Influential Black Quotes

One of the credos of my life is taken from Viktor Frankl, a Jewish survivor of Nazi concentration camps, who was a psychiatrist and author. In his highly influential book, Man’s Search for Meaning, he related that after the war someone asked him if he ‘hated the German race.’ He responded that he did not because in his view, ‘There are only two races, the decent and the indecent.’ That is how I divide the world. Not between Muslim and non-Muslim, black and white, or American and non-American, but between the decent and indecent. The issues I raise about Islam are not about the decency of Muslims, but about whether Islam in its traditional Islamist configuration is more or less likely than the American value system to produce good societies.

And in these days, long before the influential determined that our criminal justice system needed reform, all we have is the shame of it, we who are families. There are no support groups, no places to discuss what is happening.

[Farmer] had problems with groups that on the surface would have seemed like allies, that often were allies in fact, with for example what he called "WL's"- white liberals, some of whose most influential spokespeople were black and prosperous. 'I love WL's, love 'em to death. They're on our side,' he had told me some days ago, defining the term. 'But WL's think all the world's problems can be fixed without any cost to themselves. We don't believe that. There's a lot to be said for sacrifice, remorse, even pity. It's what separates us from roaches.

An “alternative” to the mainstream frat boys and premed straight and narrow guys, these scholarly, charmless, intellectual brats dominated the more creative departments. As an art history major, I couldn’t escape them. “Dudes” reading Nietzsche on the subway, reading Proust, reading David Foster Wallace, jotting down their brilliant thoughts into a black Moleskine pocket notebook. Beer bellies and skinny legs, zip-up hoodies, navy blue peacoats or army green parkas, New Balance sneakers, knit hats, canvas tote bags, small hands, hairy knuckles, maybe a deer head tattooed across a flabby bicep. They rolled their own cigarettes, didn’t brush their teeth enough, spent a hundred dollars a week on coffee. They would come into Ducat, the gallery I ended up working at, with their younger—usually Asian—girlfriends. “An Asian girlfriend means the guy has a small dick,” Reva once said. I’d hear them talk shit about the art. They lamented the success of others. They thought that they wanted to be adored, to be influential, celebrated for their genius, that they deserved to be worshipped. But they could barely look at themselves in the mirror. They were all on Klonopin, was my guess. They lived mostly in Brooklyn, another reason I was glad to live on the Upper East Side.

The best-known connection between footfall, knowledge and memory is the Aboriginal Australian vision of the Songlines. According to this cosmogony, the world was created in an epoch known as the Dreamtime, when the Ancestors emerged to find the earth a black, flat, featureless terrain. They began to walk out across this non-place, and as they walked they broke through the crust of the earth and released the sleeping life beneath it, so that the landscape sprang up into being with each pace. As Bruce Chatwin explained in his flawed but influential account, ‘each totemic ancestor, while travelling through the country, was thought to have scattered a trail of words and musical notes along the line of his footprints'. Depending on where they fell, these foot-notes became linked with particular features of the landscape. Thus the world was covered by ‘Dreaming-tracks’ that ‘lay over the land as “ways” of communication’, each track having its corresponding Song.... To sing out was–-and still is, just about, for the Songs survive, though more and more of them slip away with each generation–-therefore to find one’s way, and storytelling was indivisible from wayfaring.

W.E.B. Du Bois called such erasure [of the first arrival of enslaved Africans to America] the propaganda of history. "It is propaganda like this that has led men in the past to insist that history is 'lies agreed upon'; and to point out the danger in such misinformation," he wrote in his influential treatise Black Reconstruction (1935). Du Bois argued that America had falsified the fact of its history "because the nation was ashamed.

The feminist philosophy that has shaped my thinking has been articulated most clearly by Marilyn Frye;67 Catharine MacKinnon68 has been influential in my understanding of the law’s role; Gerda Lerner helped me understand the relationship between gender and class; and Audre Lorde69 and Barbara Smith70 challenged many of my unconscious assumptions about gender and race. Important to the struggle to bring to feminist theory and politics a deeper analysis of the complexity of all these interactions among systems of power has been Patricia Hill Collins’ 1990 book on black feminist thought and “the matrix of domination.”71 Other sources of my early understanding of these themes were the work of bell hooks, especially her 1984 book72 and her ongoing critique of “white-supremacist capitalist patriarchy,” and the influential 1981 collection This Bridge Called My Back: Writing by Radical Women of Color.73 Today

Charles G. Finney, known as “America’s foremost revivalist,” was a major leader of the Second Great Awakening. Finney was a fiery, entertaining, and spontaneous preacher, and was widely influential among millions of Americans. In addition, however, Finney was deeply concerned with social justice. He was an abolitionist leader who frequently denounced slavery from his pulpit and denied communion to slaveholders. He was president of Oberlin, the first college in America to educate black and white men and women in the same classrooms.

My radio show’s producer, Sherri, is African American. She just got back from a trip where she was a guest speaker at a youth event in a church that was primarily white. Just before the Sunday morning service, she was called into the minister’s study for prayer, and she met a man who was overtly hostile to her. The way he looked at her, dismissively and contemptuously, made her feel hated. She felt utterly unwelcome, lonely, and out of place. After she spoke, the same man approached her, took off his glasses, and started crying. He told her that hers was the most influential talk he’d ever heard, and it had affected him particularly because he is very racist against blacks. She was stunned by his honesty. “We’ve always been this way. My family has always been racist. I’ve learned this from my dad. I’m so sorry. I’ve got to change,” he told her. “I can see Jesus is using you. And he’s using you to change me.” Sherri then asked to meet his dad. She did. And she hugged him. I know Sherri takes racism very, very seriously. But, she says, she also has to forgive racists, because she has to love people in her family. And they are part of her family. She has to love them as Jesus loves her. Sherri’s love is not naive. But that’s exactly why it’s so profound. She’s setting her offense aside, not because it doesn’t matter, not because it isn’t completely understandable, but because of what Jesus has done for her. She’s choosing against offense, not just because God loves these men but also because God loves her and has set aside her very real offenses in order to be with her. There are those of us who pat ourselves on the back for loving our families and friends. “I’m loyal to the end; I’d die for my kids,” we’ll say. Truth is, that’s not really terribly remarkable. Everyone, or practically everyone, feels this way. What is terribly remarkable is when someone is willing to love a person, in the name of Jesus, whom he or she would otherwise despise. It makes no sense otherwise. Why would we ever regard someone as family who would otherwise be an enemy? Why ignore his faults, or cover her wrongs with love? Without Jesus, it simply makes no sense. Sherri’s very refusal, and our very refusal, to take and hold offense is evidence of the existence of God. This is how they’ll know we belong to Him, Jesus says. So let’s love—from this moment forward—because He first loved us.

Not a single scene, situation, idea, or image that was in that screenplay was in my script for Django Unchained. Yet... the essence of what Floyd was trying to accomplish in that script, an epic western with a black heroic cowboy at its center, was the very heart of what I was trying to accomplish with Django Unchained. But even more influential than any one script was having a man trying to be a screenwriter living in my house. Him writing, him talking about his script, me reading it, made me consider for the first time writing movies. The reason I knew how to even format a screenplay was from reading Floyd's screenplays. It would be a long read—from that year of 1978 to me completing my first feature length screenplay -True Romance- in September 1987. But due to Floyd's inspiration I tried writing screenplays. I usually never got that far. I think thirty was by far the furthest I ever got. But I tried. And eventually succeeded.

When a brilliant critic and a beautiful woman (that’s my order of priorities, not necessarily those of the men who teach her) puts on black suede spike heels and a ruby mouth before asking an influential professor to be her thesis advisor, is she a slut? Or is she doing her duty to herself, in a clear-eyed appraisal of a hostile or indifferent milieu, by taking care to nourish her real gift under the protection of her incidental one? Does her hand shape the lipstick into a cupid’s bow in a gesture of free will? She doesn’t have to do it. That is the response the beauty myth would like a woman to have, because then the Other Woman is the enemy. Does she in fact have to do it? The aspiring woman does not have to do it if she has a choice. She will have a choice when a plethora of faculties in her field, headed by women and endowed by generations of female magnates and robber baronesses, open their gates to her; when multinational corporations led by women clamor for the skills of young female graduates; when there are other universities, with bronze busts of the heroines of half a millennium’s classical learning; when there are other research-funding boards maintained by the deep coffers provided by the revenues of female inventors, where half the chairs are held by women scientists. She’ll have a choice when her application is evaluated blind. Women will have the choice never to stoop, and will deserve the full censure for stooping, to consider what the demands on their “beauty” of a board of power might be, the minute they know they can count on their fair share: that 52 percent of the seats of the highest achievement are open to them. They will deserve the blame that they now get anyway only when they know that the best dream of their one life will not be forcibly compressed into an inverted pyramid, slammed up against a glass ceiling, shunted off into a stifling pink-collar ghetto, shoved back dead down a dead-end street.

