European Leadership Quotes

BDSM, in its nature, is a very intimate and intelligent therapy, if done properly.

the word “lead” has an Indo-European root that means “to go forth, die.

Europeans have always thought of U.S. presidents as either naive, as they did with Jimmy Carter, or as cowboys, as they did with Lyndon Johnson, and held them in contempt in either case.

It was only with the crisis that debt soared. Yet many Europeans in key positions - especially politicians and officials in Germany, but also the leadership of the European Central Bank and opinion leaders throughout the world of finance and banking - are deeply committed to the Big Delusion, and no amount of contrary evidence will shake them. As a result, the problem of dealing with the crisis is often couched in moral terms: nations are in trouble because they have sinned, and they must redeem themselves through suffering. And that's a very bad way to approach the actual problems Europe faces.

Although European protest marches had focused mainly on the United States for the previous six years, it was the leadership of Western Europe who most strongly opposed creating a world without nuclear weapons.

Men speak of God’s love for man… but if providence does not come in this hour, where is He then? My conclusion is simple. The Semitic texts from Bronze Age Palestine of which Christianity is comprised still fit uncomfortably well with contemporary life. The Old Testament depicts a God capricious and cruel; blood sacrifice, vengeance, genocide; death and destruction et al. Would He not approve of Herr Hitler and the brutal, tribalistic crusade against Hebrews and non-Christian ‘untermensch?’ One thing is inarguable. His church on Earth has produced some of the most vigorous and violent contribution to the European fascist cause. It is synergy. Man Created God, even if God Created Man; it all exists in the hubris and apotheosis of the narcissistic soul, and alas, all too many of the human herd are willing to follow the beastly trait of leadership. The idea of self-emancipation and advancement, with Europe under the jackboot of fascism, would be Quixotic to the point of mirthless lunacy.

The patriarchy distorted the image of what a leader and a follower should look like, increasing egomania and dismissing the Divine Feminine. Usurpers have been tyrannizing the world ever since in disguise of leadership. You are a byproduct of this dysfunction.

Europe must stop pretending that the stabilization of the Muslim world is somebody else’s problem. More than “soft power” is required to restore order to the countries from which so many immigrants are coming. EU member states must be willing to engage in leadership and, if necessary, to intervene militarily to restore order in international conflict areas rather than continuing to depend on the United States to deal with each crisis. As it stands, European defense budgets are unjustifiably low considering the rapidly escalating violence of the regions to the south and east of the Mediterranean.

Ambitious but not revolutionary, they work within what they perceive as the grain of history, moving their societies forward while viewing their political institutions and fundamental values as an inheritance to be transmitted to future generations (albeit with modifications that sustain their essence). Wise leaders in the statesman mode will recognize when novel circumstances require existing institutions and values to be transcended. But they understand that, for their societies to thrive, they will have to ensure that change does not go beyond what it can sustain. Such statesmen include the seventeenth-century leaders who fashioned the Westphalian state system[*] as well as nineteenth-century European leaders such as Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli and Bismarck. In the twentieth century, Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Jawaharlal Nehru were all leaders in the statesman mode.

Nothing proves better the irreparable decay of the party system than the great efforts after this war to revive it on the Continent, their pitiful results, the enhanced appeal of movements after the defeat of Nazism, and the obvious threat of Bolshevism to national independence. The result of all efforts to restore the status quo has been only the restoration of a political situation in which the destructive movements are the only "parties" that function properly. Their leadership has maintained authority under the most trying circumstances and in spite of constantly changing party lines. In order to gauge correctly the chances for survival of the European nation-state, it would be wise not to pay too much attention to nationalist slogans which the movements occasionally adopt for purposes of hiding their true intentions, but rather to consider that by now everybody knows that they are regional branches of international organizations, that the rank and file is not disturbed in the least when it becomes obvious that their policy serves foreign-policy interests of another and even hostile power, and that denunciations of their leader as fifth columnists, traitors to the country, etc., do not impress their members to any considerable degree. In contrast to the old parties, the movements have survived the last war and are today the only "parties" which have remained alive and meaningful to their adherents.

Obama occasionally pointed out that the post–Cold War moment was always going to be transitory. The rest of the world will accede to American leadership, but not dominance. I remember a snippet from a column around 9/11: America bestrides the world like a colossus. Did we? It was a story we told ourselves. Shock and awe. Regime change. Freedom on the march. A trillion dollars later, we couldn’t keep the electricity running in Baghdad. The Iraq War disturbed other countries—including U.S. allies—in its illogic and destruction, and accelerated a realignment of power and influence that was further advanced by the global financial crisis. By the time Obama took office, a global correction had already taken place. Russia was resisting American influence. China was throwing its weight around. Europeans were untangling a crisis in the Eurozone. Obama didn’t want to disengage from the world; he wanted to engage more. By limiting our military involvement in the Middle East, we’d be in a better position to husband our own resources and assert ourselves in more places, on more issues. To rebuild our economy at home. To help shape the future of the Asia Pacific and manage China’s rise. To open up places like Cuba and expand American influence in Africa and Latin America. To mobilize the world to deal with truly existential threats such as climate change, which is almost never discussed in debates about American national security.

Kissinger traces the balances made in foreign policy, including that of realism and idealism, from the times of Cardinal Richelieu through chapters on Theodore Roosevelt the realist and Woodrow Wilson the idealist. Kissinger, a European refugee who has read Metternich more avidly than Jefferson, is unabashedly in the realist camp. “No other nation,” he wrote in Diplomacy, “has ever rested its claim to international leadership on its altruism.” Other Americans might proclaim this as a point of pride; when Kissinger says it, his attitude seems that of an anthropologist examining a rather unsettling tribal ritual. The practice of basing policy on ideals rather than interests, he pointed out, can make a nation seem dangerously unpredictable.

Africa is the ancestral home of black people; our arms are open, in love we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of white people; our hearts are open, in joy we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of Asian people; our minds are open, in peace we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of Middle Eastern people; our homes are open, in delight we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of Aboriginal people; our banks are open, in understanding we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of European people; our schools are open, in humility we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of American people; our markets are open, in friendship we welcome you. Africa is the ancestral home of all people; our countries are open, in appreciation we welcome you.

There was nothing wrong with the conclusion . . . that Germany and continental Europe west of Russia would only be able to hold their own . . . if Europe pulled together. And a united Europe would fall almost automatically under the leadership of the strongest power – Germany . . . [But] German leadership over a united Europe in order to brave the coming giant economic and political power blocs would have to overcome the imagined reluctance [sic] of Europeans to domination by any one of their peers. Germany would have to persuade Europe to accept German leadership . . . to make crystal clear that the overall interest of Europe would coincide with the enlightened self-interest of Germany . . . in order to achieve in the years after 1900 something like the position of the Federal Republic today.91

In time of war, under the banner of an enemy recognisable as such, a foreigner from a camp outside the lines, the imperial idea grew strong in confidence and temper. The British democracy rallied to the call of a strong leadership, and it was not just in rhetorical enthusiasm but with considerable personal satisfaction that Churchill hailed the year 1940-1 as the British people's 'finest hour'. He, with other imperialists, was delighted by the fact that, when it came to the sticking-place, it was the old-fashioned loyalty of the reactionary British Empire to all that was symbolised by allegiance to Crown and country that came forward to save European civilisation from utter overthrow by German tyranny...The days of showing the flag—even for only a momentary glimpse, such as wall that inhabitants of Greece and Crete and Dieppe had of it—had returned. The Empire was the Empire once more, and to 10, Downing Street returned that imperial control that two generations of Dominion opinion had combined to condemn as sinister.

