philosophy))
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Academics have developed complicated theories and obscure jargon in an effort to describe what is now referred to as st7-uctunal racism, yet the concept is fairly straightforward. One theorist, Iris Marion Young, relying on a famous "birdcage" metaphor, explains it this way: If one thinks about racism by examining only one wire of the cage, or one form of disadvantage, it is difficult to understand how and why the bird is trapped. Only a large number of wires arranged in a specific way, and connected to one another, serve to enclose the bird and to ensure that it cannot escape.11
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Michelle Alexander (The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness)
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Iris Marion Young discusses how some girls learn to “throw like girls”; they learn not to get themselves behind an action, exhibiting what she calls “inhibited intentionality.” She describes how girls often “lack confidence in their capacity to do what needs to be done.” She notes, “We decide beforehand—usually mistakenly—that the task is beyond us and thus give it less than our full effort.”Decisions we make about our capacities are not always our own. We receive messages all the time that tell us who can do what (and who cannot). If you are told you can’t do it, that girls can’t do it, you might doubt whether you can do it; you might not put all of yourself into it. And then when you don’t manage it, you don’t pull it off, the judgment that you are not capable is confirmed. Gender norms sometimes work through a reversal of sequence: we assume we do it because we can, or don’t because we can’t, but often we can do it because we do it, or we can’t because we don’t. Over time, girls learn to inhabit their bodies with less confidence, assuming what they cannot do as a restriction of a horizon of possibility.
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Sara Ahmed (The Feminist Killjoy Handbook: The Radical Potential of Getting in the Way)
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The first movements of the fetus produce this sense of the splitting subject; the fetus's movements are wholly mine, completely within me, condition my experience and space. Only I have access to these movements from their origin, as it were. For months only I can witness this life within me, and it is only under my direction of where to put their hands that others can feel these movements. I have a privileged relation to this other life, not unlike that which I have to my dreams and thoughts, which I can tell someone but which cannot be an object for both of us in the same way... Pregnancy challenges the integration of my body experience by rendering fluid the boundary between what is within, myself, and what is outside, separate. I experience my insides as the space of another, yet my own body.
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Iris Marion Young (On Female Body Experience: "Throwing Like a Girl" and Other Essays (Studies in Feminist Philosophy))
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The integrity of my body is undermined in pregnancy not only by this externality of the inside, but also by the fact that the boundaries of my body are themselves in flux. In pregnancy I literally do not have a firm sense of where my body ends and the world begins. My automatic body habits become dislodged; the continuity between my customary body and my body at this moment is broken. In pregnancy, my prepregnant body image does not entirely leave my movements and expectations, yet it is with the pregnant body that I must move. This is another instance of the doubling of the pregnant subject. I move as if I could squeeze around chairs and through crowds as I could seven months before, only to find my way blocked by my own body sticking out in front of me - but yet not me, since I did not expect it to block my passage. As I lean over in my chair to tie my shore, I am surprised by the graze of this hard belly on my thigh. I do not anticipate my body touching itself, for my habits retain the old sense of my boundaries. In the ambiguity of bodily touch, I feel myself being touched and touching simultaneously, both on my knee and my belly. The belly is other, since I did not expect it there, but since I feel the touch upon it, it is me.
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Iris Marion Young (On Female Body Experience: "Throwing Like a Girl" and Other Essays (Studies in Feminist Philosophy))
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In classical art this 'aura' surrounding motherhood depicts repose. The dominant culture projects pregnancy as a time of quiet waiting. We refer to the woman as 'expecting,' as though this new life were flying in from another planet and she sat in her rocking chair by the window, occasionally moving the curtain aside to see whether the ship is coming. The image of uneventful waiting associated with pregnancy reveals clearly how much the discourse of pregnancy leaves out the subjectivity of the woman. From the point of view of others pregnancy is primarily a time of waiting and watching, when nothing happens. For the pregnant subject, on the other hand, pregnancy has a temporality of movement, growth, and change. The pregnant subject is not simply a splitting which the two halves lie open and still, but a dialectic. The pregnant woman experiences herself as a source and participant in a creative process. Though she does not plan and direct it, neither does it merely wash over; rather, she is this process, this change. Time stretches out, moments and days take on a depth because she experiences more changes in herself, her body. Each day, each week, she looks at herself for signs of transformation... For others the birth of an infant may only be a beginning, but for the birthing woman it is a conclusion as well. It signals the close of a process she has been undergoing for nine months, the leaving of this unique body she has moved through, always surprising her a bit in its boundary changes and inner kicks. Especially if this is her first child she experiences the birth as a transition to a new self that she may both desire and fear. She fears a loss of identity, as though on the other side of the birth she herself became a transformed person, such that she would 'never be the same again.