Among the Founders, Thomas Jefferson wrote about race at greatest length. He thought blacks were mentally inferior to whites and biologically distinct: “[They] secrete less by the kidnies [sic], and more by the glands of the skin, which gives them a strong and disagreeable odor.” He hoped slavery would be abolished, but he did not want free blacks to remain in America: “When freed, [the Negro] is to be removed from beyond the reach of mixture.” Jefferson was one of the first and most influential advocates of “colonization,” or returning blacks to Africa. He also believed in the destiny of whites as a racially distinct people. In 1786 he wrote, “Our Confederacy [the United States] must be viewed as the nest from which all America, North and South, is to be peopled.” In 1801 he looked forward to the day “when our rapid multiplication will expand itself . . . over the whole northern, if not the southern continent, with a people speaking the same language, governed in similar forms, and by similar laws; nor can we contemplate with satisfaction either blot or mixture on that surface.

Jews, notably, were defined as a ‘people’, while others, not even identified, were referred to only as ‘communities’. It was an extraordinary phrase that echoes down the decades and explains why Balfour is remembered a century later by Arabs as the architect of perfidy and disaster.16 Zionists, for opposite reasons, revere his memory; Balfour Street in Jerusalem is still the site of the official residence of the Israeli prime minister. The reservation had been inserted in the text to meet the strong objections raised by Lord Curzon, the former British viceroy of India and, as lord president of the council, an influential member of the war cabinet. Curzon – reflecting contemporary perceptions about the map and identity of the region – had referred to the ‘Syrian Arabs’ who had ‘occupied [Palestine] for the best part of 1,500 years’, and asked what would become of them. ‘They will not be content either to be expropriated for Jewish immigrants or to act merely as hewers of wood and drawers of water to the latter’, he predicted with the help of another then familiar biblical reference.17 The declaration’s second reservation – about the rights of Jews in other countries – was a response to the opposition of Edwin Montagu, the secretary of state for India, even though he was not in the war cabinet. Montagu was a Jewish grandee who feared that an official expression of sympathy for Zionism in fact masked anti-Semitic prejudice and would undermine the hard-won position of British Jews and their co-religionists elsewhere in the world. However, it did not weaken his vehement opposition, any more than the words about ‘non-Jewish communities’ assuaged Arab fears. Over time, Jewish attitudes to Zionism would change significantly; Arab attitudes, by and large, did not.

Another secret organization that tries to influence world politics is the Bilderberg Group, founded in 1954 by Prince Bernhard van Lippe Biesterfeld and Joseph Retinger. This group consists of a number of permanent members that form a small core, and a number of changing members that are invited to take part in conferences. The members meet once a year behind closed doors. The Inner Circle, that is the Round Table, consists of nine members of the Bilderberg Group. Then there is a decision making forum that consists of thirteen members. Finally there are three more members that make up the Inner Circles. These consist of members of the black nobility and other exceptionally influential men. Despite the strict confidentiality and secrecy surrounding the Bilderberg Group, some of their objectives got out. The following objectives are strived for: An international economic Power Block. Founding an international Parliament. Creating an international “World Army” through the abolition of national armed forces. Restriction of the power of national governments in favor of a unique and coordinated World Government. Traditionally the international press never mentions anything about the content of the off-the-record discussions. Sometimes a conference where prominent members from the world of politics, business and society speak confidentially about international questions is mentioned briefly. It is always mentioned that the participants assist as private persons, not in their official occupations. However it is striking that the participants of every Bilderberg conference are flown in from all parts of the world with airplanes and helicopters belonging to different air forces. Also, the large police force used to prevent disturbances and protect the invited is paid for by the tax contributors.[48]

Everywhere you look with this young lady, there’s a purity of motivation,” Shultz told him. “I mean she really is trying to make the world better, and this is her way of doing it.” Mattis went out of his way to praise her integrity. “She has probably one of the most mature and well-honed sense of ethics—personal ethics, managerial ethics, business ethics, medical ethics that I’ve ever heard articulated,” the retired general gushed. Parloff didn’t end up using those quotes in his article, but the ringing endorsements he heard in interview after interview from the luminaries on Theranos’s board gave him confidence that Elizabeth was the real deal. He also liked to think of himself as a pretty good judge of character. After all, he’d dealt with his share of dishonest people over the years, having worked in a prison during law school and later writing at length about such fraudsters as the carpet-cleaning entrepreneur Barry Minkow and the lawyer Marc Dreier, both of whom went to prison for masterminding Ponzi schemes. Sure, Elizabeth had a secretive streak when it came to discussing certain specifics about her company, but he found her for the most part to be genuine and sincere. Since his angle was no longer the patent case, he didn’t bother to reach out to the Fuiszes. — WHEN PARLOFF’S COVER STORY was published in the June 12, 2014, issue of Fortune, it vaulted Elizabeth to instant stardom. Her Journal interview had gotten some notice and there had also been a piece in Wired, but there was nothing like a magazine cover to grab people’s attention. Especially when that cover featured an attractive young woman wearing a black turtleneck, dark mascara around her piercing blue eyes, and bright red lipstick next to the catchy headline “THIS CEO IS OUT FOR BLOOD.” The story disclosed Theranos’s valuation for the first time as well as the fact that Elizabeth owned more than half of the company. There was also the now-familiar comparison to Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. This time it came not from George Shultz but from her old Stanford professor Channing Robertson. (Had Parloff read Robertson’s testimony in the Fuisz trial, he would have learned that Theranos was paying him $500,000 a year, ostensibly as a consultant.) Parloff also included a passage about Elizabeth’s phobia of needles—a detail that would be repeated over and over in the ensuing flurry of coverage his story unleashed and become central to her myth. When the editors at Forbes saw the Fortune article, they immediately assigned reporters to confirm the company’s valuation and the size of Elizabeth’s ownership stake and ran a story about her in their next issue. Under the headline “Bloody Amazing,” the article pronounced her “the youngest woman to become a self-made billionaire.” Two months later, she graced one of the covers of the magazine’s annual Forbes 400 issue on the richest people in America. More fawning stories followed in USA Today, Inc., Fast Company, and Glamour, along with segments on NPR, Fox Business, CNBC, CNN, and CBS News. With the explosion of media coverage came invitations to numerous conferences and a cascade of accolades. Elizabeth became the youngest person to win the Horatio Alger Award. Time magazine named her one of the one hundred most influential people in the world. President Obama appointed her a U.S. ambassador for global entrepreneurship, and Harvard Medical School invited her to join its prestigious board of fellows.

the disease did give rise to enduring public health strategies. Of these the most influential and effective was the British sanitary movement theorized in the 1830s and progressively implemented in stages until World War

In 1968,” he continued, “Stanford University biologist Paul Ehrlich echoed Malthus in many ways in a wildly influential book entitled The Population Bomb, again predicting an inevitable disaster that never came. He later declared with conviction that four billion people worldwide, and sixty-five million Americans, would die of starvation by the year 1990. “In the seventies, many scientists became convinced that the globe was cooling, and raised alarms that a new ice age was just around the corner.” Elias shook his head. “I could provide endless examples of other coming disasters and doomsday scenarios that evoked widespread anxiety, but that were grossly exaggerated. Acid rain and low sperm counts. Y2K, AIDS, Ebola, mad-cow disease, and killer bees. The bird flu and the reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles. Severe shortages of everything under the sun, from oil, to food, to zinc. Black holes created by the Large Hadron Collider, and unstoppable genetically engineered organisms breaking free of the lab. Famine, nuclear war, and asteroid collisions. Oh, yeah, and predictions of the near extinction of all species on Earth, which was supposed to have already occurred. And on and on and on. Esteemed scientists or government experts convinced us to fear all of these coming catastrophes. Most never happened at all. Those that did wreaked only a tiny fraction of the havoc that we were assured was coming.

Malice toward none” was hardly a popular slogan. Consider the words of Henry Ward Beecher, as popular and influential in his day as Billy Graham has been in his. “I charge the whole guilt of this war,” Beecher said in 1864, “upon the ambitious, educated, plotting political leaders of the South . . . A day will come when God will reveal judgment, and arraign at his bar these mighty miscreants.” Beecher looked forward to the day when “these most accursed and detested of all criminals” would be “caught up in black clouds full of voices of vengeance and lurid with punishment” and “plunged downward forever in an endless retribution.” “Endless retribution”—now there was a phrase that people would rally behind. What Lincoln sought to forestall would in fact come to pass. A vengeful reconstruction policy, the backlash it provoked, and the failure to provide adequately for the well-being of four million freed slaves had ramifications that would last to the present day. The pain of the Civil War sank into many fields.