A man lived by the side of the road and sold hot dogs. He was hard of hearing, so he had no radio. He had trouble with his eyes, so he read no newspapers. But he sold good hot dogs. This man put up signs on the highway advertising his wonderful hot dogs. He stood on the side of the road and cried, “Buy a hot dog, Mister?” And people bought his hot dogs. He increased his meat and bun orders, and he bought a bigger stove to take care of his trade. He made enough money to put his son through college. Unfortunately, the son came home from college an educated pessimist. He said, “Father, haven’t you been listening to the radio? Haven’t you been reading the newspaper? There’s a big recession on. The European situation is terrible, and the domestic situation is worse.” Whereupon the father thought, “Well, my son’s been to college. He reads the paper and he listens to the radio; he ought to know.” So the father cut down his meat and bun orders, took down his signs, and no longer bothered to stand out on the highway to sell his hot dogs. Of course, his sales fell overnight. “You’re right, son,” the father said to the boy. “We certainly are in the middle of a big recession.” Confidence

Such invocations of fin-de-siècle manliness are so ubiquitous in the correspondence and memoranda of these years that it is difficult to localize their impact. Yet they surely reflect a very particular moment in the history of European masculinity. Historians of gender have suggested that around the last decades of the nineteenth and the first of the twentieth century, a relatively expansive form of patriarchal identity centred on the satisfaction of appetites (food, sex, commodities) made way for something slimmer, harder and more abstinent. At the same time, competition from subordinate and marginalized masculinities – proletarian and non-white, for example – accentuated the expression of ‘true masculinity’ within the elites. Among specifically military leadership groups, stamina, toughness, duty and unstinting service gradually displaced an older emphasis on elevated social origin, now perceived as effeminate.160 ‘To be masculine [. . .] as masculine as possible [. . .] is the true distinction in [men’s] eyes,’ wrote the Viennese feminist and freethinker Rosa Mayreder in 1905. ‘They are insensitive to the brutality of defeat or the sheer wrongness of an act if it only coincides with the traditional canon of masculinity.

It is quite unfathomable why the EU leadership fails to anticipate these potentially catastrophic possibilities, and fails to respond to popular concerns with more moderate immigration policies. One possible explanation for these perverse policies that has been put forward by highly regarded scholars, such as Samuel Huntington, is that the current leadership of the EU is composed of left-wing authoritarians who are enemies of the Western liberal tradition. According to Huntington, “Multiculturalism is in its essence anti-European... "and opposes its civilization. The official repression of dissent and pursuance of unpopular policies by undemocratic means suggests that such ideologues wish to turn the EU into a centrally controlled empire similar to the Soviet Union. If that is the case, then their current policies make a good deal of sense, in that they flood the continent with people who have lived under autocratic regimes and never lived in democratic republics. Such people may well be willing to tolerate repressive regimes provided they can maintain a moderate standard of living and their own traditional religious practices. As Hunnngton points out, imperial regimes often promote ethnic conflict among their minority citizens to strengthen the power of the central authority, with the not unrealistic claim that a powerful central authority is essential to maintain civil order. But if that is the case, then Europe will be transformed into an authoritarian and illiberal multiethnic empire, undemocratic, economically crippled and culturally retrograde. Is it any wonder that so many see Europe as committing suicide and its end coming "not with a bang, but a whimper?

The Sumerian pantheon was headed by an "Olympian Circle" of twelve, for each of these supreme gods had to have a celestial counterpart, one of the twelve members of the Solar System. Indeed, the names of the gods and their planets were one and the same (except when a variety of epithets were used to describe the planet or the god's attributes). Heading the pantheon was the ruler of Nibiru, ANU whose name was synonymous with "Heaven," for he resided on Nibiru. His spouse, also a member of the Twelve, was called ANTU. Included in this group were the two principal sons of ANU: E.A ("Whose House Is Water"), Anu's Firstborn but not by Antu; and EN.LIL ("Lord of the Command") who was the Heir Apparent because his mother was Antu, a half sister of Anu. Ea was also called in Sumerian texts EN.KI ("Lord Earth"), for he had led the first mission of the Anunnaki from Nibiru to Earth and established on Earth their first colonies in the E.DIN ("Home of the Righteous Ones")—the biblical Eden. His mission was to obtain gold, for which Earth was a unique source. Not for ornamentation or because of vanity, but as away to save the atmosphere of Nibiru by suspending gold dust in that planet's stratosphere. As recorded in the Sumerian texts (and related by us in The 12th Planet and subsequent books of The Earth Chronicles), Enlil was sent to Earth to take over the command when the initial extraction methods used by Enki proved unsatisfactory. This laid the groundwork for an ongoing feud between the two half brothers and their descendants, a feud that led to Wars of the Gods; it ended with a peace treaty worked out by their sister Ninti (thereafter renamed Ninharsag). The inhabited Earth was divided between the warring clans. The three sons of Enlil—Ninurta, Sin, Adad—together with Sin's twin children, Shamash (the Sun) and Ishtar (Venus), were given the lands of Shem and Japhet, the lands of the Semites and Indo-Europeans: Sin (the Moon) lowland Mesopotamia; Ninurta, ("Enlil's Warrior," Mars) the highlands of Elam and Assyria; Adad ("The Thunderer," Mercury) Asia Minor (the land of the Hittites) and Lebanon. Ishtar was granted dominion as the goddess of the Indus Valley civilization; Shamash was given command of the spaceport in the Sinai peninsula. This division, which did not go uncontested, gave Enki and his sons the lands of Ham—the brown/black people—of Africa: the civilization of the Nile Valley and the gold mines of southern and western Africa—a vital and cherished prize. A great scientist and metallurgist, Enki's Egyptian name was Ptah ("The Developer"; a title that translated into Hephaestus by the Greeks and Vulcan by the Romans). He shared the continent with his sons; among them was the firstborn MAR.DUK ("Son of the Bright Mound") whom the Egyptians called Ra, and NIN.GISH.ZI.DA ("Lord of the Tree of Life") whom the Egyptians called Thoth (Hermes to the Greeks)—a god of secret knowledge including astronomy, mathematics, and the building of pyramids. It was the knowledge imparted by this pantheon, the needs of the gods who had come to Earth, and the leadership of Thoth, that directed the African Olmecs and the bearded Near Easterners to the other side of the world. And having arrived in Mesoamerica on the Gulf coast—just as the Spaniards, aided by the same sea currents, did millennia later—they cut across the Mesoamerican isthmus at its narrowest neck and—just like the Spaniards due to the same geography—sailed down from the Pacific coast of Mesoamerica southward, to the lands of Central America and beyond. For that is where the gold was, in Spanish times and before.

