European Leadership Quotes

BDSM, in its nature, is a very intimate and intelligent therapy, if done properly.

the word “lead” has an Indo-European root that means “to go forth, die.

Europeans have always thought of U.S. presidents as either naive, as they did with Jimmy Carter, or as cowboys, as they did with Lyndon Johnson, and held them in contempt in either case.

It was only with the crisis that debt soared. Yet many Europeans in key positions - especially politicians and officials in Germany, but also the leadership of the European Central Bank and opinion leaders throughout the world of finance and banking - are deeply committed to the Big Delusion, and no amount of contrary evidence will shake them. As a result, the problem of dealing with the crisis is often couched in moral terms: nations are in trouble because they have sinned, and they must redeem themselves through suffering. And that's a very bad way to approach the actual problems Europe faces.

Although European protest marches had focused mainly on the United States for the previous six years, it was the leadership of Western Europe who most strongly opposed creating a world without nuclear weapons.

Men speak of God’s love for man… but if providence does not come in this hour, where is He then? My conclusion is simple. The Semitic texts from Bronze Age Palestine of which Christianity is comprised still fit uncomfortably well with contemporary life. The Old Testament depicts a God capricious and cruel; blood sacrifice, vengeance, genocide; death and destruction et al. Would He not approve of Herr Hitler and the brutal, tribalistic crusade against Hebrews and non-Christian ‘untermensch?’ One thing is inarguable. His church on Earth has produced some of the most vigorous and violent contribution to the European fascist cause. It is synergy. Man Created God, even if God Created Man; it all exists in the hubris and apotheosis of the narcissistic soul, and alas, all too many of the human herd are willing to follow the beastly trait of leadership. The idea of self-emancipation and advancement, with Europe under the jackboot of fascism, would be Quixotic to the point of mirthless lunacy.

The patriarchy distorted the image of what a leader and a follower should look like, increasing egomania and dismissing the Divine Feminine. Usurpers have been tyrannizing the world ever since in disguise of leadership. You are a byproduct of this dysfunction.

Europe must stop pretending that the stabilization of the Muslim world is somebody else’s problem. More than “soft power” is required to restore order to the countries from which so many immigrants are coming. EU member states must be willing to engage in leadership and, if necessary, to intervene militarily to restore order in international conflict areas rather than continuing to depend on the United States to deal with each crisis. As it stands, European defense budgets are unjustifiably low considering the rapidly escalating violence of the regions to the south and east of the Mediterranean.

Ambitious but not revolutionary, they work within what they perceive as the grain of history, moving their societies forward while viewing their political institutions and fundamental values as an inheritance to be transmitted to future generations (albeit with modifications that sustain their essence). Wise leaders in the statesman mode will recognize when novel circumstances require existing institutions and values to be transcended. But they understand that, for their societies to thrive, they will have to ensure that change does not go beyond what it can sustain. Such statesmen include the seventeenth-century leaders who fashioned the Westphalian state system[*] as well as nineteenth-century European leaders such as Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli and Bismarck. In the twentieth century, Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Jawaharlal Nehru were all leaders in the statesman mode.

Nothing proves better the irreparable decay of the party system than the great efforts after this war to revive it on the Continent, their pitiful results, the enhanced appeal of movements after the defeat of Nazism, and the obvious threat of Bolshevism to national independence. The result of all efforts to restore the status quo has been only the restoration of a political situation in which the destructive movements are the only "parties" that function properly. Their leadership has maintained authority under the most trying circumstances and in spite of constantly changing party lines. In order to gauge correctly the chances for survival of the European nation-state, it would be wise not to pay too much attention to nationalist slogans which the movements occasionally adopt for purposes of hiding their true intentions, but rather to consider that by now everybody knows that they are regional branches of international organizations, that the rank and file is not disturbed in the least when it becomes obvious that their policy serves foreign-policy interests of another and even hostile power, and that denunciations of their leader as fifth columnists, traitors to the country, etc., do not impress their members to any considerable degree. In contrast to the old parties, the movements have survived the last war and are today the only "parties" which have remained alive and meaningful to their adherents.

Obama occasionally pointed out that the post–Cold War moment was always going to be transitory. The rest of the world will accede to American leadership, but not dominance. I remember a snippet from a column around 9/11: America bestrides the world like a colossus. Did we? It was a story we told ourselves. Shock and awe. Regime change. Freedom on the march. A trillion dollars later, we couldn’t keep the electricity running in Baghdad. The Iraq War disturbed other countries—including U.S. allies—in its illogic and destruction, and accelerated a realignment of power and influence that was further advanced by the global financial crisis. By the time Obama took office, a global correction had already taken place. Russia was resisting American influence. China was throwing its weight around. Europeans were untangling a crisis in the Eurozone. Obama didn’t want to disengage from the world; he wanted to engage more. By limiting our military involvement in the Middle East, we’d be in a better position to husband our own resources and assert ourselves in more places, on more issues. To rebuild our economy at home. To help shape the future of the Asia Pacific and manage China’s rise. To open up places like Cuba and expand American influence in Africa and Latin America. To mobilize the world to deal with truly existential threats such as climate change, which is almost never discussed in debates about American national security.

Kissinger traces the balances made in foreign policy, including that of realism and idealism, from the times of Cardinal Richelieu through chapters on Theodore Roosevelt the realist and Woodrow Wilson the idealist. Kissinger, a European refugee who has read Metternich more avidly than Jefferson, is unabashedly in the realist camp. “No other nation,” he wrote in Diplomacy, “has ever rested its claim to international leadership on its altruism.” Other Americans might proclaim this as a point of pride; when Kissinger says it, his attitude seems that of an anthropologist examining a rather unsettling tribal ritual. The practice of basing policy on ideals rather than interests, he pointed out, can make a nation seem dangerously unpredictable.

Africa is the ancestral home of black people; our arms are open, in love we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of white people; our hearts are open, in joy we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of Asian people; our minds are open, in peace we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of Middle Eastern people; our homes are open, in delight we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of Aboriginal people; our banks are open, in understanding we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of European people; our schools are open, in humility we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of American people; our markets are open, in friendship we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of all people; our countries are open, in appreciation we welcome you.

There was nothing wrong with the conclusion . . . that Germany and continental Europe west of Russia would only be able to hold their own . . . if Europe pulled together. And a united Europe would fall almost automatically under the leadership of the strongest power – Germany . . . [But] German leadership over a united Europe in order to brave the coming giant economic and political power blocs would have to overcome the imagined reluctance [sic] of Europeans to domination by any one of their peers. Germany would have to persuade Europe to accept German leadership . . . to make crystal clear that the overall interest of Europe would coincide with the enlightened self-interest of Germany . . . in order to achieve in the years after 1900 something like the position of the Federal Republic today.91

In time of war, under the banner of an enemy recognisable as such, a foreigner from a camp outside the lines, the imperial idea grew strong in confidence and temper. The British democracy rallied to the call of a strong leadership, and it was not just in rhetorical enthusiasm but with considerable personal satisfaction that Churchill hailed the year 1940-1 as the British people's 'finest hour'. He, with other imperialists, was delighted by the fact that, when it came to the sticking-place, it was the old-fashioned loyalty of the reactionary British Empire to all that was symbolised by allegiance to Crown and country that came forward to save European civilisation from utter overthrow by German tyranny...The days of showing the flag—even for only a momentary glimpse, such as wall that inhabitants of Greece and Crete and Dieppe had of it—had returned. The Empire was the Empire once more, and to 10, Downing Street returned that imperial control that two generations of Dominion opinion had combined to condemn as sinister.

A man lived by the side of the road and sold hot dogs. He was hard of hearing, so he had no radio. He had trouble with his eyes, so he read no newspapers. But he sold good hot dogs. This man put up signs on the highway advertising his wonderful hot dogs. He stood on the side of the road and cried, “Buy a hot dog, Mister?” And people bought his hot dogs. He increased his meat and bun orders, and he bought a bigger stove to take care of his trade. He made enough money to put his son through college. Unfortunately, the son came home from college an educated pessimist. He said, “Father, haven’t you been listening to the radio? Haven’t you been reading the newspaper? There’s a big recession on. The European situation is terrible, and the domestic situation is worse.” Whereupon the father thought, “Well, my son’s been to college. He reads the paper and he listens to the radio; he ought to know.” So the father cut down his meat and bun orders, took down his signs, and no longer bothered to stand out on the highway to sell his hot dogs. Of course, his sales fell overnight. “You’re right, son,” the father said to the boy. “We certainly are in the middle of a big recession.” Confidence

Such invocations of fin-de-siècle manliness are so ubiquitous in the correspondence and memoranda of these years that it is difficult to localize their impact. Yet they surely reflect a very particular moment in the history of European masculinity. Historians of gender have suggested that around the last decades of the nineteenth and the first of the twentieth century, a relatively expansive form of patriarchal identity centred on the satisfaction of appetites (food, sex, commodities) made way for something slimmer, harder and more abstinent. At the same time, competition from subordinate and marginalized masculinities – proletarian and non-white, for example – accentuated the expression of ‘true masculinity’ within the elites. Among specifically military leadership groups, stamina, toughness, duty and unstinting service gradually displaced an older emphasis on elevated social origin, now perceived as effeminate.160 ‘To be masculine [. . .] as masculine as possible [. . .] is the true distinction in [men’s] eyes,’ wrote the Viennese feminist and freethinker Rosa Mayreder in 1905. ‘They are insensitive to the brutality of defeat or the sheer wrongness of an act if it only coincides with the traditional canon of masculinity.

It is quite unfathomable why the EU leadership fails to anticipate these potentially catastrophic possibilities, and fails to respond to popular concerns with more moderate immigration policies. One possible explanation for these perverse policies that has been put forward by highly regarded scholars, such as Samuel Huntington, is that the current leadership of the EU is composed of left-wing authoritarians who are enemies of the Western liberal tradition. According to Huntington, “Multiculturalism is in its essence anti-European... "and opposes its civilization. The official repression of dissent and pursuance of unpopular policies by undemocratic means suggests that such ideologues wish to turn the EU into a centrally controlled empire similar to the Soviet Union. If that is the case, then their current policies make a good deal of sense, in that they flood the continent with people who have lived under autocratic regimes and never lived in democratic republics. Such people may well be willing to tolerate repressive regimes provided they can maintain a moderate standard of living and their own traditional religious practices. As Hunnngton points out, imperial regimes often promote ethnic conflict among their minority citizens to strengthen the power of the central authority, with the not unrealistic claim that a powerful central authority is essential to maintain civil order. But if that is the case, then Europe will be transformed into an authoritarian and illiberal multiethnic empire, undemocratic, economically crippled and culturally retrograde. Is it any wonder that so many see Europe as committing suicide and its end coming "not with a bang, but a whimper?