For the ancients green was, like red, one of the middle colors between white and black, and in fact red and green were often confused linguistically: the medieval Latin sinople could refer to either until the fifteenth century.6 In 1195 the future Pope Innocent III reinterpreted green’s role in the divine order in an influential treatise. It must, he wrote, “be chosen for holidays and the days when neither white nor red nor black are suitable, because it is a middle color between white, red, and black.”7 This, theoretically, gave it far greater prominence in the West, but materially it was still rare: it never appeared in more than 5 percent of heraldic arms. One

Recently the influential Gunby Jordan had called on white housewives to stop sending food home with their maids. Such access to free food made black men lazy and unwilling to work, he argued.

Editorials in support of the law equated integrated schooling with eventual interracial sex, just as any interracial activity was equated with sex by influential whites. No law specifically segregating white and black,

...White traders came to the Transkei, hot on the heels of the missionaries, to provide all the new needs that the missionaries demanded and to satisfy the new tastes that had been introduced... They were a hardy breed of men and women, these traders, isolated, lonely, and hard working. In order to survive in this sea of black people, they had to learn how to live with people. Very few of them slept with revolvers under their pillows or locked their doors. They knew they were safe among their neighbours. They had learnt who was who in the areas where they lived, ingratiated themselves with the most influential families, and kept friends with the majority of the people. They learnt the language of the people and made sure their children learnt it too. Some of them born in these parts knew Xhosa before they knew English. When Britain began replacing the civil service personnel in South Africa with locally born whites, most of their recruits came from this class of whites, who knew the Native and spoke his language. Recruits for missionary work too came from this class. Those of them who went on to universities became experts in the areas pertaining to Africans- Anthropology, African languages, Native Administration and Native Law. But though living among Africans, like all white SouthAfricans they never forgot that they were white.

Whether analyzing news coverage in some of the nation’s most respected newspapers and magazines, or depictions of Blacks in film and on television, my students find that African Americans are too often relegated to narratives related to crime, sports, and pathology. For far too many Americans, these depictions are more authentic renderings of African American life than are the daily strivings of the actual people who evade detection: the ordinary and extraordinary fathers, brothers, mothers, and sisters who languish on the margins. It’s unlikely that the average African American is cognizant of the extent to which these portrayals shape and misshape the contours of their own lives: how the preponderance of stereotypes in film, crime shows, news stories, and music videos reduces them to specters whose walking, driving, or standing can result in a store clerk’s surveillance or a fatal encounter with police. And these images have gone far to sustain a rigid racial caste system resulting in the overpolicing and the mass incarceration of Black and Brown men, as well as a culture of exclusion in many of the most influential fields.

And now, days later—when she found herself being stared down by two very influential white people—she convinced herself this something was, It’s time, Queen Tell it now.

As I wrote this book, though, I realized that m joy at these two inheritances came at other people’s expense; that the land that allowed the Chickasaws to become two of the wealthiest and most influential tribes in Oklahoma came from other Native peoples who previously had lived upon it; that the land that allowed my family and hundreds of others in Indian Territory to become Black property owners was part of the broader theft of Indian land that also led to the loss of much Native sovereignty, culture, and language. I characterize the different protagonists that populate my book as settlers because my perspective as their descendant has helped me to see how their freedoms and opportunities were begotten by impeding the freedoms and opportunities of others. The sources I’ve analyzed demonstrate that my ancestors’ involvement and investment in this settler colonial process made their lives subtly easier and helped them survive. They were in difficult circumstances—forced migrations across oceans and across lands—but they were not forced to use the specific language and actions they chose. Though they were limited by their circumstances, as we all are, they actively chose their path in the midst of a myriad of difficult decisions. I few looked at just this, would it not be clear? Would we not consider them settlers? Reconciling divergent histories has granted me another way of looking at these peoples and places: a as heightened example of how oppressed people can oppress other people—no matter how trite that may seem.

The general public typically traces the death of Jim Crow to Brown v. Board of Education, although the institution was showing signs of weakness years before. By 1945, a growing number of whites in the North had concluded that the Jim Crow system would have to be modified, if not entirely overthrown. This consensus was due to a number of factors, including the increased political factor of blacks due to migration to the North and the growing membership and influence of the NAACP, particularly its highly successful legal campaign challenging Jim Crow laws in federal courts. Far more important in the view of many scholars, however, is the influence of World War II. The blatant contradiction between the country's opposition to the crimes of the Third Reich against European Jews and the continued existence of a racial caste system in the United States was proving embarrassing, severely damaging the nation's credibility as leader of the "free world." There was also increased concern that, without greater equality for African Americans, blacks would become susceptible to communist influence, given Russia's commitment to both racial and economic equality. In Gunnar Myrdal's highly influential book The American Dilemma, published in 1944, Myrdal made a passionate plea for integration based on the theory that the inherent contradiction between the "American Creed" of freedom and equality and the treatment of African Americans was not only immoral and profoundly unjust, but was also against the economic and foreign-policy interests of the United States.

Ebony magazine named him one of the 100 Most Influential African Americans and one of the 150 most powerful blacks in the nation. Dr. Dyson is the author nineteen books, including four New York Times bestsellers.

Also most helpful was Fawn M. Brodie, a professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, well-known in Mormon circles as the author of a controversial 1945 biography on Joseph Smith, No Man Knows My History. Brodie had put forth her own historical analysis of Mormonism’s black ban in a short but influential 1970 monograph, “Can We Manipulate the Past?”16 After carefully reading my unrevised dissertation, Brodie offered a mixed evaluation. She praised my dissertation as “written up with care,” confessing that she had “learned much from it.” But she pointed out certain deficiencies. In particular, the writing style, she opined, reflected a “non-professional quality” akin that of “a jack-Mormon who is afraid of offending devout Mormons.” The narrative, she further noted, projected a “disembodied quality” most evident in the work’s discussion of “the Book of Mormon as if Joseph Smith was nowhere in the neighborhood.

Although corporate bosses were starting to embrace BlackBerry, Lazaridis and Balsillie knew they faced a challenge selling bulk orders to big businesses. Technology purchases were the domain of chief information officers (CIOs). These executives were conservative and frowned on technology that exposed internal communications. “The problem with going through IT is they had to approve everything. It would take a year,” says Lazaridis. “You had to test everything, approve it, and most of these [CIOs] didn’t want it anyway. It was just another thing to deal with. But once a CEO tried it, that was it.” The solution, Lazaridis and Balsillie decided, was an unorthodox plan to infiltrate Fortune 1000 companies. RIM made it easy for influential managers and executives to link the addictive BlackBerry system into their corporate e-mail without involving the IT department.

The blatant contradiction between the country’s opposition to the crimes of the Third Reich against European Jews and the continued existence of a racial caste system in the United States was proving embarrassing, severely damaging the nation’s credibility as leader of the “free world.” There was also increased concern that, without greater equality for African Americans, blacks would become susceptible to communist influence, given Russia’s commitment to both racial and economic equality. In Gunnar Myrdal’s highly influential book The American Dilemma, published in 1944, Myrdal made a passionate plea for integration based on the theory that the inherent contradiction between the “American Creed” of freedom and equality and the treatment of African Americans was not only immoral and profoundly unjust, but was also against the economic and foreign-policy interests of the United States.30

By 1636, civil authorities on the island decreed a rule that became common in chattel systems throughout the hemisphere: slaves would remain in bondage for life. In 1661, with the island now amid a full-blown sugar boom, the authorities formulated a fuller set of laws governing the lives of slaves, a Black code that one historian has called “one of the most influential pieces of legislation passed by a colonial legislature.” Antigua, Jamaica, South Carolina, and, “indirectly,” Georgia adopted it in its entirety, while the laws of many other English colonies were modeled after it. The law described Africans as a “heathenish, brutish and uncertaine, dangerous kinde of people,” and gave their white owners near total control over their lives. The right of trial by jury guaranteed for whites was excluded for slaves, whom their owners could punish at will, facing no consequences even for murder, so long as they could cite a cause. Other rules barred Black slaves from skilled occupations, thus helping to reify race as a largely impermeable membrane dividing whites and Blacks in the New World. With steps like these, tiny Barbados became an enormously powerful driver of history, not only through the prodigious wealth it would generate, a wealth hitherto “unknown in other parts of colonial America,” but by its legal and social example as well. The island colony stood out as a pioneer in the development of chattel slavery and in the construction of the plantation machine, as the originator of codes like these, and later as a crucial source of early migration, both Black and white, to the Carolinas, Virginia, and later Jamaica. Here was the seed crystal of the English plantation system in the New World, or in the words of one historian, its “cultural hearth.