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Iris Marion Young (On Female Body Experience: "Throwing Like a Girl" and Other Essays (Studies in Feminist Philosophy))
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As Iris Marion Young later put it in ‘Throwing Like a Girl’, a 1980 essay applying Beauvoir’s analysis in more detail, girls come to think of themselves as ‘positioned in space’ rather than as defining or constituting the space around them by their movements.
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Sarah Bakewell (At the Existentialist Café: Freedom, Being, and Apricot Cocktails with Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Others)
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Nostalgic longing is always for an elsewhere. Remembrance is the affirmation of what brought us here.
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Iris Marion Young (On Female Body Experience: "Throwing Like a Girl" and Other Essays (Studies in Feminist Philosophy))
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Young revient sur les approches fĂ©ministes des annĂ©es 1970 et sur l'antagonisme apparemment irrĂ©conciliable sur lequel elles ont dĂ©bouchĂ© : d'un cĂŽtĂ©, un idĂ©al universaliste qui refuse de considĂ©rer que le sexe biologique de naissance puisse avoir une quelconque incidence sur les projets d'un individu et sur la façon dont il noue des relations Ă  autrui, de l'autre, une approche diffĂ©rentialiste insistant sur les spĂ©cificitĂ©s corporelles de leur existence et sur l'importance de la maternitĂ© pour caractĂ©riser l'expĂ©rience de la plupart des femmes. Elle Ă©voque ensuite la proposition de Judith Butler de se dĂ©barrasser du sujet politique du fĂ©minisme, qu'il soit fondĂ© sur une dĂ©finition biologique (le sexe) ou sur une dĂ©finition sociale et culturelle (le genre). En montrant que la matĂ©rialitĂ© des corps sexuĂ©s est elle-mĂȘme socialement construite et que le genre est une performance, Butler fait l'hypothĂšse qu'on s'extirperait de l'opposition paralysante entre options universaliste et diffĂ©rentialiste. Mais, pour Iris Marion Young, aussi pertinent et utiles soit-elle, la pensĂ©e queer reste insuffisante quand il s'agit de comprendre l'expĂ©rience vĂ©cue ordinaire qui s'Ă©prouve au regard de la fĂ©minitĂ© et de la masculinitĂ© hĂ©gĂ©moniques. Elle propose donc de revenir Ă  la phĂ©nomĂ©nologie existentialiste de Simone de Beauvoir dont le cƓur thĂ©orique est le concept de *corps vĂ©cu* dĂ©fini comme « l'idĂ©e unifiĂ©e d'un corps physique agissant et s'Ă©prouvant dans un contexte socio-culturel spĂ©cifique ; c'est un corps-en-situation ». Une fois ce postulat posĂ©, elle s'attache Ă  dĂ©plier la dialectique beuvoirienne de la facticitĂ© et de la libertĂ© : la relation entre l'existence concrĂšte et matĂ©rielle de la personne et son environnement physique et social constitue sa facticitĂ© ; cependant, toute personne est dotĂ©e de la libertĂ© ontologique de se construire elle-mĂȘme dans sa relation Ă  cette facticitĂ©. (p. 126-127)
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Camille Froidevaux-Metterie (Un corps Ă  soi)
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En ce uqi concerne les femmes et les relations de domination dans lesquelles elles sont enserrées, ces structures sont de trois ordres : la division sexuelle du travail, l'hétérosexualité normative et les hiérarchies genrées de pouvoir. La premiÚre les enferme dans les activités du care, non rémunérées dans le cadre des tùches domestiques, et faiblement rétribuées dans un cadre professionnel. La deuxiÚme stigmatise les personnes qui transgressent les normes - gay et lesbiennes -, renforçant ainsi leur invisibilité. Quant aux hiérarchies genrées de pouvoir, repérables dans tous les domaines de la vie sociale, elles reposent sur des formes de violence institutionnalisées et organisées qui confÚrent à certains individus des privilÚges significatifs tout en limitant considérablement les opportunités offertes à ceux (celles en l'occurrence) qui n'en bénéficient pas. Les structures de contrainte impliquent donc des relations de domination, voire d'exploitation, qui jouent au bénéfice exclusif des hommes. Toutefois, poursuit Iris Marion Young, aussi restreints que soient les choix disponibles et aussi pesantes les entraves, chaque femme agit à sa maniÚre propre, dans l'appropriation ou la résistance, la reconfiguration ou le rejet. Car, insiste la philosophe, les rapports de pouvoir genrés ne sont pas que subis, ils sont aussi vécus, c'est-à-dire qu'ils renvoient à une expérience éminemment subjective. « Le genre, en tant qu'il est social, est aussi vécu par le biais des corps individuels, il renvoie toujours à une réaction expérientelle et personnelle, non à un ensemble d'attributs que les individus auraient en commun .» Toute l'originalité de la démarche de Young se donne à voir dans cette ambition : tenir ensemble l'analyse de la subjectivité féminine et la compréhension des mécanismes sociaux qui entretiennent la domination masculine. (p. 129-130)