The Sumerian pantheon was headed by an "Olympian Circle" of twelve, for each of these supreme gods had to have a celestial counterpart, one of the twelve members of the Solar System. Indeed, the names of the gods and their planets were one and the same (except when a variety of epithets were used to describe the planet or the god's attributes). Heading the pantheon was the ruler of Nibiru, ANU whose name was synonymous with "Heaven," for he resided on Nibiru. His spouse, also a member of the Twelve, was called ANTU. Included in this group were the two principal sons of ANU: E.A ("Whose House Is Water"), Anu's Firstborn but not by Antu; and EN.LIL ("Lord of the Command") who was the Heir Apparent because his mother was Antu, a half sister of Anu. Ea was also called in Sumerian texts EN.KI ("Lord Earth"), for he had led the first mission of the Anunnaki from Nibiru to Earth and established on Earth their first colonies in the E.DIN ("Home of the Righteous Ones")—the biblical Eden. His mission was to obtain gold, for which Earth was a unique source. Not for ornamentation or because of vanity, but as away to save the atmosphere of Nibiru by suspending gold dust in that planet's stratosphere. As recorded in the Sumerian texts (and related by us in The 12th Planet and subsequent books of The Earth Chronicles), Enlil was sent to Earth to take over the command when the initial extraction methods used by Enki proved unsatisfactory. This laid the groundwork for an ongoing feud between the two half brothers and their descendants, a feud that led to Wars of the Gods; it ended with a peace treaty worked out by their sister Ninti (thereafter renamed Ninharsag). The inhabited Earth was divided between the warring clans. The three sons of Enlil—Ninurta, Sin, Adad—together with Sin's twin children, Shamash (the Sun) and Ishtar (Venus), were given the lands of Shem and Japhet, the lands of the Semites and Indo-Europeans: Sin (the Moon) lowland Mesopotamia; Ninurta, ("Enlil's Warrior," Mars) the highlands of Elam and Assyria; Adad ("The Thunderer," Mercury) Asia Minor (the land of the Hittites) and Lebanon. Ishtar was granted dominion as the goddess of the Indus Valley civilization; Shamash was given command of the spaceport in the Sinai peninsula. This division, which did not go uncontested, gave Enki and his sons the lands of Ham—the brown/black people—of Africa: the civilization of the Nile Valley and the gold mines of southern and western Africa—a vital and cherished prize. A great scientist and metallurgist, Enki's Egyptian name was Ptah ("The Developer"; a title that translated into Hephaestus by the Greeks and Vulcan by the Romans). He shared the continent with his sons; among them was the firstborn MAR.DUK ("Son of the Bright Mound") whom the Egyptians called Ra, and NIN.GISH.ZI.DA ("Lord of the Tree of Life") whom the Egyptians called Thoth (Hermes to the Greeks)—a god of secret knowledge including astronomy, mathematics, and the building of pyramids. It was the knowledge imparted by this pantheon, the needs of the gods who had come to Earth, and the leadership of Thoth, that directed the African Olmecs and the bearded Near Easterners to the other side of the world. And having arrived in Mesoamerica on the Gulf coast—just as the Spaniards, aided by the same sea currents, did millennia later—they cut across the Mesoamerican isthmus at its narrowest neck and—just like the Spaniards due to the same geography—sailed down from the Pacific coast of Mesoamerica southward, to the lands of Central America and beyond. For that is where the gold was, in Spanish times and before.

While China's Communist leaders have shown little or no inclination to move towards democracy in a Western sense, they have thought seriously about changing their political terminology as well as their Maoist inheritance. It is a little-known fact that the Chinese Communist leadership, having sidelined the notion of 'communism' in the utopian sense, came close even to jettisoning the name 'Communist.' In the earliest years of this century, serious consideration was given to the top leadership of the CCP to changing the name of their party, removing the word 'Communist' because it did not go down well in the rest of the world. In the end, a name-change was rejected. The argument against the change which carried most weight was not based either on ideology or on tradition - fealty to the doctrine developed by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Mao. It was the practical argument that some (perhaps many) members would say that this was not the party they had joined. The fear was that they would, therefore, set about establishing an alternative Communist Party. Thus, inadvertently, a competitive party system would have been created. The need for political control by a single party was the paramount consideration. The CCP leadership had no intention of embracing political pluralism, and the party's name remained the same. The contours of democratic centralism, though, are less tightly restrictive in contemporary China than they have often been in the past. There is discussion of what kind of reform China needs, and a lot of attention has been devoted to the lessons to be drawn from the collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The former head of the CCP propaganda department, Wang Renzhi, was by no means the only contributor to the intra-party debate to conclude that to follow 'the path of European democratic socialism' would be a step down 'the slippery slope to political extinction for the CCP.

Patronising women is another manoeuvre, an infamous example being then British prime minister David Cameron’s ‘Calm down, dear’ to Labour MP Angela Eagle in 2011.48 In the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s (IPU) 2016 global study on sexism, violence and harassment against female politicians, one MP from a European parliament said ‘if a woman speaks loudly in parliament she is “shushed” with a finger to the lips, as one does with children. That never happens when a man speaks loudly’.49 Another noted that she is ‘constantly asked – even by male colleagues in my own party – if what I want to say is very important, if I could refrain from taking the floor.’ Some tactics are more brazen. Afghan MP Fawzia Koofi told the Guardian that male colleagues use intimidation to frighten female MPs into silence – and when that fails, ‘The leadership cuts our microphones off’.50 Highlighting the hidden gender angle of having a single person (most often a man) in charge of speaking time in parliament, one MP from a country in sub-Saharan Africa (the report only specified regions so the women could remain anonymous) told the IPU that the Speaker had pressured one of her female colleagues for sex. Following her refusal, ‘he had never again given her the floor in parliament’. It doesn’t necessarily even take a sexual snub for a Speaker to refuse women the floor: ‘During my first term in parliament, parliamentary authorities always referred to statements by men and gave priority to men when giving the floor to speakers,’ explained one MP from a country in Asia. The IPU report concluded that sexism, harassment and violence against female politicians was a ‘phenomenon that knew no boundaries and exists to different degrees in every country’. The report found that 66% of female parliamentarians were regularly subjected to misogynistic remarks from their male colleagues, ranging from the degrading (‘you would be even better in a porn movie’) to the threatening (‘she needs to be raped so that she knows what foreigners do’).

MT: Mimetic desire can only produce evil? RG: No, it can become bad if it stirs up rivalries but it isn't bad in itself, in fact it's very good, and, fortunately, people can no more give it up than they can give up food or sleep. It is to imitation that we owe not only our traditions, without which we would be helpless, but also, paradoxically, all the innovations about which so much is made today. Modern technology and science show this admirably. Study the history of the world economy and you'll see that since the nineteenth century all the countries that, at a given moment, seemed destined never to play anything but a subordinate role, for lack of “creativity,” because of their imitative or, as Montaigne would have said, their “apish” nature, always turned out later on to be more creative than their models. It began with Germany, which, in the nineteenth century, was thought to be at most capable of imitating the English, and this at the precise moment it surpassed them. It continued with the Americans in whom, for a long time, the Europeans saw mediocre gadget-makers who weren't theoretical or cerebral enough to take on a world leadership role. And it happened once more with the Japanese who, after World War II, were still seen as pathetic imitators of Western superiority. It's starting up again, it seems, with Korea, and soon, perhaps, it'll be the Chinese. All of these consecutive mistakes about the creative potential of imitation cannot be due to chance. To make an effective imitator, you have to openly admire the model you're imitating, you have to acknowledge your imitation. You have to explicitly recognize the superiority of those who succeed better than you and set about learning from them. If a businessman sees his competitor making money while he's losing money, he doesn't have time to reinvent his whole production process. He imitates his more fortunate rivals. In business, imitation remains possible today because mimetic vanity is less involved than in the arts, in literature, and in philosophy. In the most spiritual domains, the modern world rejects imitation in favor of originality at all costs. You should never say what others are saying, never paint what others are painting, never think what others are thinking, and so on. Since this is absolutely impossible, there soon emerges a negative imitation that sterilizes everything. Mimetic rivalry cannot flare up without becoming destructive in a great many ways. We can see it today in the so-called soft sciences (which fully deserve the name). More and more often they're obliged to turn their coats inside out and, with great fanfare, announce some new “epistemological rupture” that is supposed to revolutionize the field from top to bottom. This rage for originality has produced a few rare masterpieces and quite a few rather bizarre things in the style of Jacques Lacan's Écrits. Just a few years ago the mimetic escalation had become so insane that it drove everyone to make himself more incomprehensible than his peers. In American universities the imitation of those models has since produced some pretty comical results. But today that lemon has been squeezed completely dry. The principle of originality at all costs leads to paralysis. The more we celebrate “creative and enriching” innovations, the fewer of them there are. So-called postmodernism is even more sterile than modernism, and, as its name suggests, also totally dependent on it. For two thousand years the arts have been imitative, and it's only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that people started refusing to be mimetic. Why? Because we're more mimetic than ever. Rivalry plays a role such that we strive vainly to exorcise imitation. MT

Two kinds of development help explain how a readiness built up to kill all Jews, including women and children. One is a series of “dress rehearsals” that served to lower inhibitions and provided trained personnel hardened for anything. First came the euthanasia of incurably ill and insane Germans, begun on the day when World War II began. Nazi eugenics theory had long provided a racial justification for getting rid of “inferior” persons. War provided a broader justification for reducing the drain of “useless mouths” on scarce resources. The “T-4” program killed more than seventy thousand people between September 1939 and 1941, when, in response to protests from the victims’ families and Catholic clergy, the matter was left to local authorities. Some of the experts trained in this program were subsequently transferred to the occupied east, where they applied their mass killing techniques to Jews. This time, there was less opposition. The second “dress rehearsal” was the work of the Einsatzgruppen, the intervention squads specially charged with executing the political and cultural elite of invaded countries. In the Polish campaign of September 1939 they helped wipe out the Polish intelligentsia and high civil service, evoking some opposition within the military command. In the Soviet campaign the Einsatzgruppen received the notorious “Commissar Order” to kill all Communist Party cadres as well as the Jewish leadership (seen as identical in Nazi eyes), along with Gypsies. This time the army raised no objections. The Einsatzgruppen subsequently played a major role, though they were far from alone, in the mass killings of Jewish women and children that began in some occupied areas in fall 1941. A third “dress rehearsal” was the intentional death of millions of Soviet prisoners of war. It was on six hundred of them that the Nazi occupation authorities first tested the mass killing potential of the commercial insecticide Zyklon-B at Auschwitz on September 3, 1941. Most Soviet prisoners of war, however, were simply worked or starved to death. The second category of developments that helped prepare a “willingness to murder” consisted of blockages, emergencies, and crises that made the Jews become a seemingly unbearable burden to the administrators of conquered territories. A major blockage was the failure to capture Moscow that choked off the anticipated expulsion of all the Jews of conquered eastern Europe far into the Soviet interior. A major emergency was shortages of food supplies for the German invasion force. German military planners had chosen to feed the invasion force with the resources of the invaded areas, in full knowledge that this meant starvation for local populations. When local supplies fell below expectations, the search for “useless mouths” began. In the twisted mentality of the Nazi administrators, Jews and Gypsies also posed a security threat to German forces. Another emergency was created by the arrival of trainloads of ethnic Germans awaiting resettlement, for whom space had to be made available. Faced with these accumulating problems, Nazi administrators developed a series of “intermediary solutions.” One was ghettos, but these proved to be incubators for disease (an obsession with the cleanly Nazis), and a drain on the budget. The attempt to make the ghettos work for German war production yielded little except another category of useless mouths: those incapable of work. Another “intermediary solution” was the stillborn plan, already mentioned, to settle European Jews en masse in some remote area such as Madagascar, East Africa, or the Russian hinterland. The failure of all the “intermediary solutions” helped open the way for a “final solution”: extermination.