Historical visibility is everywhere related to social power.”1 It is a madness, if not an irony, that unlocking the history of unfree people depends on the materials of their legal owners, who held the lion’s share of visibility in their time and ours. Captive takers’ papers and government records are often the only written accounting of enslaved people who could not escape and survive to tell their own stories. The wealthier and more influential the slaveholder, the more likely it is that plantation and estate records were kept and preserved over centuries in private offices and, later, research repositories. As the richest U.S. colony for a span of time prior to the Revolutionary War and a nexus of economic growth into the nineteenth century, South Carolina has more than its share of these tainted but crucial, documents.

Destiny was as uncaring and influential as the wind to a flag, carrying the fabric of an individual’s existence this way and that, subjecting that which it rocked to its whims without an inquiry as to what the banner may have desired. Or may have prayed for.

A thought experiment is in order: If American blacks acted en masse like Asian Americans for ten years in all things relevant to economic success—if they had similar rates of school attendance, paying attention in class, doing homework and studying for exams, staying away from crime, persisting in a job, and avoiding out-of-wedlock childbearing—and we still saw racial differences in income, professional status, and incarceration rates, then it would be well justified to seek an explanation in unconscious prejudice. But as long as the behavioral disparities remain so great, the minute distinctions of the IAT are a sideshow. America has an appalling history of racism and brutal subjugation, and we should always be vigilant against any recurrence of that history. But the most influential sectors of our economy today practice preferences in favor of blacks. The main obstacles to racial equality at present lie not in implicit bias but in culture and behavior.

The following interpretation methods are all example-based: Counterfactual explanations tell us how an instance has to change to significantly change its prediction. By creating counterfactual instances, we learn about how the model makes its predictions and can explain individual predictions. Adversarial examples are counterfactuals used to fool machine learning models. The emphasis is on flipping the prediction and not explaining it. Prototypes are a selection of representative instances from the data and criticisms are instances that are not well represented by those prototypes. 2 Influential instances are the training data points that were the most influential for the parameters of a prediction model or the predictions themselves. Identifying and analysing influential instances helps to find problems with the data, debug the model and understand the model’s behavior better.

The genesis of some of this thinking might have been the words of Thomas Jefferson in his influential and widely circulated 1785 book Notes on the State of Virginia. Though he was not a doctor or scientist, Jefferson cataloged the physiological ways Black bodies differed from white bodies in this 244-page document.

The attitudes of politicians and government officials are also influential: those who tell you that “the one who is different”—yesterday the Jew, today the black person or the immigrant—will take away your job, put social peace at risk and, with it, the tranquility of you and your loved ones. They are “agents of fear” who set off certain impulses in people.

I have new words for the dictionary. to knock boots, phr., to have sexual intercourse tracks, n., contract (as in “I got a track to kill him”) to do, v., to fuck to do, v., to kill clean, adj., handsome to Brodie, v., to jump, usually from a building or a bridge; taken from a Mr. Brodie who claimed to have jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge to lash, v., to urinate chronic, n., marijuana, esp. high-quality smudge, n., black person Ape Avenue, n., Eighth Avenue (police slang) puppy, n., handgun (Jamaican word) scrambler, n., low-level runner for a drug dealer cocola, n., black person (Puerto Rican word) spliv, n., black person to be hung like a horse, phr., to have influential connections in the police department; also a guy who is hung like a horse ground ball, phr., something easy or simple to pull a train, v., to have group sex, gang-bang stinger, n., drug dealer to inflash, v., to inform (as in “he inflash me with the bitch’s scenario”) to double, v., to double-park to sleep in a tent, exp., to have a large penis to be built like a tripod, phr., to have a large penis dixie cup, n., a person who is considered disposable her, she, pron., wife

In an influential 1858 book, the Georgia attorney Thomas Cobb even questioned the need for laws against the rape of a female slave, since what he called "the known lasciviousness of the negro made it unlikely that a black woman would not consent to sex. Only a few years after Wood was sold in Natchez, the Mississippi State Supreme Court had agreed, in a case called George v. State, that rape was not a crime that could occur between slaves.

In an influential 1858 book, the Georgia attorney Thomas Cobb even questioned the need for laws against the rape of a female slave, since what he called "the known lasciviousness of the negro made it unlikely that a black woman would not consent to sex. Only a few years after Wood was sold in Natchez, the Mississippi State Supreme Court had agreed, in a case called George v. State, that rape was not a crime that could occur between slaves.

And this takes us back to perhaps the most paradoxical aspect of cognitive dissonance. It is precisely those thinkers who are most renowned, who are famous for their brilliant minds, who have the most to lose from mistakes. And that is why it is often the most influential people, those who ought to be in the best position to help the world learn from new evidence, who have the greatest incentive to reframe it. And these are also the kinds of people (or institutions) who often have the capacity to employ expensive PR firms to bolster their post hoc justifications. They have the financial means, in addition to a powerful subconscious urge, to bridge the gap between beliefs and evidence, not by learning, but by spinning. It is the equivalent of a golfer hitting the ball out of bounds and then hiring a slick PR company to convince the world that it had nothing to do with him, it was a sudden gust of wind!

It is for this reason that many of the most influential development campaigners argue that the most important issue when it comes to charitable giving is not just raising more money, but conducting tests, understanding what is working and what isn’t, and learning. Instead of trusting in narrative, we should be wielding the power of the evolutionary mechanism.

Most influentially, the third pandemic marked the moment when the complex etiology of the disease with its interaction between rodents, fleas, and humans was unraveled.

there seems little reason to doubt that the power of the early modern state to impose rigorous measures of segregation through quarantine played a significant and perhaps decisive role in the passing of the second pandemic. The antiplague measures were also enormously influential because they seemed to be effective and to provide solid defensive bulwarks against the disease. The reaction of political and public health authorities in later centuries is therefore intelligible. When new, virulent, and poorly understood epidemic diseases emerged, such as cholera and HIV/AIDS, the first reaction was to turn to the same defenses that appeared to have worked so effectively against plague.

Some conservative political strategists admitted that appealing to racial fears and antagonisms was central to this strategy, though it had to be done surreptitiously. H.R. Haldeman, one of Nixon's key advisers, recalls that Nixon himself deliverately pursued a Southern, racial strategy: 'He [President Nixon] emphasized that ou have to face the fact that the whole problem is really the blacks. The key is to devise a system that recognizes this while not appearing to.' Similarly, John Erlichman, special counsel to the president, explained the Nixon administration's campaign strategy of 1968 in this way: 'We'll go after the racists.' In Erlichman's view, 'that subliminal appeal to the anti-black voter was always present in Nixon's statements and speeches.' Republican strategist Kevin Phillips is often credited for offering the most influential argument in favor of a race-based strategy for Republican political dominance in the South. He argued in The Emerging Republican Majority, published in 1969, that Nixon's successful presidential election campaign could point the way toward long-term political realignment and the building of a new Republican majority, if Republicans continued to campaign primarily on the basis of racial issues, using coded antiblack rhetoric.

History from Below’ directed attention to the important roles the masses had played politically, in bringing about major revolutions. It argued that history was not an affair of the upper classes only, using the French Revolution as an example of how even its ‘bourgeois’ phase was driven by the actions of peasants and artisans, and how the proletariat was destined to be the main agent of history in ushering Communism.[9] This approach, advanced by Marxist historians, would be extended by feminists and cultural Marxists generally into a call for a new history that would include the ‘indispensable’ roles and achievements of a whole host of ‘minorities’ neglected by traditional academics (i.e. gays, transsexuals, lesbians, blacks etc.), all of which contained a corresponding assault, and inevitable devaluation of the one agent that stood out as unoppressed, as ultimate oppressor: white hetero males, the very beings responsible for almost all the greatest works in Art and Science. The argument by World Systems Theory is that the ‘core’ countries of the West had achieved their status as advanced cultures by exploitation and holding down the ‘periphery’ and that a true historical narrative entailed an appreciation of the morally superior ways of Third World peoples struggling to liberate themselves from a world system controlled by white owned multinationals. This too has had an immensely negative impact on students, leading them to believe that the West only managed to modernise by extracting resources from the Third World and enslaving Africans and Natives.[10] This highly influential school has missed the far more important role of modern science and liberal institutions in the industrialisation of Western European nations.

Kinglake’s influential book Eothen (1844)—suggestively subtitled “Traces of Travel Brought Home from the East”—illustrates many of the enduring Eurocentric presumptions about others, starting from the fantasy that peoples with little reason to expect exemption from misfortune have a lessened capacity to feel misfortune. Thus it is believed that Asians (or the poor, or blacks, or Africans, or Muslims) don’t suffer or don’t grieve as Europeans (or whites) do. The fact that illness is associated with the poor—who are, from the perspective of the privileged, aliens in one’s midst—reinforces the association of illness with the foreign: with an exotic, often primitive place.