While China's Communist leaders have shown little or no inclination to move towards democracy in a Western sense, they have thought seriously about changing their political terminology as well as their Maoist inheritance. It is a little-known fact that the Chinese Communist leadership, having sidelined the notion of 'communism' in the utopian sense, came close even to jettisoning the name 'Communist.' In the earliest years of this century, serious consideration was given to the top leadership of the CCP to changing the name of their party, removing the word 'Communist' because it did not go down well in the rest of the world. In the end, a name-change was rejected. The argument against the change which carried most weight was not based either on ideology or on tradition - fealty to the doctrine developed by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Mao. It was the practical argument that some (perhaps many) members would say that this was not the party they had joined. The fear was that they would, therefore, set about establishing an alternative Communist Party. Thus, inadvertently, a competitive party system would have been created. The need for political control by a single party was the paramount consideration. The CCP leadership had no intention of embracing political pluralism, and the party's name remained the same. The contours of democratic centralism, though, are less tightly restrictive in contemporary China than they have often been in the past. There is discussion of what kind of reform China needs, and a lot of attention has been devoted to the lessons to be drawn from the collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The former head of the CCP propaganda department, Wang Renzhi, was by no means the only contributor to the intra-party debate to conclude that to follow 'the path of European democratic socialism' would be a step down 'the slippery slope to political extinction for the CCP.

Patronising women is another manoeuvre, an infamous example being then British prime minister David Cameron’s ‘Calm down, dear’ to Labour MP Angela Eagle in 2011.48 In the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s (IPU) 2016 global study on sexism, violence and harassment against female politicians, one MP from a European parliament said ‘if a woman speaks loudly in parliament she is “shushed” with a finger to the lips, as one does with children. That never happens when a man speaks loudly’.49 Another noted that she is ‘constantly asked – even by male colleagues in my own party – if what I want to say is very important, if I could refrain from taking the floor.’ Some tactics are more brazen. Afghan MP Fawzia Koofi told the Guardian that male colleagues use intimidation to frighten female MPs into silence – and when that fails, ‘The leadership cuts our microphones off’.50 Highlighting the hidden gender angle of having a single person (most often a man) in charge of speaking time in parliament, one MP from a country in sub-Saharan Africa (the report only specified regions so the women could remain anonymous) told the IPU that the Speaker had pressured one of her female colleagues for sex. Following her refusal, ‘he had never again given her the floor in parliament’. It doesn’t necessarily even take a sexual snub for a Speaker to refuse women the floor: ‘During my first term in parliament, parliamentary authorities always referred to statements by men and gave priority to men when giving the floor to speakers,’ explained one MP from a country in Asia. The IPU report concluded that sexism, harassment and violence against female politicians was a ‘phenomenon that knew no boundaries and exists to different degrees in every country’. The report found that 66% of female parliamentarians were regularly subjected to misogynistic remarks from their male colleagues, ranging from the degrading (‘you would be even better in a porn movie’) to the threatening (‘she needs to be raped so that she knows what foreigners do’).

MT: Mimetic desire can only produce evil? RG: No, it can become bad if it stirs up rivalries but it isn't bad in itself, in fact it's very good, and, fortunately, people can no more give it up than they can give up food or sleep. It is to imitation that we owe not only our traditions, without which we would be helpless, but also, paradoxically, all the innovations about which so much is made today. Modern technology and science show this admirably. Study the history of the world economy and you'll see that since the nineteenth century all the countries that, at a given moment, seemed destined never to play anything but a subordinate role, for lack of “creativity,” because of their imitative or, as Montaigne would have said, their “apish” nature, always turned out later on to be more creative than their models. It began with Germany, which, in the nineteenth century, was thought to be at most capable of imitating the English, and this at the precise moment it surpassed them. It continued with the Americans in whom, for a long time, the Europeans saw mediocre gadget-makers who weren't theoretical or cerebral enough to take on a world leadership role. And it happened once more with the Japanese who, after World War II, were still seen as pathetic imitators of Western superiority. It's starting up again, it seems, with Korea, and soon, perhaps, it'll be the Chinese. All of these consecutive mistakes about the creative potential of imitation cannot be due to chance. To make an effective imitator, you have to openly admire the model you're imitating, you have to acknowledge your imitation. You have to explicitly recognize the superiority of those who succeed better than you and set about learning from them. If a businessman sees his competitor making money while he's losing money, he doesn't have time to reinvent his whole production process. He imitates his more fortunate rivals. In business, imitation remains possible today because mimetic vanity is less involved than in the arts, in literature, and in philosophy. In the most spiritual domains, the modern world rejects imitation in favor of originality at all costs. You should never say what others are saying, never paint what others are painting, never think what others are thinking, and so on. Since this is absolutely impossible, there soon emerges a negative imitation that sterilizes everything. Mimetic rivalry cannot flare up without becoming destructive in a great many ways. We can see it today in the so-called soft sciences (which fully deserve the name). More and more often they're obliged to turn their coats inside out and, with great fanfare, announce some new “epistemological rupture” that is supposed to revolutionize the field from top to bottom. This rage for originality has produced a few rare masterpieces and quite a few rather bizarre things in the style of Jacques Lacan's Écrits. Just a few years ago the mimetic escalation had become so insane that it drove everyone to make himself more incomprehensible than his peers. In American universities the imitation of those models has since produced some pretty comical results. But today that lemon has been squeezed completely dry. The principle of originality at all costs leads to paralysis. The more we celebrate “creative and enriching” innovations, the fewer of them there are. So-called postmodernism is even more sterile than modernism, and, as its name suggests, also totally dependent on it. For two thousand years the arts have been imitative, and it's only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that people started refusing to be mimetic. Why? Because we're more mimetic than ever. Rivalry plays a role such that we strive vainly to exorcise imitation. MT

Two kinds of development help explain how a readiness built up to kill all Jews, including women and children. One is a series of “dress rehearsals” that served to lower inhibitions and provided trained personnel hardened for anything. First came the euthanasia of incurably ill and insane Germans, begun on the day when World War II began. Nazi eugenics theory had long provided a racial justification for getting rid of “inferior” persons. War provided a broader justification for reducing the drain of “useless mouths” on scarce resources. The “T-4” program killed more than seventy thousand people between September 1939 and 1941, when, in response to protests from the victims’ families and Catholic clergy, the matter was left to local authorities. Some of the experts trained in this program were subsequently transferred to the occupied east, where they applied their mass killing techniques to Jews. This time, there was less opposition. The second “dress rehearsal” was the work of the Einsatzgruppen, the intervention squads specially charged with executing the political and cultural elite of invaded countries. In the Polish campaign of September 1939 they helped wipe out the Polish intelligentsia and high civil service, evoking some opposition within the military command. In the Soviet campaign the Einsatzgruppen received the notorious “Commissar Order” to kill all Communist Party cadres as well as the Jewish leadership (seen as identical in Nazi eyes), along with Gypsies. This time the army raised no objections. The Einsatzgruppen subsequently played a major role, though they were far from alone, in the mass killings of Jewish women and children that began in some occupied areas in fall 1941. A third “dress rehearsal” was the intentional death of millions of Soviet prisoners of war. It was on six hundred of them that the Nazi occupation authorities first tested the mass killing potential of the commercial insecticide Zyklon-B at Auschwitz on September 3, 1941. Most Soviet prisoners of war, however, were simply worked or starved to death. The second category of developments that helped prepare a “willingness to murder” consisted of blockages, emergencies, and crises that made the Jews become a seemingly unbearable burden to the administrators of conquered territories. A major blockage was the failure to capture Moscow that choked off the anticipated expulsion of all the Jews of conquered eastern Europe far into the Soviet interior. A major emergency was shortages of food supplies for the German invasion force. German military planners had chosen to feed the invasion force with the resources of the invaded areas, in full knowledge that this meant starvation for local populations. When local supplies fell below expectations, the search for “useless mouths” began. In the twisted mentality of the Nazi administrators, Jews and Gypsies also posed a security threat to German forces. Another emergency was created by the arrival of trainloads of ethnic Germans awaiting resettlement, for whom space had to be made available. Faced with these accumulating problems, Nazi administrators developed a series of “intermediary solutions.” One was ghettos, but these proved to be incubators for disease (an obsession with the cleanly Nazis), and a drain on the budget. The attempt to make the ghettos work for German war production yielded little except another category of useless mouths: those incapable of work. Another “intermediary solution” was the stillborn plan, already mentioned, to settle European Jews en masse in some remote area such as Madagascar, East Africa, or the Russian hinterland. The failure of all the “intermediary solutions” helped open the way for a “final solution”: extermination.