Speech to the German Folk January 30, 1944 Without January 30, 1933, and without the National Socialist revolution, without the tremendous domestic cleansing and construction efforts, there would be no factor today that could oppose the Bolshevik colossus. After all, Germany was itself so ill at the time, so weakened by the spreading Jewish infection, that it could hardly think of overcoming the Bolshevik danger at home, not to mention abroad. The economic ruin brought about by the Jews as in other countries, the unemployment of millions of Germans, the destruction of peasantry, trade, and industry only prepared the way for the planned internal collapse. This was furthered by support for the continued existence of a senseless state of classes, which could only serve to transform the reason of the masses into hatred in order to make them the willing instrument of the Bolshevik revolution. By mobilizing the proletarian slaves, the Jews hoped that, following the destruction of the national intelligentsia, they could all the more reduce them for good to coolies. But even if this process of the Bolshevik revolt in the interior of Germany had not led to complete success, the state with its democratic Weimar constitution would have been reduced to something ridiculously helpless in view of the great tasks of current world politics. In order to be armed for this confrontation, not only the problems of political power but also the social and economic problems had to be resolved. When National Socialism undertook the realization of its program eleven years ago, it managed just in time to build up a state that did not only have the strength at home but also the power abroad to fulfill the same European mission which first Greece fulfilled in antiquity by opposing the Persians, then Rome [by opposing] the Carthaginians, and the Occident in later centuries by opposing the invasions from the east. Therefore, in the year 1933, we set ourselves four great tasks among many others. On their resolution depended not only the future of the Reich but also the rescue of Europe, perhaps even of the entire human civilization: 1. The Reich had to regain the internal social peace that it had lost by resolving the social questions. That meant that the elements of a division into classes bourgeoisie and proletariat-had to be eliminated in their various manifestations and be replaced by a Volksgemeinschaft. The appeal to reason had to be supplemented by the merciless eradication of the base elements of resistance in all camps. 2. The social and political unification of the nation had to be supplemented by a national, political one. This meant that the body of the Reich, which was not only politically, but also governmentally divided, had to be replaced by a unified National Socialist state, the construction and leadership of which were suited to oppose and withstand even the heaviest attacks and severest tests of the future. 3. The nationally and politically coherent centralized state had the mission of immediately creating a Wehrmacht, whose ideology, moral attitude, numerical strength, and material equipment could serve as an instrument of self-assertion. After the outside world had rejected all German offers for a limitation of armament, the Reich had to fashion its own armament accordingly. 4. In order to secure its continued existence in Europe with the prospect of actual success, it was necessary to integrate all those countries which were inhabited by Germans, or were areas which had belonged to the German Reich for over a thousand years and which, in terms of their national substance and economy, were indispensable to the preservation of the Reich, that is, for its political and military defense. Only the resolution of all these tasks could result in the creation of that state which was capable, at home and abroad, of waging the fight for its defense and for the preservation of the European family of nations.

When you hear the word ‘leader’, too many people still have the picture of a middle-class, middle-aged male in their heads, and they don’t think leadership can come in different forms.

The immediate cause of the Civil War lay in the derangement of the nation’s two political systems—the constitutional system of the 1780s and the party system of the 1830s—and in their interaction with each other. Both these systems rested on an intricate set of balances: the constitutional, on a balance between federal and state power and among the three branches of the federal government; the party, on a competitive balance between party organizations at the national and state levels. The genius of this double system lay in its ability to morselize sectional and economic and other conflicts before they became flammable, and then through incremental adjustment and accommodations to keep the great mobiles of ideological, regional, and other political energies in balance until the next adjustment had to be made. This system worked well for decades, as the great compromises of 1820 and 1850 attested. The system was flexible too; when a measure of executive leadership was needed—to make great decisions about the West, as with Jefferson, or to adjust and overcome a tariff rebellion, as with Jackson—enough presidential authority could be exerted within the system to meet the need. But the essence of the system lay in balances, adjustment, compromise. Then, in the 1850s, this system crumbled. The centrifugal forces besetting it were so powerful that perhaps no polity could have overcome them; yet European and other political systems had encountered enormously divisive forces and survived. What happened in the United States was a fateful combination: a powerful ideology of states’ rights, defense of slavery, and “southern way of life” arose in the South, with South Carolina as the cutting edge; this was met by a counter-ideology in the urbanizing, industrializing, modernizing states, with Illinois as the cutting edge in the West.

Buying more and more of the best land, sometimes owning multiple estates spread across several states, extended plantation families - fathers who provided sons and sons-in-law with a start - created slaveholding conglomerates that controlled hundreds and sometimes thousands of slaves. The grandees' vast wealth allowed them to introduce new hybrid cotton seeds and strains of cane, new technologies, and new forms of organization that elevated productivity and increased profitability. In some places, the higher levels of capitalization and technical mastery of the grandees reduced white yeomen to landlessness and forced smallholders to move on or else enter the wage-earning class as managers or overseers. As a result, the richest plantation areas became increasingly black, with ever-larger estates managed from afar as the planters retreated to some local country seat, one of the region's ports, or occasionally some northern metropolis. Claiming the benefits of their new standing, the grandees - characterized in various places as 'nabobs,' 'a feudal aristocracy,' or simply 'The Royal Family' - established their bona fides as a ruling class. They built great houses strategically located along broad rivers or high bluffs. They named their estates in the aristocratic manner - the Briars, Fairmont, Richmond - and made them markers on the landscape. Planters married among themselves, educated their sons in northern universities, and sent their wives and daughters on European tours, collecting the bric-a-brac of the continent to grace their mansions. Reaching out to their neighbors, they burnished their reputations for hospitality. The annual Christmas ball or the great July Fourth barbecue were private events with a public purpose. They confirmed the distance between the planters and their neighbors and allowed leadership to fall lightly and naturally on their shoulders, as governors, legislators, judges, and occasionally congressmen, senators, and presidents.

In 1982 Abbas matriculated in the doctoral program at the Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. The title of his dissertation was The Connection Between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement, 1933–1945. In 1984 he published his thesis as a book in Arabic under the title The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism. In both works, Abbas wrote that the Holocaust was a joint initiative of the Nazis and the Zionist movement. He alleged that the European Jews who were killed were actually the victims of the Jews from pre-state Israel who were in cahoots with the Germans.5 In his words, “A partnership was established between Hitler’s Nazis and the leadership of the Zionist movement.… [The Zionists gave] permission to every racist in the world, led by Hitler and the Nazis, to treat Jews as they wish, so long as it guarantees immigration to Palestine.” Abbas wrote that the Zionists wanted as many Jews as possible to be killed. “Having more victims,” he wrote, “meant greater rights and stronger privilege to join the negotiation table for dividing the spoils of war once it was over. However, since Zionism was not a fighting partner—suffering victims in a battle—it had no escape but to offer up human beings, under any name, to raise the number of victims, which they could then boast of at the moment of accounting.” Abbas denied that six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. This too was a Zionist plot. “The truth is that no one can either confirm or deny

said that they “collapsed,” but in fact they were overthrown). This seminal event produced what China scholar Richard Baum described as “post-Soviet traumatic stress syndrome” for the CCP leadership and Party.14 However, following the initial shock, the CCP under Jiang Zemin’s leadership (and directed by his right-hand man Zeng Qinghong) undertook probably one of the most important acts in its history: a systematic and thorough post-mortem analysis of the causes of the fall of the USSR and other East European communist party-states. Many—if not all—of the political actions and reforms undertaken on Jiang Zemin’s watch derived

The state leadership and the Jewish Agency feared for Israel’s character as a European pioneering society if Oriental immigration was to continue unchecked. The expected demographic change that would result from mass immigration from Oriental countries was at the heart of this fear. Such preoccupations were enhanced by the fact that, following the destruction of most of European Jewry, North Africa had become the main reservoir for new immigrants.107 As Yaron Tsur argues, this fear was partially material for the political decision makers. The Labor establishment was afraid that the new immigrants would strengthen the ranks of the Revisionist opposition.108 Yet fear of Levantinization was not simply a matter of quantitative aspects of Mizrachi immigration; it was also associated with qualitative aspects of what Ashkenazi officials imagined to be a “Levantine” way of life. In closed forums, they quite openly discussed the anticipated negative consequences for Israeli state building. During the discussions regarding selection guidelines for 1953, Giora Josephthal, the head of the Klitah (Absorption) Department of the Jewish Agency, stated, for instance: “I say that this land is in danger, its ethical and social existence are in danger because of this Aliyah [from Oriental countries]. . . . They say that life in Israel will obtain a Levantine character, I am convinced that some of us are already afraid of the immigrants.

The translation of these European notions of racial superiority into the Israeli context became evident as soon as the interviewer asked him about the government’s plans for the remaining Palestinian leaders. Interviewer and interviewee giggled as they agreed that the policy should involve the assassination or expulsion of the entire current leadership, that is all the members of the Palestinian Authority—about 40,000 people.

Gerda has no sense of process. That is what is the matter with Gerda, She wants the result without doing any of the work that goes to make it.  . . . She is angry because we have some money. She feels that it might just as well belong to her. . . . For her, the money might as easily have been attached to her as to us by a movement as simple as that which pastes a label on a trunk. . . . As she has no sense of what goes to bring people love, or friendship, or distinction, or wealth, it seems to her that the whole world is enjoying undeserved benefits; and in a universe where all is arbitrary, it might just as well happen that the injustice was pushed a little further and that all these benefits were taken from other people, leaving them nothing, and transferred to her, giving her everything. Given the premise that the universe is purely arbitrary, that there is no causality at work anywhere, there is nothing absurd in that proposal. This is the conqueror’s point of view. . . . Let us admit it, for a little while the whole of our world may belong to Gerda. She will snatch it out of hands too well bred and compassionate and astonished to defend it. What we must remember is that she will not be able to keep it. For her contempt for the process makes her unable to conduct any process. . . . To go up in an aeroplane and drop bombs is a simple use of an elaborate process that has already been developed. But you cannot administer a country on this principle. . . . Gerda’s empire . . . will be an object of fear and nothing else. For this reason, I believe that Gerda’s empire cannot last long. But while it lasts it will be terrible. And what it leaves when it passes will also be terrible. For we cannot hope for anything but a succession of struggles for leadership among men whose minds will have been unfitted for leadership by the existence of tyranny and the rupture of European tradition, until, slowly and painfully, the nations re-emerge, civilization re-emerges.

As did most of the white leading cadre, Bunting exhibited a paternalism with respect to the Natives. This paternalism was rooted in an abiding lack of faith in the revolutionary potential of the Native movement. They saw the South African revolution in terms of the direct struggle for socialism. This white leadership, brought up in the old socialist traditions and comprised mainly of European immigrants, had not yet absorbed Lenin's teachings on the national and colonial questions.

This illustrates the difficulties confronting the EU’s defence capacity. A critical mass of member states must agree to an action before it can be undertaken; for substantial operations that require Nato facilities and hence American consent, the Americans may not agree to what Europeans want to do, which would give rise to tensions within Nato; and where a European critical mass and American agreement are both available, the intergovernmental arrangements may be too weak to devise and manage a successful operation. While Nato’s system is also intergovernmental, American hegemonic leadership has caused it to work. There is no hegemon among the member states; and while this makes it more feasible to develop the EU as a working democracy, it will at the same time make an intergovernmental system in the field of defence hard to operate.