Kinglake's influential book Eothen (1844) - suggestively subtitled "Traces of Travel Brought Home from the East" - illustrates many of the enduring Eurocentric presumptions about others, starting from the fantasy that peoples with little reason to expect exemption from misfortune have a lessened capacity to feel misfortune. Thus it is believed that Asians (or the poor, or blacks, or Africans or Muslims) don't suffer or don't grieve as Europeans (or whites) do. The fact that illness is associated with the poor - who are, from the perspective of the privileged, aliens in one's midst - reinforces the association of illness with the foreign: with an exotic, often primitive place.

Washington was by far the best known and most influential of black leaders in the United States— emphasizing black self-improvement, industrial education, and acquiescence to white political power.

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At this point in the book, we know that the United States relies upon what I have referred to as the Race Machine to operationalize an obsession with sorting humans into racialized categories and maintaining the arbitrary boundaries of those categories. We also know that Thomas Jefferson and many of his contemporaries, influential shapers of the American democratic project, believed in the subhuman savagery of Black and Native individuals and that they consequently built a social framework that established Black, Native, and White peoples as fundamentally different kinds of creatures. So you might assume that if schools hold up a mirror to society and if, as Graham argues, that mirror shifts over time, the mirror would also vary based on the different desires the country has for Black people and Native people. And you’d be right.

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When it was legal, slavery bolstered the economy even in states where it was not permitted. Financing the slave trade, selling the goods and services that supported it, insuring enslaved human “property,” and hosting auctions were big business. Northern banks extended the lines of credit that slavers needed to purchase human beings and agricultural equipment. New England businessmen helped Southern rural planters negotiate the cotton market, serving as brokers and paid advisers.[1] New York Life, now the nation’s third-largest insurer and a Fortune 500 company, sold hundreds of policies covering the value of enslaved people so slavers could recoup their worth in case they died doing hazardous work in mills, mines, or factories. In 1847, such policies accounted for a third of their business.[2] Aetna and US Life (now a subsidiary of AIG) did brisk business as well. Before becoming one of the nation’s most influential investment banks (and ultimately collapsing in 2008), Lehman Brothers began as an Alabama cotton brokerage. The fortunes of J. P. Morgan, John Jacob Astor, Charles Lewis Tiffany (the jeweler), and Archibald Gracie III (of the family of Gracie Mansion, now the official residence of the mayor of New York City) all had ties to the booming cotton trade.[3]

After 1798, Jenner devoted the rest of his life to the smallpox vaccination crusade. In the process he rapidly made influential converts who established vaccination as a major instrument of public health—Pope Pius VII at Rome, Luigi Sacco in Italy, Napoleon in France, and Thomas Jefferson in the United States. Unlike inoculation, which used the smallpox virus, vaccination had a low risk of serious complications for the individual and posed no risk to the community because it involved cowpox rather than smallpox. It did, however, pose problems that made the campaign against smallpox a difficult and protracted one. It was feared that Jenner’s initial technique of arm-to-arm vaccination of live virus could increase the danger of spreading other diseases, especially syphilis. In addition, Jenner made it a dogmatic article of faith that the immunity derived from vaccination was lifelong, steadfastly refusing to consider conflicting data. In fact, the immunity provided by vaccination proved to be of limited duration. The irrefutable evidence of disease among patients who had previously been vaccinated went a long way toward discrediting the procedure and promoting skepticism. (It has subsequently been demonstrated that smallpox immunity following vaccination lasts up to twenty years and that revaccination is required in order to guarantee lifelong protection.)

When he met Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler and Bill Ward, no one could have imagined that those guys would give life to one of the most influential bands in the history of music: Black Sabbath.

The other faction, far less visible or influential, arose in the marginalized communities, among women - Black, brown, queer, trans, poor, disabled - whom the state has never protected. These abolition feminists have learned from experience that prisons do not end violence, but rather perpetrate and perpetuate it, while destroying individual lives, families, and communities. Like a lot of their compatriots in the carceral feminist movement, many are themselves survivors of sexual harm. But, unlike the other contingent, their politics join the struggle against sexual and gender violence with that against the "white supremacist prison nation," to use the term coined by abolitionist scholar Beth E. Richie.

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【V信83113305】：Founded in 1867, Morehouse College is a prestigious private, historically black men's liberal arts college located in Atlanta, Georgia. Renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and leadership development, Morehouse has produced influential alumni, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Spike Lee, and former U.S. Surgeon General David Satcher. The college emphasizes a rigorous curriculum rooted in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields, fostering critical thinking and ethical leadership. Its mission centers on molding "Renaissance Men" who are intellectually vibrant, morally grounded, and socially conscious. Morehouse is also celebrated for its vibrant campus culture, including the annual "Crown Forum" speaker series and the iconic "Morehouse Glee Club." As a pillar of African American education, it continues to empower generations of young men to transform society.，莫尔豪斯学院-MC大学毕业证成绩单, 1:1原版Morehouse College莫尔豪斯学院毕业证+Morehouse College成绩单, 莫尔豪斯学院毕业证制作代办流程, 办理MC文凭, 正版-美国MC毕业证文凭学历证书, 莫尔豪斯学院-大学毕业证成绩单, Morehouse College文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, 莫尔豪斯学院学位证毕业证, 办莫尔豪斯学院毕业证Morehouse College-university

【V信83113305】：Clark Atlanta University (CAU) is a prestigious historically Black university (HBCU) located in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1988 through the merger of Clark College (1869) and Atlanta University (1865), CAU is renowned for its strong academic programs, particularly in business, STEM, and the liberal arts. As part of the Atlanta University Center Consortium, it shares resources with neighboring HBCUs like Morehouse and Spelman, fostering a vibrant intellectual community. CAU is celebrated for its commitment to social justice, leadership development, and producing influential alumni, including civil rights leaders and prominent scholars. The university’s research initiatives, such as the Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, highlight its dedication to addressing global challenges. With a rich legacy and forward-looking vision, CAU remains a pillar of excellence in higher education.，Clark Atlanta University克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证制作代办流程, CAU克拉克亚特兰大大学学位证书快速办理, 办理克拉克亚特兰大大学文凭, Clark Atlanta Universitydiploma安全可靠购买Clark Atlanta University毕业证, CAUdiploma克拉克亚特兰大大学挂科处理解决方案, 出售克拉克亚特兰大大学研究生学历文凭, 办克拉克亚特兰大大学文凭学位证书成绩单GPA修改, 办理美国CAU本科学历, CAU毕业证定制

【V信83113305】：Jackson State University (JSU), located in Jackson, Mississippi, is a historically black public research university renowned for its academic excellence and vibrant campus life. Founded in 1877, JSU is a flagship institution within the Mississippi public university system, offering over 90 programs across six colleges, including business, education, and STEM fields. The university is celebrated for its strong commitment to social justice, community engagement, and fostering leadership among its diverse student body. JSU’s research initiatives, particularly in urban studies and health disparities, have earned national recognition. The campus boasts state-of-the-art facilities, such as the Walter Payton Health and Wellness Center, and a thriving arts scene anchored by the Margaret Walker Center. With a spirited athletic program—home to the Tigers—and a legacy of producing influential alumni, JSU continues to empower students through innovation, service, and academic rigor. Its motto, "Challenging Minds, Changing Lives," reflects its enduring mission.，JSU毕业证文凭-杰克逊州立大学毕业证, 购买杰克逊州立大学毕业证, 办杰克逊州立大学文凭学位证书成绩单GPA修改, 美国毕业证办理, 一比一原版Jackson State University杰克逊州立大学毕业证购买, 挂科办理JSU杰克逊州立大学学历学位证, Jackson State University杰克逊州立大学-多少钱

【V信83113305】：Oakwood University, located in Huntsville, Alabama, is a prestigious historically Black university affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Founded in 1896, it is renowned for its strong academic programs, particularly in theology, nursing, and business. The university emphasizes a values-based education, integrating faith, service, and intellectual growth. With a diverse student body, Oakwood fosters a close-knit community and offers vibrant campus life, including spiritual activities, cultural events, and leadership opportunities. Its commitment to excellence is reflected in its accreditation and recognition as a top-tier institution. Oakwood’s alumni network includes influential leaders in various fields, showcasing its impact. Dedicated to holistic development, Oakwood University continues to inspire students to achieve their highest potential while serving society.，美国毕业证办理, 一比一原版OU欧克伍德大学毕业证购买, Oakwood University学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门, 如何获取欧克伍德大学-OU-毕业证本科学位证书, 原装正版欧克伍德大学毕业证真实水印成绩单制作, 欧克伍德大学电子版毕业证与美国OU学位证书纸质版价格, 专业办理欧克伍德大学成绩单高质学位证书服务