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Camille Froidevaux-Metterie (Un corps Ă  soi)
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Au point de dĂ©part de la rĂ©flexion de Young, il y a le constat d'une lacune dans le champ de la pensĂ©e fĂ©ministe : « De façon Ă©trange, les chercheuses fĂ©ministes n'ont que trĂšs peu pensĂ© de façon mĂ©thodique ces expĂ©riences ordinaires du corps par lesquelles la plupart des femmes s'identifient spĂ©cifiquement en tant que femmes, quand bien mĂȘme ces expĂ©riences varient grandement du point de vue de leurs caractĂ©ristiques concrĂštes. » Young l'explique par le fait que la plupart des analyses se fondent sur une interprĂ©tation des diffĂ©rences corporelles comme Ă  la fois terreau et justification des inĂ©galitĂ©s structurelles entre femmes et hommes. Dans cette perspective, la corporĂ©itĂ© fĂ©minine est ce qu'il faut dĂ©construire et, d'une certaine façon, oublier. D'oĂč cette occultation qui fut aussi une Ă©tape incontournable, voire nĂ©cessaire, dans l'histoire de la libĂ©ration des femmes : aprĂšs des siĂšcles d'enfermement dans le carcan de leurs corps reproducteurs, les femmes devaient s'en affranchir tout Ă  fait pour Ă©prouver, enfin, la condition de sujet libre et agissant qui leur avait Ă©tĂ© jusque-lĂ  dĂ©niĂ©e. Selon Iris Marion Young, c'est prĂ©cisĂ©ment au nom de cette aspiration Ă  l'universalitĂ© abstraite que le fĂ©minisme humaniste s'est imposĂ© sous la forme d'une « rĂ©volte contre la fĂ©minitĂ© ». (p. 114)
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Camille Froidevaux-Metterie (Un corps Ă  soi)
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Le dĂ©fi que la philosophe [Iris Marion Young] entreprend alors de relever est au fondement mĂȘme de son fĂ©minisme phĂ©nomĂ©nologique : comment penser le corps des femmes, dans ses dimensions spĂ©cifiquement sexuĂ©es, sans tomber dans l'orniĂšre essentialiste ? Comment articuler l'idĂ©e que la subjectivitĂ© fĂ©minine est indissociable de la corporĂ©itĂ©, l'expĂ©rience des femmes Ă©tant toujours « vĂ©cue et Ă©prouvĂ©e de façon charnelle », tout en gardant la perspective de la destruction des ressorts patriarcaux de la soumission fĂ©minine ? Comment enfin s'intĂ©resser Ă  ces caractĂ©ristiques corporelles prĂ©tendument communes Ă  toutes les femmes sans gommer du mĂȘme coup toutes ces autres, notamment celles fondĂ©es sur la race et la classe, qui creusent d'incommensurables Ă©carts entre les femmes et constituent autant de facteurs d'oppression ? Deux Ă©cueils Ă©pistĂ©mologiques doivent ĂȘtre Ă©vitĂ©s : il faut, d'une part, apprĂ©hender le corps fĂ©minin en le dĂ©sinsĂ©rant du cadre essentialisant de la fĂ©minitĂ© et, d'autre part, penser l'expĂ©rience vĂ©cue de la corporĂ©itĂ© fĂ©minine sans l'universaliser. (p. 116)
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Camille Froidevaux-Metterie (Un corps Ă  soi)
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Iris Marion Young ne s'arrĂȘte pas Ă  la description des modalitĂ©s typiques du corps fĂ©minin, elle en met au jour les raisons, prĂ©cisant que la source « ne se trouve ni dans l'anatomie ni dans la physiologie, et surtout pas dans une mystĂ©rieuse essence fĂ©minine », mais dĂ©coule « de la situation prĂ©cise des femmes conditionnĂ©es par l'oppression sexiste dans la sociĂ©tĂ© contemporaine ». Elle rappelle que, dans une perspective phĂ©nomĂ©nologique, le corps ne peut exister comme objet, qu'il est indissociable de la subjectivitĂ©, impliquĂ© vers un au-delĂ  de soi-mĂȘme. Elle montre que les femmes l'Ă©prouvent cependant toujours comme Ă©tant Ă  la fois sujet et objet. La preuve en est qu'elles manifestent un niveau Ă©levĂ© de « proĂ©minence corporelle », c'est-Ă -dire une conscience aiguĂ« de et une attention constante Ă  leur propres corps. De cela, Young dĂ©duit que l'existence corporelle fĂ©minine est autorĂ©fĂ©rentielle. D'abord, parce que la femme se perçoit comme l'objet du mouvement plutĂŽt que comme son autrice ; puis du fait qu'elle divise systĂ©matiquement son attention entre la tĂąche qu'elle doit accomplir et le corps qu'elle doit persuader d'agir ; enfin, parce qu'elle sait que son mouvement sera regardĂ©. (p. 175-176)
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Camille Froidevaux-Metterie (Un corps Ă  soi)