Cecil von Renthe-Fink, a tall Prussian aristocrat who advocated the creation of a European confederacy under German leadership with a single currency and a central bank in Berlin, was sent to mind the Marshal.183

Much of modern society has been built upon genocide. This crime was integral to the emergence of the United States, of czarist Russia and later the USSR, of European empires, and of many other states. Today, modern governments continue extermination of indigenous peoples throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America, mainly as a means of stealing land and natural resources. Equally pernicious, though often less obvious, the present world order has institutionalized persecution and deprivation of hundreds of millions of children, particularly in the Third World, and in this way kills countless innocents each year.7 These systemic atrocities are for the most part not even regarded as crimes, but instead are written off by most of the world’s media and intellectual leadership as acts of God or of nature whose origin remains a mystery.

In New York the curriculum guide for 11th-grade American history tells students that there were three "foundations" for the Constitution: the European Enlightenment, the "Haudenosaunee political system", and the antecedent colonial experience. Only the Haudenosaunee political system receives explanatory subheadings: "a. Influence upon colonial leadership and European intellectuals (Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau); b. Impact on Albany Plan of Union, Articles of Confederation, and U.S. Constitution". How many experts on the American Constitution would endorse this stirring tribute to the "Haudenosaunee political system"? How many have heard of that system? Whatever influence the Iroquois confederation may have had on the framers of the Constitution was marginal; on European intellectuals it was marginal to the point of invisibility. No other state curriculum offers this analysis of the making of the Constitution. But then no other state has so effective an Iroquois lobby.

Contrary to popular opinion, then, Christianity is not a Western religion that destroys local cultures. Rather, Christianity has taken more culturally diverse forms than other faiths.25 It has deep layers of insight from the Hebrew, Greek, and European cultures, and over the next hundred years will be further shaped by Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Christianity may become the most truly “catholic vision of the world,”26 having opened its leadership over the centuries to people from every tongue, tribe, people and nation.

Underdevelopment points out the disparity between the rich countries in Europe and North America and countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A trip down history lane tells that the developed nations deeply exploited the developing countries, ultimately leaving them severely crippled. Slavery and colonialism served as the epitome of this exploitation where the Europeans built and developed their economies at the expense of the developing countries. Although we are in the 21st century, the new political, economic, and cultural world order that is powered by globalization perpetrates neocolonialism. Similarly, democracy has had its role in upholding underdevelopment as it involves the conversion of structures, practices, and institutions to resemble those of developed countries. Finally, poor leadership in developing countries contributes as it focuses on leaders amassing wealth. Therefore, developing countries need strong leadership within individual countries and in coalition with others to resists the forces of neocolonialism. Reviewing trade liberalization will allow local firms to flourish. They also need to lobby for more participation in global bodies such as the international monetary fund and the World Bank to make them accountable to underdeveloped communities.

Tactical use of the media can be equated to power behind your skill or special ability. It is in the power of the media to help market your brand. You just need to look at Hollywood, European football, Bollywood, Nollywood, Global fashion & modeling, showbiz and even humanitarian efforts, to appreciate that the making and destroying of stars, initiatives and legends is to a greater extent influenced by the role played by the media.

The two revolutions, therefore, taken together, must be understood as a centuries-long process of fundamental change in which the triumphant Western worldview of colonial days is replaced by a planetary understanding of the meaning of human existence that so transcends particular national differences as to enable the human species to create a planetary peace in the absence of an imperial power to enforce its particular institutions on anyone. In short, a coming to maturity of the human species. A transformation of this profound a depth must necessarily take form in the actions of the most capable nation on the planet, and Revel, after surveying the various claimants to leadership, decided that the United States fulfilled the basic requirements such a role entailed. He acclaimed the United States as the prototype nation in a process of world transformation. He cited many factors present in the United States but absent or improperly developed in other nations as justification for his choice. The United States had a continuing pattern of growth and economic prosperity unmatched by any other nation, a technological excellence unrivaled by anyone else, and a high level of basic research that would continue to provide increasingly sophisticated insights into the nature of basic scientific and social problems. Revel also felt that the United States was culturally oriented toward the future, whereas the European countries were directed toward the past, and the Communists were mired in theoretical and doctrinal considerations, rendering them incapable of confronting rapid and continued change. The

The “Lost Day” film and the comments by Putin and Medvedev have revealed a great deal: that the invasion of Georgia in August 2008 was indeed a preplanned aggression and that so-called “Russian peacekeepers” in South Ossetia and Abkhazia were in fact the vanguard of the invading forces that were in blatant violation of Russia’s international obligations and were training and arming the separatist forces. The admission by Putin that Ossetian separatist militias acted as an integral part of the Russian military plan transfers legal responsibility for acts of ethnic cleansing of Georgian civilians and mass marauding inside and outside of South Ossetia to the Russian military and political leadership. Putin’s admission of the prewar integration of the Ossetian separatist militias into the Russian General Staff war plans puts into question the integrity of the independent European Union war report, written by Swiss diplomat Heidi Tagliavini that accused the Georgians of starting the war and attacking Russian “peacekeepers,” which, according to Tagliavini, warranted a Russian military response.

In America and the European Union, around a third of the public have college degrees. An even smaller share get postgraduate education, barely 13% in the United States. And yet most of the leadership positions in Western societies are held by people who have at least a college education and usually some postgraduate training. In other words, about two thirds of people stand by and watch as the other third run everything. (In large Asian countries, which have a smaller share of college graduates, the divide is arguably much greater. Just 10% of China’s population attended some college and yet virtually every member of the Communist Party’s Central Committee has—99% as of 2016.

For me, one of the most important developments in Europe was a change in the leadership of the European Central Bank.

Since virtually all human societies organized themselves tribally at one point, many people are tempted to believe that this is somehow a natural state of affairs or biologically driven. It is not obvious, however, why you should want to cooperate with a cousin four times removed rather than a familiar nonrelative just because you share one sixty-fourth of your genes with your cousin. No animal species behaves in this manner, nor do human beings in band-level societies. The reason that this form of social organization took hold across human societies was due to religious belief, that is, the worship of dead ancestors. Worship of dead ancestors begins in band-level societies; within each small group there may be shamans or religious specialists whose job it is to communicate with those ancestors. With the development of lineages, however, religion becomes more complex and institutionalized, which in turn affects other institutions like leadership and property. It is belief in the power of dead ancestors over the living and not some mysterious biological instinct that causes tribal societies to cohere. One of the most famous descriptions of ancestor worship was provided by the nineteenth-century French historian Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges. His book The Ancient City, first published in 1864, came as a revelation to generations of Europeans brought up to associate Greek and Roman religion with the Olympian gods. Fustel de Coulanges pointed to a much older religious tradition that was shared by other Indo-European groups including

A continuing thread of Europe’s transformation over the seven decades since 1950 has been the central importance of Germany. Change here, in the country that did more than any other to destroy the continent during the first half of the twentieth century, has been especially profound. Despite its destruction as a nation state at the end of the Second World War, Germany has remained at the heart of Europe’s development – central to post-war economic recovery, central to the Cold War, central to the ending of the Cold War, central to widening European integration, central to the creation of the Euro, central to the crisis of the Eurozone, central to the migration crisis, and central to the still-embryonic steps to reform the European Union after its recent serious travails. In the meantime Germany has become a vital pillar of stable liberal democracy, it presides over Europe’s strongest economy, has overcome forty years of division to attain national unity, and has reluctantly acquired the mantle of European leadership. Germany’s own transformation has played a key role in Europe’s post-war story – and is far from the least successful part.

The adoption of Western leadership frameworks, particularly in government and corporate settings, has sometimes led to a disconnect. For example, many leadership programs in Africa's public sector are modeled after European bureaucratic systems, which emphasize strict protocols and rigid hierarchies. These approaches often overlook the significance of relational leadership; how authority and influence operate within African societies. As a result, the rigidity of these models has, in some instances, caused institutional stagnation, with decision-making becoming slow, accountability unclear, and leaders growing detached from the communities they are meant to serve. However, it's important to note that indigenous leadership models are not inherently better. Many traditional governance systems were created for smaller, agrarian communities, not the complex realities of modern economies, which demand large-scale coordination, swift decision-making, and detailed policy frameworks. The real challenge lies in blending the strengths of both approaches—combining the structured efficiency and accountability of Western models with the relational, community-centered principles found in indigenous leadership traditions.

Breaking free from centuries of psychological conditioning is no simple feat. Change often meets resistance, even from within. The comfort of learned helplessness; waiting for solutions to come from external forces rather than within ourselves can be deeply ingrained and hard to overcome. In politics, this mindset is reflected in the ongoing reliance on foreign aid and international interventions instead of investing in sustainable, locally-driven solutions. In business, it shows up as a preference for Western brands over equally capable local products. In education, it’s evident in the emphasis on European philosophers and theories at the expense of indigenous knowledge systems.

In many African governments, decision-making is highly centralized, with junior officials often discouraged from questioning or improving upon directives issued by higher-ranking authorities. This structure is reminiscent of colonial-era governance systems, where decisions were dictated from European capitals, leaving local administrators to simply execute orders. Such patterns have perpetuated an institutional culture that mutes creativity, sidelines initiative, and upholds the belief that solutions must always come from “above”—whether from national leadership, foreign experts, or global donors. In the corporate sphere, this surfaces as widespread risk aversion. Many businesses prefer to follow well-established models rather than venturing into innovative approaches. This environment places startups and entrepreneurs at a disadvantage, as the broader business framework tends to favor large, entrenched companies—many of which are either foreign-owned or heavily influenced by international investors. Limited access to local financing, combined with a dependency on external capital, constrains the ability of African businesses to grow on their own terms.

I so wish people had seen it your way, but I think too many of us have read the story to say it gives European white males carte blanche to play God over creation; so `having dominion' gives them a license to pollute and exploit.

On May 19, Representative Elias Boudinot of New Jersey, Hamilton’s old patron from Elizabethtown, proposed that Congress establish a department of finance. From the clamor that arose over what would become the Treasury Department, it was clear this would be the real flash point of controversy in the new government, the place where critics feared that European-style despotism could take root. Legislators recalled that British tax abuses had spawned the Revolution and that chancellors of the exchequer had directed huge armies of customs collectors to levy onerous duties. To guard against such concentrated power, Elbridge Gerry wanted to invest the Treasury leadership in a board, not an individual. It was Madison who insisted that a single secretary, equipped with all necessary powers, should superintend the department.