【V信83113305】：Howard University, a prestigious historically Black university (HBCU) located in Washington, D.C., was founded in 1867 to provide higher education for African Americans post-emancipation. Named after General Oliver O. Howard, a Civil War hero and founder of the university, it has grown into a leading institution renowned for its academic excellence and cultural impact. Howard offers a wide range of programs, with notable strengths in law, medicine, business, and the arts. Its alumni include influential figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first Black Supreme Court Justice, and Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning author. The university fosters a vibrant community, emphasizing social justice, leadership, and African American heritage. With its rich history and commitment to empowering marginalized voices, Howard University remains a cornerstone of Black excellence and a beacon of opportunity for students worldwide.，办霍华德大学毕业证 Diploma, 办霍华德大学毕业证Howard-university, 购买Howard毕业证, 办理Howard University霍华德大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 留学生买文凭毕业证-霍华德大学, 办理霍华德大学文凭, 办理Howard霍华德大学毕业证文凭, Howard University文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, 【美国篇】霍华德大学毕业证成绩单

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1867, Morehouse College is a prestigious private, all-male historically Black liberal arts institution located in Atlanta, Georgia. Renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and leadership development, Morehouse has produced influential alumni, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Spike Lee, and former U.S. Surgeon General David Satcher. The college emphasizes a rigorous curriculum rooted in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields, fostering critical thinking and ethical leadership. Its mission centers on empowering Black men to become change-makers in society. Morehouse is also celebrated for its vibrant campus culture, including traditions like "SpelHouse" rivalry with Spelman College and the annual "Crown Forum" speaker series. As a beacon of Black excellence, Morehouse continues to shape global leaders while upholding its legacy of social justice and intellectual growth.，offer莫尔豪斯学院在读证明, 美国MC毕业证仪式感|购买MC莫尔豪斯学院学位证, 1:1原版莫尔豪斯学院毕业证+MC成绩单, 美国硕士毕业证, 美国本科毕业证, 出售Morehouse College莫尔豪斯学院研究生学历文凭, 莫尔豪斯学院毕业证制作

【V信83113305】：Tougaloo College, a historically black liberal arts institution in Mississippi, stands as a beacon of academic excellence and social justice. Founded in 1869 by the American Missionary Association, it has long championed civil rights and educational equity. Known for its rigorous academics, Tougaloo offers programs in sciences, humanities, and arts, fostering critical thinking and leadership. The college’s historic ties to the Civil Rights Movement, including partnerships with the NAACP, highlight its commitment to societal change. Its small class sizes and dedicated faculty ensure personalized learning, while its diverse student body enriches campus life. Tougaloo’s legacy of producing influential alumni, from activists to scholars, underscores its enduring impact on education and equality. Today, it continues to empower students to challenge injustice and pursue transformative futures.，办陶格鲁学院文凭学位证书成绩单GPA修改, 办理陶格鲁学院成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 办理TC学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, Offer(TC成绩单)TC陶格鲁学院如何办理?, 正版-美国TC毕业证文凭学历证书, 办理TC大学毕业证-陶格鲁学院, 如何办理陶格鲁学院学历学位证, TC文凭购买, 申请学校!成绩单陶格鲁学院成绩单改成绩

【V信83113305】：Oakwood University, located in Huntsville, Alabama, is a prestigious historically Black university affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Founded in 1896, it is renowned for its strong emphasis on academic excellence, spiritual growth, and community service. The university offers a range of undergraduate and graduate programs, with notable strengths in theology, health sciences, and business. Oakwood’s vibrant campus fosters a close-knit community, encouraging students to engage in leadership, research, and global missions. Its commitment to holistic education integrates faith, learning, and service, preparing graduates to make meaningful contributions to society. With a rich legacy of producing influential leaders, Oakwood continues to inspire students to pursue knowledge, integrity, and social responsibility.，一比一原版Oakwood University欧克伍德大学毕业证购买, OU毕业证定制, 想要真实感受OU欧克伍德大学版毕业证图片的品质点击查看详解, 办欧克伍德大学毕业证认证学历认证使馆认证, 欧克伍德大学颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 购买欧克伍德大学毕业证, 办欧克伍德大学毕业证成绩单, 在线办理欧克伍德大学毕业证成绩单

【V信83113305】：Tennessee State University (TSU), located in Nashville, is a historically black public university founded in 1912. As a land-grant institution, TSU is renowned for its commitment to academic excellence, research, and community engagement. The university offers over 70 undergraduate and graduate programs across fields like agriculture, business, engineering, and health sciences. TSU’s vibrant campus fosters diversity and inclusivity, with a strong emphasis on student success through initiatives like the Honors College and cutting-edge research centers. The Tigers’ athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I, adding to the school’s spirited culture. With a legacy of producing influential alumni, including civil rights leaders and industry pioneers, TSU continues to empower students through education, innovation, and service, shaping future leaders for a global society.，一比一原版田纳西州立大学毕业证-TSU毕业证书-如何办理, 办理田纳西州立大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 田纳西州立大学留学本科毕业证, 办理美国TSU本科学历, 田纳西州立大学电子版毕业证与美国TSU学位证书纸质版价格, 美国TSU毕业证仪式感|购买TSU田纳西州立大学学位证, 美国TSU学位证书纸质版价格, 一比一原版田纳西州立大学毕业证-TSU毕业证书-如何办理

【V信83113305】：Howard University, a historically Black university (HBCU) located in Washington, D.C., was founded in 1867 and named after General Oliver O. Howard, a Civil War hero and commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and social justice, Howard has produced influential leaders, including Thurgood Marshall, Kamala Harris, and Toni Morrison. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, with notable strengths in law, medicine, and the arts. Its vibrant campus fosters cultural pride and activism, serving as a hub for African American scholarship and empowerment. Howard’s legacy as a premier institution for Black education continues to inspire generations, shaping global leaders and advancing equity in society.，一比一原版Howard霍华德大学毕业证购买, Howard霍华德大学毕业证最放心办理渠道, 霍华德大学毕业证最简单办理流程, 霍华德大学文凭复刻, Howard假学历, 100%办理Howard霍华德大学毕业证书, Howard霍华德大学毕业证最安全办理办法, 极速办理Howard霍华德大学毕业证书

【V信83113305】：North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NC A&T) is a public, historically black university located in Greensboro, North Carolina. Founded in 1891, it is the largest HBCU in the United States and a renowned leader in STEM education, particularly in agriculture, engineering, and technology. As a land-grant institution, NC A&T emphasizes research, innovation, and community engagement, with programs like the Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering showcasing its cutting-edge contributions. The university fosters a vibrant campus culture, celebrated for its legacy of student activism, including the 1960 Greensboro sit-ins. With a strong commitment to diversity and excellence, NC A&T continues to empower students through hands-on learning, impactful research, and a tradition of producing influential leaders in various fields. Its motto, "Think and Do," reflects its dynamic approach to education and service.，【V信83113305】1分钟获取北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证最佳办理渠道,加急北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证NCASU毕业证书办理多少钱,网上补办NCASU毕业证成绩单多少钱,百分百放心原版复刻北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学NCASU毕业证书,网上制作NCASU毕业证-北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证书-留信学历认证放心渠道,NCASU毕业证书北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证诚信办理,NCASU毕业证办理多少钱又安全,NCASU毕业证最简单办理流程,NCASU毕业证最放心办理渠道,NCASU成绩单北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证快速办理方式

【V信83113305】：Clark Atlanta University (CAU) is a premier comprehensive, private, urban, coeducational institution of higher education, formed from the historic consolidation of Atlanta University and Clark College. As a distinguished member of the United Negro College Fund (UNCF), its mission is deeply rooted in providing a transformative education to a student body of great diversity. Located in the heart of Atlanta, a hub for Black excellence and culture, CAU is uniquely positioned to offer unparalleled academic and professional opportunities. It is classified as a high-research-activity institution by the Carnegie Classification, with renowned graduate and undergraduate programs in business, the humanities, the social sciences, and the STEM fields. The university’s legacy is one of leadership, social responsibility, and a relentless pursuit of knowledge, having produced generations of influential alumni who have made significant contributions to the nation and the world.，【V信83113305】100%安全办理克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证,办理CAU毕业证成绩单学历认证,原版定制CAU毕业证,原版CAU毕业证办理流程,终于找到哪里办CAU毕业证书,CAU毕业证书,CAU毕业证书办理需要多久,CAU毕业证办理流程,CAU毕业证成绩单学历认证最安全办理方式,CAU毕业证最新版本推荐最快办理克拉克亚特兰大大学文凭成绩单

【V信83113305】：North Carolina Central University (NCCU), located in Durham, North Carolina, is a historically black public university founded in 1910. As a member of the University of North Carolina System, NCCU is renowned for its commitment to academic excellence, social justice, and community engagement. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, with notable strengths in law, education, and the sciences. NCCU’s School of Law, established in 1939, has produced influential leaders and advocates for civil rights. The campus fosters a vibrant, inclusive environment, emphasizing leadership development and service. With a strong alumni network and partnerships with local industries, NCCU continues to empower students to succeed in diverse fields while upholding its legacy of transforming lives through education.，【V信83113305】北卡罗莱纳中央大学文凭NCCU毕业证学历认证方法,原版NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证最佳办理流程,学历文凭认证NCCU毕业证-北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证如何办理,100%学历NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证成绩单制作,硕士文凭定制NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证书,100%办理NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证书,网上办理NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证书流程,网络办理NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证官方成绩单学历认证,NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证最快且放心办理渠道,NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证本科学历办理方法