Speech to the German Folk January 30, 1944 Without January 30, 1933, and without the National Socialist revolution, without the tremendous domestic cleansing and construction efforts, there would be no factor today that could oppose the Bolshevik colossus. After all, Germany was itself so ill at the time, so weakened by the spreading Jewish infection, that it could hardly think of overcoming the Bolshevik danger at home, not to mention abroad. The economic ruin brought about by the Jews as in other countries, the unemployment of millions of Germans, the destruction of peasantry, trade, and industry only prepared the way for the planned internal collapse. This was furthered by support for the continued existence of a senseless state of classes, which could only serve to transform the reason of the masses into hatred in order to make them the willing instrument of the Bolshevik revolution. By mobilizing the proletarian slaves, the Jews hoped that, following the destruction of the national intelligentsia, they could all the more reduce them for good to coolies. But even if this process of the Bolshevik revolt in the interior of Germany had not led to complete success, the state with its democratic Weimar constitution would have been reduced to something ridiculously helpless in view of the great tasks of current world politics. In order to be armed for this confrontation, not only the problems of political power but also the social and economic problems had to be resolved. When National Socialism undertook the realization of its program eleven years ago, it managed just in time to build up a state that did not only have the strength at home but also the power abroad to fulfill the same European mission which first Greece fulfilled in antiquity by opposing the Persians, then Rome [by opposing] the Carthaginians, and the Occident in later centuries by opposing the invasions from the east. Therefore, in the year 1933, we set ourselves four great tasks among many others. On their resolution depended not only the future of the Reich but also the rescue of Europe, perhaps even of the entire human civilization: 1. The Reich had to regain the internal social peace that it had lost by resolving the social questions. That meant that the elements of a division into classes bourgeoisie and proletariat-had to be eliminated in their various manifestations and be replaced by a Volksgemeinschaft. The appeal to reason had to be supplemented by the merciless eradication of the base elements of resistance in all camps. 2. The social and political unification of the nation had to be supplemented by a national, political one. This meant that the body of the Reich, which was not only politically, but also governmentally divided, had to be replaced by a unified National Socialist state, the construction and leadership of which were suited to oppose and withstand even the heaviest attacks and severest tests of the future. 3. The nationally and politically coherent centralized state had the mission of immediately creating a Wehrmacht, whose ideology, moral attitude, numerical strength, and material equipment could serve as an instrument of self-assertion. After the outside world had rejected all German offers for a limitation of armament, the Reich had to fashion its own armament accordingly. 4. In order to secure its continued existence in Europe with the prospect of actual success, it was necessary to integrate all those countries which were inhabited by Germans, or were areas which had belonged to the German Reich for over a thousand years and which, in terms of their national substance and economy, were indispensable to the preservation of the Reich, that is, for its political and military defense. Only the resolution of all these tasks could result in the creation of that state which was capable, at home and abroad, of waging the fight for its defense and for the preservation of the European family of nations.

When you hear the word ‘leader’, too many people still have the picture of a middle-class, middle-aged male in their heads, and they don’t think leadership can come in different forms.

The immediate cause of the Civil War lay in the derangement of the nation’s two political systems—the constitutional system of the 1780s and the party system of the 1830s—and in their interaction with each other. Both these systems rested on an intricate set of balances: the constitutional, on a balance between federal and state power and among the three branches of the federal government; the party, on a competitive balance between party organizations at the national and state levels. The genius of this double system lay in its ability to morselize sectional and economic and other conflicts before they became flammable, and then through incremental adjustment and accommodations to keep the great mobiles of ideological, regional, and other political energies in balance until the next adjustment had to be made. This system worked well for decades, as the great compromises of 1820 and 1850 attested. The system was flexible too; when a measure of executive leadership was needed—to make great decisions about the West, as with Jefferson, or to adjust and overcome a tariff rebellion, as with Jackson—enough presidential authority could be exerted within the system to meet the need. But the essence of the system lay in balances, adjustment, compromise. Then, in the 1850s, this system crumbled. The centrifugal forces besetting it were so powerful that perhaps no polity could have overcome them; yet European and other political systems had encountered enormously divisive forces and survived. What happened in the United States was a fateful combination: a powerful ideology of states’ rights, defense of slavery, and “southern way of life” arose in the South, with South Carolina as the cutting edge; this was met by a counter-ideology in the urbanizing, industrializing, modernizing states, with Illinois as the cutting edge in the West.

Buying more and more of the best land, sometimes owning multiple estates spread across several states, extended plantation families - fathers who provided sons and sons-in-law with a start - created slaveholding conglomerates that controlled hundreds and sometimes thousands of slaves. The grandees' vast wealth allowed them to introduce new hybrid cotton seeds and strains of cane, new technologies, and new forms of organization that elevated productivity and increased profitability. In some places, the higher levels of capitalization and technical mastery of the grandees reduced white yeomen to landlessness and forced smallholders to move on or else enter the wage-earning class as managers or overseers. As a result, the richest plantation areas became increasingly black, with ever-larger estates managed from afar as the planters retreated to some local country seat, one of the region's ports, or occasionally some northern metropolis. Claiming the benefits of their new standing, the grandees - characterized in various places as 'nabobs,' 'a feudal aristocracy,' or simply 'The Royal Family' - established their bona fides as a ruling class. They built great houses strategically located along broad rivers or high bluffs. They named their estates in the aristocratic manner - the Briars, Fairmont, Richmond - and made them markers on the landscape. Planters married among themselves, educated their sons in northern universities, and sent their wives and daughters on European tours, collecting the bric-a-brac of the continent to grace their mansions. Reaching out to their neighbors, they burnished their reputations for hospitality. The annual Christmas ball or the great July Fourth barbecue were private events with a public purpose. They confirmed the distance between the planters and their neighbors and allowed leadership to fall lightly and naturally on their shoulders, as governors, legislators, judges, and occasionally congressmen, senators, and presidents.