Hitler and Mussolini, by contrast, not only felt destined to rule but shared none of the purists’ qualms about competing in bourgeois elections. Both set out—with impressive tactical skill and by rather different routes, which they discovered by trial and error—to make themselves indispensable participants in the competition for political power within their nations. Becoming a successful political player inevitably involved losing followers as well as gaining them. Even the simple step of becoming a party could seem a betrayal to some purists of the first hour. When Mussolini decided to change his movement into a party late in 1921, some of his idealistic early followers saw this as a descent into the soiled arena of bourgeois parliamentarism. Being a party ranked talk above action, deals above principle, and competing interests above a united nation. Idealistic early fascists saw themselves as offering a new form of public life—an “antiparty”—capable of gathering the entire nation, in opposition to both parliamentary liberalism, with its encouragement of faction, and socialism, with its class struggle. José Antonio described the Falange Española as “a movement and not a party—indeed you could almost call it an anti-party . . . neither of the Right nor of the Left." Hitler’s NSDAP, to be sure, had called itself a party from the beginning, but its members, who knew it was not like the other parties, called it “the movement” (die Bewegung). Mostly fascists called their organizations movements or camps or bands or rassemblements or fasci: brotherhoods that did not pit one interest against others, but claimed to unite and energize the nation. Conflicts over what fascist movements should call themselves were relatively trivial. Far graver compromises and transformations were involved in the process of becoming a significant actor in a political arena. For that process involved teaming up with some of the very capitalist speculators and bourgeois party leaders whose rejection had been part of the early movements’ appeal. How the fascists managed to retain some of their antibourgeois rhetoric and a measure of “revolutionary” aura while forming practical political alliances with parts of the establishment constitutes one of the mysteries of their success. Becoming a successful contender in the political arena required more than clarifying priorities and knitting alliances. It meant offering a new political style that would attract voters who had concluded that “politics” had become dirty and futile. Posing as an “antipolitics” was often effective with people whose main political motivation was scorn for politics. In situations where existing parties were confined within class or confessional boundaries, like Marxist, smallholders’, or Christian parties, the fascists could appeal by promising to unite a people rather than divide it. Where existing parties were run by parliamentarians who thought mainly of their own careers, fascist parties could appeal to idealists by being “parties of engagement,” in which committed militants rather than careerist politicians set the tone. In situations where a single political clan had monopolized power for years, fascism could pose as the only nonsocialist path to renewal and fresh leadership. In such ways, fascists pioneered in the 1920s by creating the first European “catch-all” parties of “engagement,”17 readily distinguished from their tired, narrow rivals as much by the breadth of their social base as by the intense activism of their militants. Comparison acquires some bite at this point: only some societies experienced so severe a breakdown of existing systems that citizens began to look to outsiders for salvation. In many cases fascist establishment failed; in others it was never really attempted.

The European states resembled each other rather closely in their luxuriant growth of antiliberal criticism as the twentieth century opened. Where they differed was in those political, social, and economic preconditions that seem to distinguish the states where fascism, exceptionally, was able to become established. One of the most important preconditions was a faltering liberal order. Fascisms grew from back rooms to the public arena most easily where the existing government functioned badly, or not at all. One of the commonplaces of discussions of fascism is that it thrived upon the crisis of liberalism. I hope here to make that vague formulation somewhat more concrete. On the eve of World War I the major states of Europe were either governed by liberal regimes or seemed headed that way. Liberal regimes guaranteed freedoms both for individuals and for contending political parties, and allowed citizens to influence the composition of governments, more or less directly, through elections. Liberal government also accorded a large measure of freedom to citizens and to enterprises. Government intervention was expected to be limited to the few functions individuals could not perform for themselves, such as the maintenance of order and the conduct of war and diplomacy. Economic and social matters were supposed to be left to the free play of individual choices in the market, though liberal regimes did not hesitate to protect property from worker protests and from foreign competition. This kind of liberal state ceased to exist during World War I, for total war could be conducted only by massive government coordination and regulation. After the war was over, liberals expected governments to return to liberal policies. The strains of war making, however, had created new conflicts, tensions, and malfunctions that required sustained state intervention. At the war’s end, some of the belligerent states had collapsed...What had gone wrong with the liberal recipe for government? What was at stake was a technique of government: rule by notables, where the wellborn and well-educated could rely on social prestige and deference to keep them elected. Notable rule, however, came under severe pressure from the “nationalization of the masses." Fascists quickly profited from the inability of centrists and conservatives to keep control of a mass electorate. Whereas the notable dinosaurs disdained mass politics, fascists showed how to use it for nationalism and against the Left. They promised access to the crowd through exciting political spectacle and clever publicity techniques; ways to discipline that crowd through paramilitary organization and charismatic leadership; and the replacement of chancy elections by yes-no plebiscites. Whereas citizens in a parliamentary democracy voted to choose a few fellow citizens to serve as their representatives, fascists expressed their citizenship directly by participating in ceremonies of mass assent. The propagandistic manipulation of public opinion replaced debate about complicated issues among a small group of legislators who (according to liberal ideals) were supposed to be better informed than the mass of the citizenry. Fascism could well seem to offer to the opponents of the Left efficacious new techniques for controlling, managing, and channeling the “nationalization of the masses,” at a moment when the Left threatened to enlist a majority of the population around two non-national poles: class and international pacifism. One may also perceive the crisis of liberalism after 1918 in a second way, as a “crisis of transition,” a rough passage along the journey into industrialization and modernity. A third way of looking at the crisis of the liberal state envisions the same problem of late industrialization in social terms.

I sometimes wonder where the world would have been if we didn't have corruption, racism, dictatorial leadership, international terrorism, armed conflict, the spread of infectious diseases, climate change, poverty, hunger and lack of drinking water, the caste system, tribalism, communism, international media propaganda, the Colonial Borders of Africa created by Europeans for their own gains, the Ignorance of the Books of Machiavelli, Hegel & Darwinism (You are either with us or against us) and Lack of Domestic Leadership Education.

Sadly, no one named Victor has written a definitive history of Hong Kong. So we’re left with three versions to choose from. The British version: Provoked into war by Chinese duplicity toward honest European traders, Britain—reluctantly, mind you—took, as a wee little concession, an uninhabited “barren rock with hardly a house upon it”, where they kindly implanted civilization, rule of law, and the most successful, freewheeling capitalist economy the world has ever known. 156 years later they magnanimously gave it back, and everyone lived happily ever after. The Chinese version: Hong Kong was a modern, thriving coastal commercial centre, seized by devilish foreigners during the greatest humiliation ever perpetrated upon China, a heinous act never to be forgotten for the next ten billion years. Thanks to the omniscient leadership of the Communist Party, China’s pride and joy was at last restored to the benevolent embrace of the Motherland, for which all Chinese around the world feel avenged. And by the way, Taiwan’s next. Finally, the most commonly-held version of Hong Kong history: I dunno. You mean I should care?

But Murray pays no attention to accomplishments in other human endeavours such as warfare, voyages of discovery, and heroic leadership. His achievements come only in the form of ‘great books’ and ‘great ideas.’ Europeans were also exceptional in their contentious and expansionist behaviours. Their scholarly achievements, including their liberal values, were inseparably connected to their aristocratic ethos of competitive individualism. There is no need to concede to multicultural critics, as Norman Davies believes, ‘the sorry catalogue of wars, conflict, and persecutions that have dogged every stage of the [Western] tale.’[5] The intellectual and artistic achievements of Europeans, seemingly peaceful as they may seem, are part of the same expansionist and disputatious psychological make-up Spengler designated as ‘Faustian’.

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The failures and consequent political costs of devaluing the franc brought the French leadership to the conviction that subsuming their national currency within the project of a common European currency was the way to elude those devaluation costs in the future. Knowing that the battle between the franc and the deutschmark had been lost, France saw in the euro the opportunity to regain control of its monetary affairs. She believed, naively, that she was going to have political control over the new common currency while taking advantage of the strength conferred by an ECB conceived as a carbon copy of the reputable German Central Bank. This nationalistic vision of the currency is the frame of reference for understanding the almost obsessive determination of France, from the time of General de Gaulle onward, to neutralise the monetary hegemony of the US dollar.

German reunification revived the enduring concern and anxiety about the economic and political power of the country which, in France’s opinion, had threatened peace and equilibrium in Europe since the beginning of the 19th century. The only way to neutralise and control German power was to tie Germany into deeper and irreversible European integration, in which of course France would retain political leadership. This could be accomplished through monetary union. In her nationalistic view of the currency, France thought that wresting the deutschmark away from Germany was like depriving her of the source of her economic power, like Delilah depriving Samson of his strength by cutting his hair. So, the second political motivation for France promoting the EMU was her desire to control and neutralise the new power that German reunification had granted to her eternal rival. This was nothing new, because this distrust and the desire to contain Germany had been the constant theme permeating the actions of France throughout the process of building European integration, from the very creation of the Coal and Steel Community in the early 50s.

【V信83113305】：Berlin's European School of Management and Technology (ESMT) stands as a premier institution for leadership and innovation. Founded by leading global companies, it combines rigorous academic theory with practical, real-world business challenges. Its MBA and executive education programs are consistently ranked among the best, attracting a diverse, international student body to the heart of Europe's dynamic economic landscape. ESMT's strong focus on technology, sustainability, and entrepreneurship equips future leaders with the essential skills to drive meaningful change in a complex global environment, solidifying its reputation as a catalyst for progressive business thought.，ESMT European School of Management and Technology毕业证文凭柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证, 网络办理ESMT Berlin毕业证官方成绩单学历认证, 本地德国硕士文凭证书原版定制ESMT Berlin本科毕业证书, 1:1原版ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证+ESMT Berlin成绩单, 柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证办理流程和安全放心渠道, 100%安全办理柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证, 高端ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证办理流程, 一比一定制-ESMT Berlin毕业证柏林欧洲管理与技术学院学位证书, 快速办理ESMT Berlin毕业证-柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证书-百分百放心

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1867, McDaniel College is a distinguished private liberal arts institution located in Westminster, Maryland. Originally known as Western Maryland College, it was renamed in 2002 to honor an influential alumnus. The college offers a personalized educational experience with a low student-to-faculty ratio, emphasizing close mentorship and interdisciplinary learning. Its curriculum blends traditional liberal arts with pre-professional programs, fostering critical thinking and global citizenship. The scenic 160-acre campus provides a vibrant community for students from diverse backgrounds. McDaniel also operates a European campus in Budapest, Hungary, offering unique international opportunities. Committed to academic excellence and inclusive leadership, McDaniel prepares graduates to thrive in a complex, changing world.，百分百放心原版复刻麦克丹尼尔学院MC毕业证书, 挂科办理McDaniel College麦克丹尼尔学院毕业证文凭, 网络办理MC毕业证-麦克丹尼尔学院毕业证书-学位证书, MC毕业证成绩单制作, 麦克丹尼尔学院文凭, 麦克丹尼尔学院毕业证书, 留学生买文凭MC毕业证麦克丹尼尔学院, 制作美国文凭MC毕业证, 本地美国硕士文凭证书原版定制MC本科毕业证书

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1948, Sciences Po Toulouse is one of France's prestigious grandes écoles, dedicated to the study of political science and international relations. Located in the dynamic city of Toulouse, it offers a rigorous curriculum that combines political theory, economics, law, and history, preparing students for leadership roles in public service, European affairs, and global governance. The school is known for its selective admission process, strong emphasis on critical thinking, and a vibrant academic community that encourages debate and intellectual engagement. With numerous partnerships with universities worldwide and a strong alumni network, Sciences Po Toulouse provides exceptional opportunities for professional development and global exposure, making it a cornerstone of political education in France.，100%满意-Sciences Po Toulouse毕业证图卢兹政治学院学位证, Sciences Po Toulouse毕业证办理多少钱又安全, 法国学历购买, 网上制作Sciences Po Toulouse毕业证-图卢兹政治学院毕业证书-留信学历认证放心渠道, Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Toulouse文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, 购买图卢兹政治学院毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, 图卢兹政治学院毕业证书-一比一制作, 图卢兹政治学院Sciences Po Toulouse大学毕业证成绩单, 本地法国硕士文凭证书原版定制Sciences Po Toulouse本科毕业证书