【V信83113305】：Texas Southern University (TSU), located in Houston, is a historically black public university renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and social justice. Founded in 1947, TSU serves a diverse student body, offering over 100 undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs across fields like law, pharmacy, business, and the arts. As one of the nation's largest HBCUs, it plays a vital role in empowering underrepresented communities through education and research. The university’s Thurgood Marshall School of Law is particularly notable, producing influential legal professionals. TSU also fosters a vibrant campus life with over 80 student organizations and a strong athletic tradition. With its motto, "Excellence in Achievement," TSU continues to shape leaders who drive positive change globally. Its urban setting provides students with unique opportunities for internships and community engagement in Houston’s dynamic economy.，【V信83113305】100%安全办理德克萨斯南方大学毕业证,办理TSU毕业证成绩单学历认证,原版定制TSU毕业证,原版TSU毕业证办理流程,终于找到哪里办TSU毕业证书,TSU毕业证书,TSU毕业证书办理需要多久,TSU毕业证办理流程,TSU毕业证成绩单学历认证最安全办理方式,TSU毕业证最新版本推荐最快办理德克萨斯南方大学文凭成绩单

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1901, Grambling State University stands as a prominent public historically black university in Louisiana. A cornerstone of academic excellence and cultural heritage, it is a vital member of the University of Louisiana System. The institution is renowned for its transformative role in educating generations of African-American leaders across diverse fields such as education, business, and the arts. Its legacy is profoundly shaped by the long and influential presidency of Dr. Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones. The university gains nationwide recognition for its exceptional athletic programs, most notably its legendary football team, the Grambling State Tigers, which has produced a remarkable number of professional players. Beyond athletics, Grambling fosters a vibrant campus life and a strong sense of community, firmly upholding its mission to provide access to a high-quality, holistic education while continuing to be a powerful engine for social mobility and leadership development.，100%办理GSU毕业证书, 办理大学毕业证格兰布林州立大学, 学历证书!GSU学历证书格兰布林州立大学学历证书GSU假文凭, 最爱-美国-GSU毕业证书样板, 如何获取格兰布林州立大学GSU毕业证本科学位证书, 修改Grambling State University格兰布林州立大学成绩单电子版gpa实现您的学业目标, 办理格兰布林州立大学毕业证成绩单学历认证, 原版GSU格兰布林州立大学毕业证办理流程, 极速办理GSU格兰布林州立大学毕业证书

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【V信83113305】：Howard University, a historically Black university (HBCU) located in Washington, D.C., was founded in 1867 and named after General Oliver O. Howard, a Civil War hero and commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau. Renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and social justice, Howard has produced influential leaders, including Thurgood Marshall, Kamala Harris, and Toni Morrison. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, with standout schools like the College of Medicine and the School of Law. Its vibrant campus fosters cultural pride and activism, serving as a hub for African American scholarship and community engagement. Howard’s legacy as a beacon of opportunity and empowerment continues to shape generations of students and leaders worldwide.，Howard霍华德大学毕业证制作代办流程, Howard文凭购买, 修改Howard University霍华德大学成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 高质Howard University霍华德大学成绩单办理安全可靠的文凭服务, 申请学校!Howard University成绩单霍华德大学成绩单Howard University改成绩, 挂科办理霍华德大学毕业证本科学位证书, 办理霍华德大学文凭, Howard University学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门

【V信83113305】：North Carolina Central University (NCCU), located in Durham, North Carolina, is a historically black public university founded in 1910. As a member of the University of North Carolina System, NCCU is renowned for its strong academic programs, particularly in law, business, and the sciences. The university fosters a vibrant, inclusive community dedicated to excellence, social justice, and leadership development. With a student-centered approach, NCCU offers small class sizes, personalized mentorship, and hands-on research opportunities. Its School of Law is nationally recognized for producing influential legal professionals. Beyond academics, NCCU thrives in athletics, competing in the MEAC, and boasts a rich cultural legacy through arts and community engagement. Committed to empowering underrepresented groups, NCCU continues to shape future leaders while honoring its heritage as a cornerstone of African American education.，North Carolina Central University文凭制作流程确保学历真实性, 留学生买毕业证NCCU毕业证文凭成绩单办理, 1:1原版NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证+NCCU成绩单, 办理North Carolina Central University学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, 出售北卡罗莱纳中央大学研究生学历文凭, 办北卡罗莱纳中央大学毕业证-university, fake NCCU diploma transcript, 修改NCCU北卡罗莱纳中央大学成绩单电子版gpa实现您的学业目标, 北卡罗莱纳中央大学-North Carolina Central University大学毕业证成绩单

【V信83113305】：North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NC A&T) is a public, historically black university located in Greensboro, North Carolina. Founded in 1891, it is the largest HBCU (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) in the United States and a renowned institution for STEM education, particularly in agriculture, engineering, and technology. NC A&T is part of the University of North Carolina System and is classified as an R2 research university, emphasizing innovation and community engagement. The university is celebrated for its legacy of social activism, including its role in the 1960 Greensboro sit-ins. With a vibrant campus life, strong athletic programs, and a commitment to student success, NC A&T fosters leadership, academic excellence, and cultural pride. Its alumni include influential figures like civil rights leader Jesse Jackson and NASA astronaut Ronald McNair.，高仿原版北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证-NCASU毕业证书-外壳-offer制作, 高质北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学成绩单办理安全可靠的文凭服务, 学历证书!学历证书北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学学历证书假文凭, 北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学学位证毕业证, 办北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证学位证书文凭认证-可查, 留学生买文凭毕业证-北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学, 办北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证North Carolina A&T State University-university, North Carolina A&T State Universitydiploma北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学挂科处理解决方案, 办理美国大学毕业证书

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1867, Morehouse College is a private, all-male historically Black liberal arts institution located in Atlanta, Georgia. Renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and leadership development, Morehouse has produced influential alumni, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Spike Lee, and former U.S. Surgeon General David Satcher. The college emphasizes a rigorous curriculum rooted in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields, fostering critical thinking and ethical leadership. Its mission centers on empowering Black men to become change-makers in society. Morehouse is also celebrated for its vibrant campus culture, including traditions like the "House of Funk" homecoming and the iconic "Gown Ceremony" at graduation. As a pillar of HBCU (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) excellence, Morehouse continues to shape generations of leaders dedicated to justice, innovation, and service.，美国留学成绩单毕业证, 美国本科毕业证, 专业办理莫尔豪斯学院成绩单高质学位证书服务, Offer(Morehouse College成绩单)莫尔豪斯学院如何办理?, 美国办莫尔豪斯学院毕业证办成绩单购买, 办莫尔豪斯学院毕业证-university, 莫尔豪斯学院本科毕业证, 学历证书!Morehouse College学历证书莫尔豪斯学院学历证书Morehouse College假文凭, 原装正版莫尔豪斯学院毕业证真实水印成绩单制作

【V信83113305】：Howard University, a historically Black university (HBCU) located in Washington, D.C., was founded in 1867 and named after General Oliver O. Howard, a Civil War hero and commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau. Renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and social justice, Howard has produced influential leaders like Thurgood Marshall, Kamala Harris, and Toni Morrison. The university offers a wide range of programs, with particular strengths in law, medicine, and the arts. Its vibrant campus fosters cultural pride and activism, serving as a hub for African American scholarship and empowerment. Howard’s legacy as a premier institution for Black education continues to inspire generations, bridging historical struggles with contemporary achievements in diversity and innovation.，极速办Howard霍华德大学毕业证Howard文凭学历制作, Howard文凭购买, Howard毕业证学历认证, 办理美国Howard霍华德大学毕业证Howard文凭版本, 霍华德大学毕业证制作, 办理Howard霍华德大学毕业证文凭, Howard University学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门

【V信83113305】：Clark Atlanta University (CAU) is a prestigious historically Black university located in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1865, it is a private institution renowned for its strong emphasis on research, liberal arts, and professional education. As part of the Atlanta University Center Consortium, CAU collaborates with other prominent HBCUs like Morehouse and Spelman, fostering a vibrant academic community. The university offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs across disciplines such as business, social work, and the sciences. Known for its commitment to social justice and leadership development, CAU has produced notable alumni, including civil rights leaders and influential scholars. Its urban campus provides students with access to Atlanta’s rich cultural and professional opportunities, making it a dynamic hub for learning and innovation.，正版克拉克亚特兰大大学学历证书学位证书成绩单, 美国克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 办理美国Clark Atlanta University本科学历, 办克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证Clark Atlanta University-university, Clark Atlanta University克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证制作代办流程, 1:1原版CAU克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证+CAU成绩单, CAU毕业证购买