In 1982 Abbas matriculated in the doctoral program at the Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. The title of his dissertation was The Connection Between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement, 1933–1945. In 1984 he published his thesis as a book in Arabic under the title The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism. In both works, Abbas wrote that the Holocaust was a joint initiative of the Nazis and the Zionist movement. He alleged that the European Jews who were killed were actually the victims of the Jews from pre-state Israel who were in cahoots with the Germans.5 In his words, “A partnership was established between Hitler’s Nazis and the leadership of the Zionist movement.… [The Zionists gave] permission to every racist in the world, led by Hitler and the Nazis, to treat Jews as they wish, so long as it guarantees immigration to Palestine.” Abbas wrote that the Zionists wanted as many Jews as possible to be killed. “Having more victims,” he wrote, “meant greater rights and stronger privilege to join the negotiation table for dividing the spoils of war once it was over. However, since Zionism was not a fighting partner—suffering victims in a battle—it had no escape but to offer up human beings, under any name, to raise the number of victims, which they could then boast of at the moment of accounting.” Abbas denied that six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. This too was a Zionist plot. “The truth is that no one can either confirm or deny

said that they “collapsed,” but in fact they were overthrown). This seminal event produced what China scholar Richard Baum described as “post-Soviet traumatic stress syndrome” for the CCP leadership and Party.14 However, following the initial shock, the CCP under Jiang Zemin’s leadership (and directed by his right-hand man Zeng Qinghong) undertook probably one of the most important acts in its history: a systematic and thorough post-mortem analysis of the causes of the fall of the USSR and other East European communist party-states. Many—if not all—of the political actions and reforms undertaken on Jiang Zemin’s watch derived

The state leadership and the Jewish Agency feared for Israel’s character as a European pioneering society if Oriental immigration was to continue unchecked. The expected demographic change that would result from mass immigration from Oriental countries was at the heart of this fear. Such preoccupations were enhanced by the fact that, following the destruction of most of European Jewry, North Africa had become the main reservoir for new immigrants.107 As Yaron Tsur argues, this fear was partially material for the political decision makers. The Labor establishment was afraid that the new immigrants would strengthen the ranks of the Revisionist opposition.108 Yet fear of Levantinization was not simply a matter of quantitative aspects of Mizrachi immigration; it was also associated with qualitative aspects of what Ashkenazi officials imagined to be a “Levantine” way of life. In closed forums, they quite openly discussed the anticipated negative consequences for Israeli state building. During the discussions regarding selection guidelines for 1953, Giora Josephthal, the head of the Klitah (Absorption) Department of the Jewish Agency, stated, for instance: “I say that this land is in danger, its ethical and social existence are in danger because of this Aliyah [from Oriental countries]. . . . They say that life in Israel will obtain a Levantine character, I am convinced that some of us are already afraid of the immigrants.

The translation of these European notions of racial superiority into the Israeli context became evident as soon as the interviewer asked him about the government’s plans for the remaining Palestinian leaders. Interviewer and interviewee giggled as they agreed that the policy should involve the assassination or expulsion of the entire current leadership, that is all the members of the Palestinian Authority—about 40,000 people.

Gerda has no sense of process. That is what is the matter with Gerda, She wants the result without doing any of the work that goes to make it.  . . . She is angry because we have some money. She feels that it might just as well belong to her. . . . For her, the money might as easily have been attached to her as to us by a movement as simple as that which pastes a label on a trunk. . . . As she has no sense of what goes to bring people love, or friendship, or distinction, or wealth, it seems to her that the whole world is enjoying undeserved benefits; and in a universe where all is arbitrary, it might just as well happen that the injustice was pushed a little further and that all these benefits were taken from other people, leaving them nothing, and transferred to her, giving her everything. Given the premise that the universe is purely arbitrary, that there is no causality at work anywhere, there is nothing absurd in that proposal. This is the conqueror’s point of view. . . . Let us admit it, for a little while the whole of our world may belong to Gerda. She will snatch it out of hands too well bred and compassionate and astonished to defend it. What we must remember is that she will not be able to keep it. For her contempt for the process makes her unable to conduct any process. . . . To go up in an aeroplane and drop bombs is a simple use of an elaborate process that has already been developed. But you cannot administer a country on this principle. . . . Gerda’s empire . . . will be an object of fear and nothing else. For this reason, I believe that Gerda’s empire cannot last long. But while it lasts it will be terrible. And what it leaves when it passes will also be terrible. For we cannot hope for anything but a succession of struggles for leadership among men whose minds will have been unfitted for leadership by the existence of tyranny and the rupture of European tradition, until, slowly and painfully, the nations re-emerge, civilization re-emerges.

As did most of the white leading cadre, Bunting exhibited a paternalism with respect to the Natives. This paternalism was rooted in an abiding lack of faith in the revolutionary potential of the Native movement. They saw the South African revolution in terms of the direct struggle for socialism. This white leadership, brought up in the old socialist traditions and comprised mainly of European immigrants, had not yet absorbed Lenin's teachings on the national and colonial questions.

This illustrates the difficulties confronting the EU’s defence capacity. A critical mass of member states must agree to an action before it can be undertaken; for substantial operations that require Nato facilities and hence American consent, the Americans may not agree to what Europeans want to do, which would give rise to tensions within Nato; and where a European critical mass and American agreement are both available, the intergovernmental arrangements may be too weak to devise and manage a successful operation. While Nato’s system is also intergovernmental, American hegemonic leadership has caused it to work. There is no hegemon among the member states; and while this makes it more feasible to develop the EU as a working democracy, it will at the same time make an intergovernmental system in the field of defence hard to operate.

Cecil von Renthe-Fink, a tall Prussian aristocrat who advocated the creation of a European confederacy under German leadership with a single currency and a central bank in Berlin, was sent to mind the Marshal.183

Much of modern society has been built upon genocide. This crime was integral to the emergence of the United States, of czarist Russia and later the USSR, of European empires, and of many other states. Today, modern governments continue extermination of indigenous peoples throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America, mainly as a means of stealing land and natural resources. Equally pernicious, though often less obvious, the present world order has institutionalized persecution and deprivation of hundreds of millions of children, particularly in the Third World, and in this way kills countless innocents each year.7 These systemic atrocities are for the most part not even regarded as crimes, but instead are written off by most of the world’s media and intellectual leadership as acts of God or of nature whose origin remains a mystery.

In New York the curriculum guide for 11th-grade American history tells students that there were three "foundations" for the Constitution: the European Enlightenment, the "Haudenosaunee political system", and the antecedent colonial experience. Only the Haudenosaunee political system receives explanatory subheadings: "a. Influence upon colonial leadership and European intellectuals (Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau); b. Impact on Albany Plan of Union, Articles of Confederation, and U.S. Constitution". How many experts on the American Constitution would endorse this stirring tribute to the "Haudenosaunee political system"? How many have heard of that system? Whatever influence the Iroquois confederation may have had on the framers of the Constitution was marginal; on European intellectuals it was marginal to the point of invisibility. No other state curriculum offers this analysis of the making of the Constitution. But then no other state has so effective an Iroquois lobby.

Contrary to popular opinion, then, Christianity is not a Western religion that destroys local cultures. Rather, Christianity has taken more culturally diverse forms than other faiths.25 It has deep layers of insight from the Hebrew, Greek, and European cultures, and over the next hundred years will be further shaped by Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Christianity may become the most truly “catholic vision of the world,”26 having opened its leadership over the centuries to people from every tongue, tribe, people and nation.