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1919, emlyon business school is one of France’s most prestigious grandes écoles, recognized for its academic excellence and strong entrepreneurial spirit. Located in Lyon with additional campuses across Europe and Asia, the school offers a diverse range of programs including MSc, MBA, and executive education. Known for its innovative "early makers" approach, emlyon emphasizes creativity, leadership, and real-world impact, preparing students to become agile and responsible business leaders. With a powerful global alumni network and strong corporate connections, the school continues to rank among the top European institutions for management education.，ESC Clermont克莱蒙高等商学院毕业证成绩单学历认证最安全办理方式, 100%定制ESC Clermont毕业证成绩单, 购买克莱蒙高等商学院毕业证和学位证认证步骤, 办理法国大学毕业证书, ESC Clermont毕业证最放心办理渠道, 定制-克莱蒙高等商学院毕业证ESC Clermont毕业证书, ESC Clermont学位定制, 克莱蒙高等商学院成绩单办理, ESC Clermont克莱蒙高等商学院毕业证成绩单学历认证最快多久

【V信83113305】：Grenoble INP - Génie Industriel is a distinguished French engineering school, part of the Grenoble Institute of Technology. It is highly regarded for its specialized focus on industrial engineering, integrating advanced studies in production systems, supply chain management, logistics, and innovation processes. The school emphasizes a strong link between theoretical knowledge and practical application, fostered through collaborations with leading industries and research centers in the Grenoble area, a major European hub for technology and science. Students benefit from a rigorous curriculum that prepares them to tackle complex industrial challenges, drive efficiency, and lead sustainable innovation in a global context. The institution consistently produces top-tier engineers equipped for leadership roles across various industrial sectors.，法国Génie Industriel Grenoble格勒诺布尔国立高等工业工程学院毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 格勒诺布尔国立高等工业工程学院毕业证和学位证办理流程, 法国买文凭办理格勒诺布尔国立高等工业工程学院毕业证成绩单, 办理Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Génie Industriel de Grenoble大学毕业证格勒诺布尔国立高等工业工程学院, Génie Industriel Grenoble毕业证定制, 如何办理格勒诺布尔国立高等工业工程学院学历学位证, Génie Industriel Grenoble毕业证成绩单学历认证最安全办理方式, 加急格勒诺布尔国立高等工业工程学院毕业证Génie Industriel Grenoble毕业证书办理多少钱, 终于找到哪里办Génie Industriel Grenoble格勒诺布尔国立高等工业工程学院毕业证书

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1871, Sciences Po Rennes is one of France's prestigious grandes écoles, dedicated to the study of political science and international relations. Located in the capital of Brittany, it provides a rigorous academic curriculum focused on law, economics, history, and public policy, preparing students for high-level careers in public service, European institutions, and the private sector. The school emphasizes multilingualism, critical thinking, and a deep understanding of global governance, offering numerous exchange programs with universities worldwide. Its competitive entrance exam and selective admission process ensure a highly motivated student body. Sciences Po Rennes is renowned for producing influential graduates who contribute significantly to political and administrative leadership in France and beyond.，雷恩政治学院成绩单购买, 学历证书!Sciences Po Rennes学历证书雷恩政治学院学历证书Sciences Po Rennes假文凭, 办理Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Rennes大学毕业证雷恩政治学院, 优质渠道办理雷恩政治学院毕业证成绩单学历认证, 法国Sciences Po Rennes毕业证仪式感|购买雷恩政治学院学位证, 留学生买毕业证Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Rennes毕业证文凭成绩单办理, 1分钟获取雷恩政治学院毕业证最佳办理渠道, 办雷恩政治学院毕业证-Diploma, Sciences Po Rennes毕业证成绩单制作

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1948, Sciences Po Toulouse is a distinguished grande école specializing in political science and international relations. Part of the network of Institutes of Political Studies in France, it is renowned for its rigorous academic programs and competitive entrance exam. The curriculum provides comprehensive training in law, economics, history, and political science, preparing students for high-level careers in public service, European affairs, journalism, and private sector leadership. With a strong emphasis on critical thinking and professional development, the school fosters a vibrant intellectual environment. Its deep roots in the dynamic city of Toulouse further enhance its unique academic culture, producing graduates who are well-equipped to become influential actors in global governance and policy.，办理图卢兹政治学院毕业证, 原版Sciences Po Toulouse毕业证最佳办理流程, 一比一原版Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Toulouse图卢兹政治学院毕业证购买, 极速办Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Toulouse图卢兹政治学院毕业证Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Toulouse文凭学历制作, 100%定制Sciences Po Toulouse毕业证成绩单, Sciences Po Toulouse毕业证成绩单制作, 图卢兹政治学院毕业证成绩单学历认证最安全办理方式, 图卢兹政治学院毕业证成绩单原版定制, 原版定制Sciences Po Toulouse毕业证书案例

【V信83113305】：Founded in France with a global outlook, KEDGE Business School stands as a prominent institution in European management education. It offers a diverse portfolio of programmes, including MSc, MBA, and executive education, designed to foster innovation and responsible leadership. The school emphasises experiential learning, strong corporate connections, and sustainability-driven research across its campuses in Bordeaux, Marseille, and Paris. With triple accreditation and a vibrant international community, KEDGE provides students with the strategic vision and practical skills necessary to thrive in a complex business environment, preparing them to become impactful change-makers in the world.，法国毕业证学历认证, KEDGE Business SchooldiplomaKEDGE商业学院挂科处理解决方案, KEDGE Business Schooldiploma安全可靠购买KEDGE Business School毕业证, KEDGE商业学院学位定制, KEDGE商业学院成绩单办理, 最新KEDGEKEDGE商业学院毕业证成功案例, 100%定制KEDGE毕业证成绩单, KEDGE本科毕业证, 硕士-KEDGE毕业证KEDGE商业学院毕业证办理

【V信83113305】：École Supérieure des Sciences Économiques et Commerciales, more widely known as ESSEC Business School, stands as a titan of European management education. Founded in France in 1907, its prestigious Grande École program is synonymous with academic excellence and innovation. ESSEC’s pioneering spirit is embodied in its forward-thinking curriculum, which emphasizes experiential learning, leadership, and a global perspective. With campuses in Cergy, Paris, Singapore, and Rabat, the school offers a truly international experience, preparing future leaders to navigate complex, cross-cultural business environments. Its powerful global alumni network and strong corporate connections ensure that an ESSEC degree is not just an education, but a passport to a world of opportunity in business and beyond.，100%加急制作-ISEG毕业证学校原版一样, ISEG-diploma安全可靠购买欧洲高等管理学院毕业证, 最安全购买欧洲高等管理学院毕业证方法, 100%安全办理欧洲高等管理学院毕业证, ISEG毕业证成绩单制作, ISEG文凭制作, 办欧洲高等管理学院毕业证-Diploma, 挂科办理Institut Supérieur Européen de Gestion欧洲高等管理学院毕业证文凭, 欧洲高等管理学院毕业证办理

【V信83113305】：The Sorbonne University stands as an iconic symbol of academic excellence and intellectual history in the heart of Paris. Founded in 1257 by Robert de Sorbon, it was initially a college for theology students and grew into a center of European thought. Following the 1968 protests, it was restructured into multiple autonomous universities. Today, it represents a collective of prestigious institutions, with its historic Latin Quarter campus remaining a global emblem of knowledge. Renowned for humanities, science, and medicine, it continues to attract scholars worldwide, upholding its legacy of fostering critical debate, innovation, and leadership that shapes society and culture across the globe.，索邦大学挂科了怎么办？Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne毕业证成绩单专业服务, 如何获取索邦大学毕业证本科学位证书, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne文凭制作流程学术背后的努力, Paris 1毕业证文凭索邦大学毕业证, 百分百放心原版复刻索邦大学Paris 1毕业证书, 购买索邦大学毕业证, 挂科办理索邦大学毕业证本科学位证书, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门, 一比一办理-Paris 1毕业证索邦大学毕业证

【V信83113305】：Paris American Business College stands as a premier institution in France, offering a unique blend of American entrepreneurial spirit and European academic excellence. It provides students with a dynamic, English-language business education that is both globally-oriented and deeply integrated with the French corporate landscape. The curriculum is designed to foster innovation, strategic thinking, and cross-cultural leadership skills, preparing graduates for successful international careers. Located in the heart of a global business capital, the college leverages its prime location to connect students with industry leaders through internships and networking events. This practical approach, combined with a diverse and vibrant student community, creates an unparalleled environment for aspiring global business professionals.，购买企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris毕业证文凭企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证, 办理企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证, IGS-ABS毕业证书, 毕业证文凭企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证, 办理企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证IGS-ABS毕业证书毕业证, 极速办企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证IGS-ABS文凭学历制作, 学历证书!Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris学历证书企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院学历证书Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris假文凭, Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris文凭制作流程确保学历真实性

【V信83113305】：Strasbourg School of Management, part of the University of Strasbourg in France, is a distinguished institution known for its strong focus on international business and management education. Located in a dynamic European capital, the school leverages its strategic position to offer students unique cross-cultural experiences and strong industry connections. Its programs emphasize sustainability, innovation, and ethical leadership, preparing graduates for global careers. With a diverse student body and a faculty engaged in impactful research, the school fosters an inclusive and forward-thinking learning environment. It stands out for combining academic rigor with practical relevance, making it a compelling choice for aspiring managers.，加急定制-EM Strasbourg学位证斯特拉斯堡管理学院毕业证书, Ecole de management de Strasbourg毕业证成绩单专业服务学历认证, 硕士-EM Strasbourg毕业证斯特拉斯堡管理学院毕业证办理, 百分比满意度-EM Strasbourg斯特拉斯堡管理学院毕业证, 法国办斯特拉斯堡管理学院毕业证办成绩单购买, 原版定制EM Strasbourg毕业证书案例, 留学生买毕业证Ecole de management de Strasbourg毕业证文凭成绩单办理, 法国EM Strasbourg毕业证仪式感|购买斯特拉斯堡管理学院学位证, 办理斯特拉斯堡管理学院文凭

【V信83113305】：INSEAD stands as a premier global business school, renowned for its transformative impact on leaders. With campuses across Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, its original European base in Fontainebleau, France, remains a cornerstone of its identity. The school’s flagship MBA program is celebrated for its intense, diverse, and international environment, compressing a world-class education into ten months. INSEAD’s "The Business School for the World" ethos is reflected in its multicultural cohort, eminent faculty, and powerful alumni network. It consistently ranks among the top institutions globally, distinguished by its exceptional focus on international business, leadership development, and entrepreneurial spirit, shaping the minds that drive business and society forward.，高端定制INSEAD毕业证留信认证, 最新INSEAD毕业证成功案例, 100%学历INSEAD欧洲商务管理学院毕业证成绩单制作, 欧洲商务管理学院毕业证书办理需要多久, 加急欧洲商务管理学院毕业证INSEAD毕业证书办理多少钱, 欧洲商务管理学院毕业证INSEAD毕业证学校原版100%一样, 硕士欧洲商务管理学院文凭定制INSEAD毕业证书, 极速办欧洲商务管理学院毕业证Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires文凭学历制作, 1:1原版欧洲商务管理学院毕业证+Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires成绩单