【V信83113305】：Clark Atlanta University (CAU) is a prestigious historically Black university located in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1988 through the merger of Clark College (1869) and Atlanta University (1865), it is part of the Atlanta University Center Consortium, the largest association of African American higher education institutions. CAU is renowned for its strong emphasis on research, liberal arts, and professional programs, particularly in business, education, and the sciences. The university fosters a vibrant academic community, promoting leadership, social justice, and cultural awareness. Notable alumni include civil rights leaders, entrepreneurs, and influential scholars. With its commitment to excellence and diversity, Clark Atlanta University continues to empower students to make meaningful contributions to society while honoring its rich legacy in African American education.，克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证制作代办流程, 办理克拉克亚特兰大大学学历认证回国人员证明, CAU文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, 美国CAU毕业证仪式感|购买CAU克拉克亚特兰大大学学位证, CAU留学成绩单毕业证, 在线办理克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证成绩单, 挂科办理Clark Atlanta University克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证本科学位证书, 办克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证Clark Atlanta University-university, CAUdiplomaCAU克拉克亚特兰大大学挂科处理解决方案

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【V信83113305】：Founded in 1867, Morehouse College is a private, all-male historically Black liberal arts institution located in Atlanta, Georgia. Renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and leadership development, Morehouse has produced influential alumni, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Spike Lee, and former U.S. Surgeon General David Satcher. The college emphasizes a rigorous curriculum rooted in the humanities, sciences, and social sciences, fostering critical thinking and ethical leadership. Its mission centers on empowering Black men to become change-makers in their communities and beyond. Morehouse is also celebrated for its vibrant campus culture, including the iconic "House of Funk" marching band and annual homecoming events. As a pillar of HBCU (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) excellence, Morehouse continues to shape generations of scholars and leaders dedicated to social justice and global impact.，MC莫尔豪斯学院颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, Morehouse CollegediplomaMorehouse College莫尔豪斯学院挂科处理解决方案, 制作莫尔豪斯学院成绩单, 购买莫尔豪斯学院文凭, 莫尔豪斯学院挂科了怎么办？Morehouse College毕业证成绩单专业服务, 办莫尔豪斯学院学历证书学位证书成绩单, 一比一原版莫尔豪斯学院毕业证购买

【V信83113305】：Clark Atlanta University (CAU) is a prestigious private historically Black university located in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1988 through the merger of Clark College (1869) and Atlanta University (1865), CAU is a leader in higher education for African Americans. It is part of the Atlanta University Center Consortium, the largest association of historically Black institutions in the U.S. Known for its strong programs in business, arts, sciences, and social work, CAU emphasizes research, community engagement, and social justice. The university boasts notable alumni, including civil rights leaders and influential scholars. With a vibrant campus culture and commitment to academic excellence, CAU continues to empower students to become global leaders and change-makers. Its legacy of fostering innovation and equity makes it a cornerstone of Black higher education.，定做克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证-CAU毕业证书-毕业证, 购买克拉克亚特兰大大学毕业证, 购买克拉克亚特兰大大学文凭, 申请学校!CAU成绩单克拉克亚特兰大大学成绩单CAU改成绩, Clark Atlanta University克拉克亚特兰大大学颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 办理CAU学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, Clark Atlanta University克拉克亚特兰大大学原版购买, 克拉克亚特兰大大学文凭-

【V信83113305】：Spelman College, a prestigious historically black liberal arts institution for women in Atlanta, Georgia, stands as a beacon of academic excellence and leadership development. Founded in 1881, it has consistently empowered generations of Black women to pursue intellectual rigor and social change. The college fosters a tight-knit, supportive community dedicated to its core values of service and sisterhood. With a renowned faculty and strong programs in the sciences, humanities, and arts, Spelman produces a significant number of Black female graduates who go on to earn PhDs in STEM fields. As a global leader in educating women of African descent, Spelman’s legacy is defined by its profound impact on shaping influential leaders who transform their communities and the world.，【V信83113305】没-斯佩尔曼学院毕业证书SC挂科了怎么补救,SC-diploma安全可靠购买斯佩尔曼学院毕业证,网络办理SC毕业证-斯佩尔曼学院毕业证书-学位证书,加急办SC斯佩尔曼学院文凭学位证书成绩单gpa修改,SC斯佩尔曼学院毕业证认证PDF成绩单,SC斯佩尔曼学院-pdf电子毕业证,最安全购买SC斯佩尔曼学院毕业证方法,666办理SC斯佩尔曼学院毕业证最佳渠道

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1867, Morehouse College is a prestigious private, historically black men's liberal arts college located in Atlanta, Georgia. Renowned for its commitment to academic excellence and leadership development, Morehouse has produced influential alumni, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Spike Lee, and former U.S. Surgeon General David Satcher. The college emphasizes a rigorous curriculum rooted in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields, fostering critical thinking and ethical leadership. Its mission centers on empowering Black men to become change-makers in society. Morehouse is also famous for its vibrant campus culture, including the annual "Crown Forum" speaker series and the "Morehouse Mystique," a tradition of brotherhood and service. As a beacon of Black excellence, Morehouse continues to shape leaders who redefine global narratives.，Morehouse College莫尔豪斯学院学位证书快速办理, MC莫尔豪斯学院颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 修改Morehouse College莫尔豪斯学院成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 莫尔豪斯学院学位证毕业证, MCdiplomaMC莫尔豪斯学院挂科处理解决方案, 美国办莫尔豪斯学院毕业证办成绩单购买, Morehouse College文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, 办理美国大学毕业证书

【V信83113305】：North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NC A&T) is a renowned public, historically black university located in Greensboro, North Carolina. Founded in 1891, it is the largest HBCU in the United States and a leader in STEM education, particularly in engineering and agriculture. As a land-grant institution, NC A&T emphasizes research, innovation, and community engagement. The university is celebrated for its contributions to civil rights history, including the 1960 Greensboro sit-ins led by its students. With a vibrant campus life, diverse academic programs, and a strong commitment to social justice, NC A&T fosters leadership and excellence. Its alumni include influential figures like Ronald McNair, the NASA astronaut, and Jesse Jackson, the civil rights leader. NC A&T continues to shape future generations through its dynamic educational environment.，北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学成绩单购买, 北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学原版购买, North Carolina A&T State University文凭制作服务您学历的展现, North Carolina A&T State Universitydiploma安全可靠购买North Carolina A&T State University毕业证, Offer(North Carolina A&T State University成绩单)North Carolina A&T State University北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学如何办理?, 极速办North Carolina A&T State University北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证North Carolina A&T State University文凭学历制作, 美国文凭办理, 如何获取北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学-NCASU-毕业证本科学位证书, 购买北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证

【V信83113305】：North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NC A&T) is a historically black public research university located in Greensboro, North Carolina. Founded in 1891, it is the largest HBCU in the United States and a prominent member of the University of North Carolina System. Known for its strong programs in engineering, agriculture, and STEM fields, NC A&T is a leader in innovation and research, particularly in areas like aerospace, energy, and biotechnology. The university fosters a vibrant campus life with over 100 student organizations, competitive athletics, and a rich tradition of activism, including its pivotal role in the 1960 Greensboro sit-ins. Committed to excellence, NC A&T empowers students through hands-on learning, community engagement, and a legacy of producing influential leaders in diverse industries.，北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学文凭-, 【美国篇】北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证成绩单, 一流NCASU北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学学历精仿高质, 极速办北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证North Carolina A&T State University文凭学历制作, NCASU毕业证成绩单专业服务, 美国North Carolina A&T State University北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻

【V信83113305】：Oakwood University, located in Huntsville, Alabama, is a prestigious historically Black university affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Founded in 1896, it is renowned for its strong academic programs, particularly in theology, nursing, and business. The university emphasizes spiritual growth, academic excellence, and community service, fostering a nurturing environment for its diverse student body. With a commitment to holistic education, Oakwood integrates faith-based values with rigorous coursework, preparing students for leadership and service. Its picturesque campus, vibrant student life, and dedicated faculty contribute to a transformative educational experience. Oakwood’s alumni network includes influential leaders in various fields, reflecting its legacy of empowering students to make a global impact. The university remains a beacon of hope and opportunity in higher education.，OU毕业证文凭-欧克伍德大学毕业证, 出售证书-哪里能购买毕业证, 挂科办理欧克伍德大学毕业证本科学位证书, OU文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, Oakwood University文凭制作服务您学历的展现, 购买欧克伍德大学毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, Oakwood University欧克伍德大学颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 美国大学文凭定制专业服务认证