Underdevelopment points out the disparity between the rich countries in Europe and North America and countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A trip down history lane tells that the developed nations deeply exploited the developing countries, ultimately leaving them severely crippled. Slavery and colonialism served as the epitome of this exploitation where the Europeans built and developed their economies at the expense of the developing countries. Although we are in the 21st century, the new political, economic, and cultural world order that is powered by globalization perpetrates neocolonialism. Similarly, democracy has had its role in upholding underdevelopment as it involves the conversion of structures, practices, and institutions to resemble those of developed countries. Finally, poor leadership in developing countries contributes as it focuses on leaders amassing wealth. Therefore, developing countries need strong leadership within individual countries and in coalition with others to resists the forces of neocolonialism. Reviewing trade liberalization will allow local firms to flourish. They also need to lobby for more participation in global bodies such as the international monetary fund and the World Bank to make them accountable to underdeveloped communities.

Tactical use of the media can be equated to power behind your skill or special ability. It is in the power of the media to help market your brand. You just need to look at Hollywood, European football, Bollywood, Nollywood, Global fashion & modeling, showbiz and even humanitarian efforts, to appreciate that the making and destroying of stars, initiatives and legends is to a greater extent influenced by the role played by the media.

The two revolutions, therefore, taken together, must be understood as a centuries-long process of fundamental change in which the triumphant Western worldview of colonial days is replaced by a planetary understanding of the meaning of human existence that so transcends particular national differences as to enable the human species to create a planetary peace in the absence of an imperial power to enforce its particular institutions on anyone. In short, a coming to maturity of the human species. A transformation of this profound a depth must necessarily take form in the actions of the most capable nation on the planet, and Revel, after surveying the various claimants to leadership, decided that the United States fulfilled the basic requirements such a role entailed. He acclaimed the United States as the prototype nation in a process of world transformation. He cited many factors present in the United States but absent or improperly developed in other nations as justification for his choice. The United States had a continuing pattern of growth and economic prosperity unmatched by any other nation, a technological excellence unrivaled by anyone else, and a high level of basic research that would continue to provide increasingly sophisticated insights into the nature of basic scientific and social problems. Revel also felt that the United States was culturally oriented toward the future, whereas the European countries were directed toward the past, and the Communists were mired in theoretical and doctrinal considerations, rendering them incapable of confronting rapid and continued change. The

The “Lost Day” film and the comments by Putin and Medvedev have revealed a great deal: that the invasion of Georgia in August 2008 was indeed a preplanned aggression and that so-called “Russian peacekeepers” in South Ossetia and Abkhazia were in fact the vanguard of the invading forces that were in blatant violation of Russia’s international obligations and were training and arming the separatist forces. The admission by Putin that Ossetian separatist militias acted as an integral part of the Russian military plan transfers legal responsibility for acts of ethnic cleansing of Georgian civilians and mass marauding inside and outside of South Ossetia to the Russian military and political leadership. Putin’s admission of the prewar integration of the Ossetian separatist militias into the Russian General Staff war plans puts into question the integrity of the independent European Union war report, written by Swiss diplomat Heidi Tagliavini that accused the Georgians of starting the war and attacking Russian “peacekeepers,” which, according to Tagliavini, warranted a Russian military response.

In America and the European Union, around a third of the public have college degrees. An even smaller share get postgraduate education, barely 13% in the United States. And yet most of the leadership positions in Western societies are held by people who have at least a college education and usually some postgraduate training. In other words, about two thirds of people stand by and watch as the other third run everything. (In large Asian countries, which have a smaller share of college graduates, the divide is arguably much greater. Just 10% of China’s population attended some college and yet virtually every member of the Communist Party’s Central Committee has—99% as of 2016.

For me, one of the most important developments in Europe was a change in the leadership of the European Central Bank.

Since virtually all human societies organized themselves tribally at one point, many people are tempted to believe that this is somehow a natural state of affairs or biologically driven. It is not obvious, however, why you should want to cooperate with a cousin four times removed rather than a familiar nonrelative just because you share one sixty-fourth of your genes with your cousin. No animal species behaves in this manner, nor do human beings in band-level societies. The reason that this form of social organization took hold across human societies was due to religious belief, that is, the worship of dead ancestors. Worship of dead ancestors begins in band-level societies; within each small group there may be shamans or religious specialists whose job it is to communicate with those ancestors. With the development of lineages, however, religion becomes more complex and institutionalized, which in turn affects other institutions like leadership and property. It is belief in the power of dead ancestors over the living and not some mysterious biological instinct that causes tribal societies to cohere. One of the most famous descriptions of ancestor worship was provided by the nineteenth-century French historian Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges. His book The Ancient City, first published in 1864, came as a revelation to generations of Europeans brought up to associate Greek and Roman religion with the Olympian gods. Fustel de Coulanges pointed to a much older religious tradition that was shared by other Indo-European groups including

A continuing thread of Europe’s transformation over the seven decades since 1950 has been the central importance of Germany. Change here, in the country that did more than any other to destroy the continent during the first half of the twentieth century, has been especially profound. Despite its destruction as a nation state at the end of the Second World War, Germany has remained at the heart of Europe’s development – central to post-war economic recovery, central to the Cold War, central to the ending of the Cold War, central to widening European integration, central to the creation of the Euro, central to the crisis of the Eurozone, central to the migration crisis, and central to the still-embryonic steps to reform the European Union after its recent serious travails. In the meantime Germany has become a vital pillar of stable liberal democracy, it presides over Europe’s strongest economy, has overcome forty years of division to attain national unity, and has reluctantly acquired the mantle of European leadership. Germany’s own transformation has played a key role in Europe’s post-war story – and is far from the least successful part.

The adoption of Western leadership frameworks, particularly in government and corporate settings, has sometimes led to a disconnect. For example, many leadership programs in Africa's public sector are modeled after European bureaucratic systems, which emphasize strict protocols and rigid hierarchies. These approaches often overlook the significance of relational leadership; how authority and influence operate within African societies. As a result, the rigidity of these models has, in some instances, caused institutional stagnation, with decision-making becoming slow, accountability unclear, and leaders growing detached from the communities they are meant to serve. However, it's important to note that indigenous leadership models are not inherently better. Many traditional governance systems were created for smaller, agrarian communities, not the complex realities of modern economies, which demand large-scale coordination, swift decision-making, and detailed policy frameworks. The real challenge lies in blending the strengths of both approaches—combining the structured efficiency and accountability of Western models with the relational, community-centered principles found in indigenous leadership traditions.

Breaking free from centuries of psychological conditioning is no simple feat. Change often meets resistance, even from within. The comfort of learned helplessness; waiting for solutions to come from external forces rather than within ourselves can be deeply ingrained and hard to overcome. In politics, this mindset is reflected in the ongoing reliance on foreign aid and international interventions instead of investing in sustainable, locally-driven solutions. In business, it shows up as a preference for Western brands over equally capable local products. In education, it’s evident in the emphasis on European philosophers and theories at the expense of indigenous knowledge systems.