【V信83113305】：Berlin's European School of Management and Technology (ESMT) stands as a premier institution for leadership and innovation. Founded by leading global companies, it combines rigorous academic theory with practical, real-world business challenges. Its MBA and executive education programs are consistently ranked among the best globally, attracting a diverse cohort of talented professionals. Located in the heart of the German capital, ESMT leverages its position in a major European hub for technology, politics, and culture. The school's strong focus on technology management, entrepreneurship, and sustainable business equips its graduates to become responsible leaders capable of driving positive change in a complex, interconnected world.，高端烫金工艺ESMT Berlin毕业证成绩单制作, ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证书, ESMT Berlin文凭购买, 加急办ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院文凭学位证书成绩单gpa修改, 德国买文凭办理柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证成绩单, ESMT Berlin文凭制作流程确保学历真实性, 办理柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证文凭, ESMT Berlin毕业证办理多少钱又安全, 终于找到哪里办ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证书

【V信83113305】：ESCP Business School, established in 1819, stands as a pillar of European business education. With its unique multi-campus model spanning six major European cities—Paris, London, Berlin, Madrid, Turin, and Warsaw—it offers a truly transnational learning experience. The school is renowned for its Master in Management, consistently ranked among the world's best, and its diverse suite of programs that emphasize international perspective and cross-cultural leadership. ESCP’s deep-rooted history intertwines with a forward-thinking approach, fostering a network of influential alumni and equipping students to become agile, responsible leaders in the global business arena. It is more than a school; it is a microcosm of Europe itself.，666办理欧洲高等管理学院毕业证最佳渠道, 百分百放心原版复刻欧洲高等管理学院ISEG毕业证书, 挂科办理Institut Supérieur Européen de Gestion欧洲高等管理学院毕业证文凭, ISEG毕业证书, 办理ISEG毕业证, 100%收到-ISEG毕业证书欧洲高等管理学院毕业证, 没-欧洲高等管理学院毕业证书ISEG挂科了怎么补救, 高端定制ISEG毕业证留信认证, 高端烫金工艺ISEG毕业证成绩单制作

【V信83113305】：ESCP Business School, established in 1819, stands as one of the world's oldest and most prestigious business schools. With its unique multi-campus model spanning six major European cities—Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Turin, and Warsaw—ESCP offers a truly transnational education. Its programs, including the renowned Master in Management, emphasize a cross-cultural approach to leadership and business, preparing students for global careers. The school's distinguished alumni network and strong corporate connections ensure excellent graduate outcomes. Consistently ranked among Europe's top business schools, ESCP combines historical academic excellence with a forward-thinking, international perspective, shaping the next generation of business leaders.，办理法国ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证ESCP Europe文凭版本, 法国ESCP Europe毕业证仪式感|购买ESCP EuropeESCP欧洲高等商学院学位证, 原版定制ESCP EuropeESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证, 法国ESCP Europe Business School毕业证仪式感|购买ESCP Europe Business SchoolESCP欧洲高等商学院学位证, ESCP Europe Business School文凭制作流程学术背后的努力, 原版定制ESCP Europe毕业证书案例, 学历证书!学历证书ESCP欧洲高等商学院学历证书假文凭, fake-ESCP Europe-diploma-transcript, 原版ESCP Europe毕业证办理流程和价钱

【V信83113305】：The Hamburg School of Logistics and Business Management (HWL) is a distinguished German institution specializing in supply chain management, logistics, and corporate leadership. Located in a major European port city, it leverages Hamburg’s strategic trade position to provide students with real-world industry insights and practical expertise. HWL offers innovative, application-oriented programs that blend engineering, IT, and management disciplines, preparing graduates to tackle global logistical challenges. With a strong emphasis on research, digitalization, and sustainability, the school collaborates closely with industry partners, ensuring its curriculum remains forward-thinking and relevant. HWL is recognized for developing skilled professionals who drive efficiency and innovation in the logistics and business sectors.，修改Kühne Logistics University-Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Logistik und Unternehmensführung汉堡物流与企业管理学院成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 最安全购买Kühne Logistics University毕业证方法, Kühne Logistics University-Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Logistik und Unternehmensführung文凭制作服务您学历的展现, 办理Kühne Logistics University-Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Logistik und Unternehmensführung汉堡物流与企业管理学院毕业证文凭, Kühne Logistics University汉堡物流与企业管理学院毕业证本科学历办理方法, 100%安全办理汉堡物流与企业管理学院毕业证, 学历证书!Kühne Logistics University学历证书汉堡物流与企业管理学院学历证书Kühne Logistics University假文凭, 汉堡物流与企业管理学院毕业证Kühne Logistics University毕业证书, fake-Kühne Logistics University-degree

【V信83113305】：École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay stands as one of France's most prestigious grandes écoles, renowned for excellence in science, engineering, and the humanities. Originally founded in 1912, it became a key institution within the Paris-Saclay University cluster, a leading European research hub. The school is dedicated to training top-level researchers, academics, and public servants through a highly selective and rigorous program. Its unique model combines advanced research with high-level teaching, encouraging interdisciplinary innovation. Faculty and alumni include numerous Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, and influential figures in public life. By fostering critical thinking and scientific excellence, it continues to shape intellectual and academic leadership in France and beyond.，原版定制ENS Paris-Saclay巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院毕业证书, ENS Paris-Saclay留学本科毕业证, 办理法国巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院毕业证Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay文凭版本, 一比一办理-ENS Paris-Saclay毕业证巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院毕业证, 办巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院成绩单, 巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院文凭ENS Paris-Saclay毕业证学历认证方法, 原版定制ENS Paris-Saclay巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院毕业证书案例, ENS Paris-Saclay巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院毕业证本科学历办理方法, 挂科办理ENS Paris-Saclay巴黎萨克雷高等师范学院学历学位证

【V信83113305】：The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582, is one of the world's most prestigious ancient universities and a cornerstone of Scotland's intellectual heritage. Nestled in the historic and culturally rich capital city, it is consistently ranked among the top universities globally. It is renowned for its groundbreaking research, having been associated with numerous Nobel laureates and pioneering discoveries, from the study of genetics to key developments in medicine. The university offers a vast array of programs across its three colleges: Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences; Science & Engineering; and Medicine & Veterinary Medicine. Its stunning central campus blends historic architecture with modern facilities, providing an inspiring environment for over 45,000 students from more than 150 countries. As a member of the Russell Group and the League of European Research Universities (LERU), Edinburgh continues to be a powerful magnet for global talent, fostering innovation and leadership for over four centuries.，在线办理爱丁堡大学毕业证成绩单, 学历证书!学历证书爱丁堡大学学历证书假文凭, 办理英国-UoE毕业证书爱丁堡大学毕业证, 1:1原版The University of Edinburgh爱丁堡大学毕业证+The University of Edinburgh成绩单, UoE毕业证书爱丁堡大学毕业证诚信办理, 爱丁堡大学毕业证成绩单学历认证最快多久, 最便宜办理UoE毕业证书, 一比一原版UoE爱丁堡大学毕业证购买, UoE爱丁堡大学毕业证成绩单制作

【V信83113305】：The Hertie School in Berlin stands as a prominent beacon for public policy and governance in Germany and beyond. Founded in 2003, this private, independent university is dedicated to preparing tomorrow’s leaders for complex challenges in government, business, and civil society. Its international faculty and diverse student body create a dynamic, English-speaking academic environment grounded in interdisciplinary research and practice. Located in the heart of the German capital, the school leverages its proximity to national and European political institutions, offering students unparalleled access to policymakers and practical experience. With a strong emphasis on analytical rigor, ethical leadership, and public engagement, the Hertie School is a vital contributor to informed debate and effective solutions for the twenty-first century.，100%办理Hertie School柏林赫尔梯学院毕业证书, 柏林赫尔梯学院毕业证办理流程和安全放心渠道, 网上制作柏林赫尔梯学院毕业证Hertie School毕业证书留信学历认证, 最便宜办理柏林赫尔梯学院毕业证书, Hertie School柏林赫尔梯学院挂科了怎么办？, 修改Hertie School柏林赫尔梯学院成绩单电子版gpa实现您的学业目标, Hertie School毕业证认证PDF成绩单, 德国Hertie School柏林赫尔梯学院毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 办理真实毕业证成绩单留信网认证

【V信83113305】：The Berlin European School of Economics (ESE) stands as a prominent hub for business education in Germany's vibrant capital. It distinguishes itself through a highly practical, international approach, preparing students for leadership roles in the global market. Its programs, ranging from Bachelor's to MBA levels, integrate rigorous academic theory with real-world application, often through internships and corporate projects. With a diverse student body and faculty from across the globe, the institute fosters a dynamic, multicultural learning environment. Its prime Berlin location provides unparalleled access to a major European economic and startup scene, making it an ideal place to gain industry insights and build a powerful professional network for an international career.，柏林欧洲经济学院毕业证书办理需要多久, 在线办理ESCP Europe Berlin柏林欧洲经济学院毕业证offer外壳皮, 原版定制柏林欧洲经济学院毕业证书案例, 原版定制ESCP Europe Berlin柏林欧洲经济学院毕业证, 哪里买柏林欧洲经济学院毕业证|ESCP Europe Berlin成绩单, 加急办ESCP Europe Berlin文凭学位证书成绩单gpa修改, 哪里买柏林欧洲经济学院毕业证|ESCP Europe Wirtschaftshochschule Berlin成绩单, ESCP Europe Berlin文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, ESCP Europe Berlin毕业证最新版本推荐最快办理柏林欧洲经济学院文凭成绩单

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1819, ESCP Business School stands as one of the world's oldest and most prestigious business schools. With its unique multi-campus structure across Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Turin, and Warsaw, ESCP offers a truly European and global education experience. Its flagship Master in Management programme is consistently ranked among the best globally. The school emphasises cross-cultural leadership and hands-on learning, preparing students for international business careers. Its distinguished alumni network includes leaders in industry, finance, and politics. Combining academic excellence with a deep commitment to diversity and innovation, ESCP continues to shape the next generation of responsible business leaders.，ESCP Europe Business School文凭制作流程学术背后的努力, 原版定制ESCP Europe毕业证, ESCP Europe Business SchoolESCP欧洲高等商学院颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 办ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证认证学历认证使馆认证, 百分百放心原版复刻ESCP欧洲高等商学院ESCP Europe毕业证书, 加急ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证ESCP Europe毕业证书办理多少钱, 办理ESCP欧洲高等商学院文凭, 一比一定制-ESCP Europe毕业证ESCP欧洲高等商学院学位证书, 快速办理ESCP Europe毕业证-ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证书-百分百放心

