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I should emphasize that mothers aren't alone in transmitting chronic disturbances of the body's stress apparatus to their young. In one experiment, healthy male mice were vexed by a series of stressors: frequent cage changes, constant light or white noise, exposure to fox odor, being restrained in a small tube, and so on. They were then mated with non-stressed females who provided their pups with perfectly good mothering. Their young showed impaired stress-response behaviors and blunted stress hormone patterns. In other words, despite the mothers' best efforts, the fathers had transmitted the disturbing effects through their sperm." In humans, paternal stress early in a child's life can also have long-term effects, into adolescence at the least. Adversity among both mothers and fathers bear "reliable linkages" to the epigenetic pro-files of the children, a group of researchers concluded.
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Gabor Maté (The Myth of Normal: Trauma, Illness, and Healing in a Toxic Culture by Gabor Maté)