In many African governments, decision-making is highly centralized, with junior officials often discouraged from questioning or improving upon directives issued by higher-ranking authorities. This structure is reminiscent of colonial-era governance systems, where decisions were dictated from European capitals, leaving local administrators to simply execute orders. Such patterns have perpetuated an institutional culture that mutes creativity, sidelines initiative, and upholds the belief that solutions must always come from “above”—whether from national leadership, foreign experts, or global donors. In the corporate sphere, this surfaces as widespread risk aversion. Many businesses prefer to follow well-established models rather than venturing into innovative approaches. This environment places startups and entrepreneurs at a disadvantage, as the broader business framework tends to favor large, entrenched companies—many of which are either foreign-owned or heavily influenced by international investors. Limited access to local financing, combined with a dependency on external capital, constrains the ability of African businesses to grow on their own terms.

I so wish people had seen it your way, but I think too many of us have read the story to say it gives European white males carte blanche to play God over creation; so `having dominion' gives them a license to pollute and exploit.

On May 19, Representative Elias Boudinot of New Jersey, Hamilton’s old patron from Elizabethtown, proposed that Congress establish a department of finance. From the clamor that arose over what would become the Treasury Department, it was clear this would be the real flash point of controversy in the new government, the place where critics feared that European-style despotism could take root. Legislators recalled that British tax abuses had spawned the Revolution and that chancellors of the exchequer had directed huge armies of customs collectors to levy onerous duties. To guard against such concentrated power, Elbridge Gerry wanted to invest the Treasury leadership in a board, not an individual. It was Madison who insisted that a single secretary, equipped with all necessary powers, should superintend the department.

Hitler and Mussolini, by contrast, not only felt destined to rule but shared none of the purists’ qualms about competing in bourgeois elections. Both set out—with impressive tactical skill and by rather different routes, which they discovered by trial and error—to make themselves indispensable participants in the competition for political power within their nations. Becoming a successful political player inevitably involved losing followers as well as gaining them. Even the simple step of becoming a party could seem a betrayal to some purists of the first hour. When Mussolini decided to change his movement into a party late in 1921, some of his idealistic early followers saw this as a descent into the soiled arena of bourgeois parliamentarism. Being a party ranked talk above action, deals above principle, and competing interests above a united nation. Idealistic early fascists saw themselves as offering a new form of public life—an “antiparty”—capable of gathering the entire nation, in opposition to both parliamentary liberalism, with its encouragement of faction, and socialism, with its class struggle. José Antonio described the Falange Española as “a movement and not a party—indeed you could almost call it an anti-party . . . neither of the Right nor of the Left." Hitler’s NSDAP, to be sure, had called itself a party from the beginning, but its members, who knew it was not like the other parties, called it “the movement” (die Bewegung). Mostly fascists called their organizations movements or camps or bands or rassemblements or fasci: brotherhoods that did not pit one interest against others, but claimed to unite and energize the nation. Conflicts over what fascist movements should call themselves were relatively trivial. Far graver compromises and transformations were involved in the process of becoming a significant actor in a political arena. For that process involved teaming up with some of the very capitalist speculators and bourgeois party leaders whose rejection had been part of the early movements’ appeal. How the fascists managed to retain some of their antibourgeois rhetoric and a measure of “revolutionary” aura while forming practical political alliances with parts of the establishment constitutes one of the mysteries of their success. Becoming a successful contender in the political arena required more than clarifying priorities and knitting alliances. It meant offering a new political style that would attract voters who had concluded that “politics” had become dirty and futile. Posing as an “antipolitics” was often effective with people whose main political motivation was scorn for politics. In situations where existing parties were confined within class or confessional boundaries, like Marxist, smallholders’, or Christian parties, the fascists could appeal by promising to unite a people rather than divide it. Where existing parties were run by parliamentarians who thought mainly of their own careers, fascist parties could appeal to idealists by being “parties of engagement,” in which committed militants rather than careerist politicians set the tone. In situations where a single political clan had monopolized power for years, fascism could pose as the only nonsocialist path to renewal and fresh leadership. In such ways, fascists pioneered in the 1920s by creating the first European “catch-all” parties of “engagement,”17 readily distinguished from their tired, narrow rivals as much by the breadth of their social base as by the intense activism of their militants. Comparison acquires some bite at this point: only some societies experienced so severe a breakdown of existing systems that citizens began to look to outsiders for salvation. In many cases fascist establishment failed; in others it was never really attempted.

The European states resembled each other rather closely in their luxuriant growth of antiliberal criticism as the twentieth century opened. Where they differed was in those political, social, and economic preconditions that seem to distinguish the states where fascism, exceptionally, was able to become established. One of the most important preconditions was a faltering liberal order. Fascisms grew from back rooms to the public arena most easily where the existing government functioned badly, or not at all. One of the commonplaces of discussions of fascism is that it thrived upon the crisis of liberalism. I hope here to make that vague formulation somewhat more concrete. On the eve of World War I the major states of Europe were either governed by liberal regimes or seemed headed that way. Liberal regimes guaranteed freedoms both for individuals and for contending political parties, and allowed citizens to influence the composition of governments, more or less directly, through elections. Liberal government also accorded a large measure of freedom to citizens and to enterprises. Government intervention was expected to be limited to the few functions individuals could not perform for themselves, such as the maintenance of order and the conduct of war and diplomacy. Economic and social matters were supposed to be left to the free play of individual choices in the market, though liberal regimes did not hesitate to protect property from worker protests and from foreign competition. This kind of liberal state ceased to exist during World War I, for total war could be conducted only by massive government coordination and regulation. After the war was over, liberals expected governments to return to liberal policies. The strains of war making, however, had created new conflicts, tensions, and malfunctions that required sustained state intervention. At the war’s end, some of the belligerent states had collapsed...What had gone wrong with the liberal recipe for government? What was at stake was a technique of government: rule by notables, where the wellborn and well-educated could rely on social prestige and deference to keep them elected. Notable rule, however, came under severe pressure from the “nationalization of the masses." Fascists quickly profited from the inability of centrists and conservatives to keep control of a mass electorate. Whereas the notable dinosaurs disdained mass politics, fascists showed how to use it for nationalism and against the Left. They promised access to the crowd through exciting political spectacle and clever publicity techniques; ways to discipline that crowd through paramilitary organization and charismatic leadership; and the replacement of chancy elections by yes-no plebiscites. Whereas citizens in a parliamentary democracy voted to choose a few fellow citizens to serve as their representatives, fascists expressed their citizenship directly by participating in ceremonies of mass assent. The propagandistic manipulation of public opinion replaced debate about complicated issues among a small group of legislators who (according to liberal ideals) were supposed to be better informed than the mass of the citizenry. Fascism could well seem to offer to the opponents of the Left efficacious new techniques for controlling, managing, and channeling the “nationalization of the masses,” at a moment when the Left threatened to enlist a majority of the population around two non-national poles: class and international pacifism. One may also perceive the crisis of liberalism after 1918 in a second way, as a “crisis of transition,” a rough passage along the journey into industrialization and modernity. A third way of looking at the crisis of the liberal state envisions the same problem of late industrialization in social terms.

I sometimes wonder where the world would have been if we didn't have corruption, racism, dictatorial leadership, international terrorism, armed conflict, the spread of infectious diseases, climate change, poverty, hunger and lack of drinking water, the caste system, tribalism, communism, international media propaganda, the Colonial Borders of Africa created by Europeans for their own gains, the Ignorance of the Books of Machiavelli, Hegel & Darwinism (You are either with us or against us) and Lack of Domestic Leadership Education.