【V信83113305】：The Hamburg School of Logistics and Business Management (HWL) is a distinguished German institution specializing in supply chain management, logistics, and corporate leadership. Located in a major European port city, it leverages Hamburg’s strategic trade position to provide students with practical, industry-relevant education. HWL offers a range of programs blending theoretical knowledge with real-world application, fostering innovation and operational excellence. Its strong corporate partnerships facilitate networking, internships, and career opportunities, preparing graduates to tackle global logistical challenges. With a focus on sustainability and digital transformation, HWL is a hub for developing future leaders who drive efficiency and resilience in international business and supply chain networks.，原版Kühne Logistics University汉堡物流与企业管理学院毕业证办理流程, 硕士汉堡物流与企业管理学院文凭定制Kühne Logistics University毕业证书, 极速办理Kühne Logistics University汉堡物流与企业管理学院毕业证书, Kühne Logistics University毕业证和学位证办理流程, 原版Kühne Logistics University毕业证书办理流程, 办理德国-Kühne Logistics University毕业证书汉堡物流与企业管理学院毕业证, 哪里买汉堡物流与企业管理学院毕业证|Kühne Logistics University成绩单, 想要真实感受汉堡物流与企业管理学院版毕业证图片的品质点击查看详解, 正版德国Kühne Logistics University毕业证文凭学历证书

【V信83113305】：Paris School of Business: Leadership Forged in the Heart of Innovation Dedicated to shaping the next generation of entrepreneurs and leaders, Paris School of Business (PSB) stands as a premier institution in the European business landscape. Located in a global capital of culture and commerce, its programs are deeply infused with an innovative, entrepreneurial spirit. PSB's curriculum masterfully blends rigorous academic theory with practical, real-world application, often through direct collaboration with industry. This approach ensures graduates are not just ready for the market but are equipped to disrupt it. By fostering critical thinking, creativity, and a global mindset, the school empowers its students to launch ventures and lead organizations with vision and integrity, truly building the future of business.，EDC Paris毕业证办理流程和安全放心渠道, 一流EDC Paris Business School巴黎企业创建者与领导者商业学院学历精仿高质, 原装正版巴黎企业创建者与领导者商业学院毕业证真实水印成绩单制作, 哪里买EDC Paris巴黎企业创建者与领导者商业学院毕业证|EDC Paris成绩单, EDC Paris Business School文凭制作流程确保学历真实性, EDC Paris Business School巴黎企业创建者与领导者商业学院多少钱, 网络办理EDC Paris毕业证-巴黎企业创建者与领导者商业学院毕业证书-学位证书, 购买巴黎企业创建者与领导者商业学院成绩单, 办理真实EDC Paris Business School毕业证成绩单留信网认证

【V信83113305】：ESCP Business School, established in 1819, stands as one of the world's oldest and most prestigious business schools. With its unique multi-campus model spanning six major European cities—Paris, London, Berlin, Madrid, Turin, and Warsaw—ESCP offers a truly transnational educational experience. This distinctive structure allows students to immerse themselves in diverse business cultures and build international networks, embodying the school's founding motto, "European Identity, Global Perspective." Its renowned Master in Management program consistently ranks among the best globally. The school's emphasis on interdisciplinary learning, entrepreneurship, and leadership cultivates graduates who are adept at navigating the complexities of the global business landscape, making ESCP a pivotal incubator for future leaders.，办理欧洲高等管理学院毕业证, 最安全购买ISEG欧洲高等管理学院毕业证方法, 购买欧洲高等管理学院毕业证, 欧洲高等管理学院毕业证学历认证, 一流ISEG欧洲高等管理学院学历精仿高质, ISEG欧洲高等管理学院原版购买, 1分钟获取欧洲高等管理学院毕业证最佳办理渠道, Institut Supérieur Européen de Gestion文凭制作服务您学历的展现, ISEG欧洲高等管理学院毕业证成绩单制作

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1968, Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, also known as Paris Dauphine University, is a prestigious French institution celebrated for its excellence in economics, finance, and organizational sciences. Located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, it occupies a striking modernist building that once served as NATO’s headquarters. Renowned for its selective admissions and innovative teaching methods, Dauphine combines rigorous academic training with strong professional connections, preparing graduates for leadership roles in both the public and private sectors. As a founding member of PSL Research University, it contributes to a vibrant ecosystem of elite education and cutting-edge research, solidifying its reputation as a top European university in the social sciences.，最爱-法国-Paris-Dauphine毕业证书样板, 在线办理Paris-Dauphine毕业证offer外壳皮, 网上制作Paris-Dauphine毕业证-巴黎第九大学毕业证书-留信学历认证放心渠道, Paris-Dauphine毕业证办理多少钱又安全, 1:1原版Paris-Dauphine巴黎第九大学毕业证+Paris-Dauphine成绩单, Paris-Dauphine文凭制作, 购买巴黎第九大学毕业证和学位证认证步骤, 100%定制Paris-Dauphine毕业证成绩单, Paris-Dauphine巴黎第九大学毕业证制作代办流程

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1909, the École Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers (ESSCA) is a distinguished French business school with a rich history and a strong international focus. Based in Angers, it operates across a network of campuses in several European cities. ESSCA offers a comprehensive range of programs, from its renowned five-year Grande École Master in Management to specialized MScs, MBAs, and executive education. The school is triple-accredited (AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA), placing it among the global elite of business institutions. ESSCA’s pedagogy emphasizes experiential learning, entrepreneurship, and ethical leadership, preparing its graduates to become agile and responsible managers in a complex global economy.，原版ESSCA昂热高等商业科学学院毕业证办理流程和价钱, 网上补办昂热高等商业科学学院毕业证成绩单多少钱, ESSCA昂热高等商业科学学院毕业证书, 安全办理-昂热高等商业科学学院文凭ESSCA毕业证学历认证, 原版昂热高等商业科学学院毕业证书办理流程, ESSCA留学本科毕业证, 购买ESSCA毕业证, 出售Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers昂热高等商业科学学院研究生学历文凭, ESSCA毕业证和学位证办理流程

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1819, ESCP Business School stands as one of the world's oldest and most prestigious business schools. With its unique multi-campus model spanning six major European cities—Paris, London, Berlin, Madrid, Turin, and Warsaw—ESCP provides a truly transnational education. Its programs, including the renowned Master in Management and MBA, emphasize a cross-cultural perspective and hands-on leadership training. The school's distinguished alumni network spans the globe, reinforcing its powerful reputation. Consistently ranked among Europe’s top-tier institutions, ESCP combines academic excellence, international exposure, and a strong entrepreneurial spirit, shaping leaders capable of thriving in a complex global business environment.，硕士博士学历ESCP Europe毕业证-ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证书-真实copy原件, 最便宜办理ESCP EuropeESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证书, 在线办理ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证成绩单, 网络办理ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证官方成绩单学历认证, 法国ESCP Europe Business SchoolESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, ESCP Europe Business SchoolESCP欧洲高等商学院原版购买, ESCP Europe毕业证成绩单原版定制, 哪里买ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证|ESCP Europe Business School成绩单, 一比一原版ESCP Europe Business SchoolESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证购买

【V信83113305】：Paris American Business College stands as a distinguished institution in France, offering a unique blend of American entrepreneurial spirit and European academic rigor. It provides students with a dynamic, English-language business education, preparing them for global leadership roles. The curriculum emphasizes practical skills, innovation, and cross-cultural management, enriched by its prime location in a major international business hub. With a diverse student body and strong industry connections, the college fosters a vibrant learning environment where future leaders are equipped to thrive in the competitive global marketplace.，如何办理IGS-ABS企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证一比一定制, IGS-ABS毕业证成绩单制作, 企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证认证, 学历文凭认证IGS-ABS毕业证-企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证如何办理, 网上办理IGS-ABS毕业证书流程, 1:1原版Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证+Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris成绩单, IGS-ABS企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证最稳最快办理方式, 购买IGS-ABS毕业证, 原价-IGS-ABS企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证官方成绩单学历认证

【V信83113305】：Nestled in the heart of Europe, the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences at the University of Strasbourg stands as a beacon of academic excellence and international engagement. This prestigious institution leverages its unique Franco-German heritage and its position within the European Union to offer a truly global perspective on economics and business. Its curriculum is rigorously designed, blending strong theoretical foundations with practical, real-world applications to prepare students for leadership roles in an interconnected world. The faculty is supported by renowned research centers, contributing significantly to fields like innovation and European economics. With a deeply multicultural campus and a strong emphasis on international exchange programs, it provides an unparalleled environment for cultivating the next generation of economists and business leaders ready to thrive on the global stage.，办法国斯特拉斯堡大学斯特拉斯堡经济管理学院文凭学历证书, 斯特拉斯堡大学斯特拉斯堡经济管理学院毕业证办理流程, 加急办EM Strasbourg斯特拉斯堡大学斯特拉斯堡经济管理学院文凭学位证书成绩单gpa修改, 出售EM Strasbourg证书哪里能购买EM Strasbourg毕业证, EM Strasbourg-diploma安全可靠购买斯特拉斯堡大学斯特拉斯堡经济管理学院毕业证, 斯特拉斯堡大学斯特拉斯堡经济管理学院硕士毕业证, 办理EM Strasbourg大学毕业证斯特拉斯堡大学斯特拉斯堡经济管理学院, 一比一原版斯特拉斯堡大学斯特拉斯堡经济管理学院毕业证EM Strasbourg毕业证书如何办理, 100%加急制作-EM Strasbourg毕业证学校原版一样

【V信83113305】：Strasbourg Business School, part of the University of Strasbourg in France, is a distinguished institution known for its strong focus on international management and entrepreneurial innovation. Located in a dynamic European capital, the school leverages its cross-border position to provide students with a truly global perspective. Its programs emphasize experiential learning, ethical leadership, and intercultural skills, preparing graduates for successful careers in a complex business environment. With a vibrant academic community and strong corporate connections, Strasbourg Business School offers a rich, practical education that combines academic rigor with real-world relevance.，高端定制EM Strasbourg毕业证留信认证, 办理法国-EM Strasbourg毕业证书斯特拉斯堡管理学院毕业证, 一流EM Strasbourg斯特拉斯堡管理学院学历精仿高质, 办理法国-EM Strasbourg毕业证书斯特拉斯堡管理学院毕业证, 斯特拉斯堡管理学院本科毕业证, 斯特拉斯堡管理学院成绩单复刻, 原版定制斯特拉斯堡管理学院毕业证EM Strasbourg毕业证书一比一制作, 网上办理斯特拉斯堡管理学院毕业证书流程, 法国EM Strasbourg毕业证仪式感|购买斯特拉斯堡管理学院学位证

【V信83113305】：ESCP Business School, originally known as École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, stands as a pillar of European business education. Founded in 1819, it proudly holds the title of the world's oldest business school. Its defining feature is a unique multi-campus model spanning six major European cities: Paris, London, Berlin, Madrid, Turin, and Warsaw. This structure is not merely symbolic; it is integrated into the curriculum, requiring students to experience life and study in multiple countries, thereby cultivating a genuinely pan-European perspective and a robust international network. The school’s programs, from its renowned Master in Management to MBAs and executive education, emphasize cross-cultural management and hands-on learning. Consistently ranked among Europe’s top-tier institutions, ESCP produces graduates who are highly adaptable, culturally fluent, and primed for leadership roles in the global business arena.，办理欧洲高等管理学院毕业证, 制作法国文凭ISEG毕业证, 办欧洲高等管理学院毕业证学位证书文凭认证可查, 欧洲高等管理学院毕业证书加急制作, 在线办理ISEG毕业证本科硕士成绩单方法, 欧洲高等管理学院电子版毕业证与法国Institut Supérieur Européen de Gestion学位证书纸质版价格, ISEG毕业证办理多少钱又安全, 留学生买毕业证Institut Supérieur Européen de Gestion毕业证文凭成绩单办理, 百分比满意度-ISEG欧洲高等管理学院毕业证