Sadly, no one named Victor has written a definitive history of Hong Kong. So we’re left with three versions to choose from. The British version: Provoked into war by Chinese duplicity toward honest European traders, Britain—reluctantly, mind you—took, as a wee little concession, an uninhabited “barren rock with hardly a house upon it”, where they kindly implanted civilization, rule of law, and the most successful, freewheeling capitalist economy the world has ever known. 156 years later they magnanimously gave it back, and everyone lived happily ever after. The Chinese version: Hong Kong was a modern, thriving coastal commercial centre, seized by devilish foreigners during the greatest humiliation ever perpetrated upon China, a heinous act never to be forgotten for the next ten billion years. Thanks to the omniscient leadership of the Communist Party, China’s pride and joy was at last restored to the benevolent embrace of the Motherland, for which all Chinese around the world feel avenged. And by the way, Taiwan’s next. Finally, the most commonly-held version of Hong Kong history: I dunno. You mean I should care?

But Murray pays no attention to accomplishments in other human endeavours such as warfare, voyages of discovery, and heroic leadership. His achievements come only in the form of ‘great books’ and ‘great ideas.’ Europeans were also exceptional in their contentious and expansionist behaviours. Their scholarly achievements, including their liberal values, were inseparably connected to their aristocratic ethos of competitive individualism. There is no need to concede to multicultural critics, as Norman Davies believes, ‘the sorry catalogue of wars, conflict, and persecutions that have dogged every stage of the [Western] tale.’[5] The intellectual and artistic achievements of Europeans, seemingly peaceful as they may seem, are part of the same expansionist and disputatious psychological make-up Spengler designated as ‘Faustian’.

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Orientalism, which became confrontationist in the Islamic world, was persuasive and seductive in India. It took the form of Indo-Europeanism. It is thus not surprising that Friedrich Max Muller's (1823-1900) researches at Oxford were funded by the East India Company. Official support for Indology was good value for money. It made the colonial rule palatable to the native leadership.

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【V信83113305】：The Hertie School in Berlin is a leading European institution for public policy and governance, renowned for its interdisciplinary approach and commitment to academic excellence. Founded in 2003, it offers master's and doctoral programs that blend rigorous research with practical insights, preparing students for leadership roles in government, business, and civil society. Located in the heart of Berlin, the school attracts a diverse, international student body and faculty, fostering a dynamic learning environment. Its research centers focus on pressing global challenges, such as digital governance, climate policy, and social inequality. With strong ties to policymakers and institutions worldwide, the Hertie School bridges theory and practice, shaping the next generation of change-makers. Its emphasis on innovation and public service makes it a hub for transformative ideas in governance.，fake Hertie School diploma transcript, Hertie School毕业证学历认证, 办德国柏林赫尔梯学院文凭学历证书, 专业办理Hertie School柏林赫尔梯学院成绩单高质学位证书服务, 办理大学毕业证-柏林赫尔梯学院, 哪里买Hertie School柏林赫尔梯学院毕业证|Hertie School成绩单, 办柏林赫尔梯学院毕业证 Diploma, 一流Hertie School柏林赫尔梯学院学历精仿高质

【V信83113305】：France's Grandes Écoles, particularly the prestigious Écoles d'Ingénieurs like École Polytechnique, CentraleSupélec, and Mines ParisTech, are renowned for their cutting-edge industrial technology programs. These elite institutions combine rigorous academic training with practical engineering expertise, fostering innovation and leadership in fields such as aerospace, energy, and advanced manufacturing. With strong ties to industry and government, they produce graduates who drive technological advancements in global corporations like Airbus, Safran, and Dassault. Their curricula emphasize interdisciplinary research, often partnering with CNRS and INRIA, while maintaining small class sizes for personalized mentorship. Many programs include mandatory internships, ensuring real-world readiness. As hubs of Franco-European industrial strategy, these schools blend theoretical depth with entrepreneurial spirit, cementing France's role as a leader in high-tech innovation.，办高等先进工业技术学院毕业证认证学历认证使馆认证, 专业办理Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées高等先进工业技术学院成绩单高质学位证书服务, 修改Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées高等先进工业技术学院成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 1:1原版高等先进工业技术学院毕业证+ESTIA成绩单, 法国学位证毕业证, Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées毕业证成绩单专业服务, 办理法国毕业证

【V信83113305】：The American Business School of Paris (ABS) is a prestigious institution offering a dynamic, international education in the heart of France. Known for its American-style curriculum, ABS provides undergraduate and graduate programs in business administration, finance, marketing, and international business, all taught in English. The school attracts a diverse student body from over 75 nationalities, fostering a multicultural learning environment. ABS emphasizes practical skills, entrepreneurship, and global perspectives, with strong industry connections for internships and career opportunities. Located in Paris, students benefit from exposure to Europe’s vibrant business hub while earning accredited degrees recognized worldwide. Small class sizes ensure personalized attention, and experiential learning through case studies and projects prepares graduates for leadership roles in an interconnected economy. ABS blends American academic rigor with European cultural richness, making it a top choice for aspiring global business professionals.，企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院本科毕业证, 办理真实IGS-ABS毕业证成绩单留信网认证, IGS-ABS毕业证学历认证, 办理真实毕业证成绩单留信网认证, 1:1原版企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证+Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris成绩单, Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, 一比一原版Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证购买

【V信83113305】：The European School of Management and Technology (ESMT) in Berlin is a leading international business school renowned for its excellence in management education and research. Founded in 2002 by 25 global companies, ESMT offers a range of programs, including MBA, Executive MBA, and Master’s in Management, all designed to foster leadership and innovation. Located in the heart of Berlin, the school leverages its vibrant urban setting to provide students with unique opportunities for networking and professional growth. ESMT’s faculty comprises distinguished scholars and industry experts, ensuring a blend of academic rigor and practical relevance. The school emphasizes sustainability, digital transformation, and entrepreneurship, preparing graduates to tackle global challenges. With a strong corporate network and a commitment to diversity, ESMT continues to shape the future of business leadership. Its cutting-edge research and collaborative approach make it a top choice for aspiring leaders worldwide.，1:1原版柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证+ESMT European School of Management and Technology成绩单, 柏林欧洲管理与技术学院成绩单复刻, 哪里买ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证|ESMT Berlin成绩单, ESMT European School of Management and Technology柏林欧洲管理与技术学院原版购买, 柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证成绩单在哪里能办理, ESMT European School of Management and Technology柏林欧洲管理与技术学院挂科了怎么办？, ESMT European School of Management and Technology柏林欧洲管理与技术学院-多少钱, 德国买文凭办理柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证成绩单, ESMT European School of Management and TechnologydiplomaESMT European School of Management and Technology柏林欧洲管理与技术学院挂科处理解决方案

【V信83113305】：The F2I European Academy in France is a prestigious institution dedicated to fostering innovation and excellence in education. Known for its cutting-edge programs, the academy offers specialized training in fields such as technology, business, and leadership, tailored to meet the demands of a rapidly evolving global market. With a strong emphasis on interdisciplinary learning, F2I equips students with the skills and knowledge needed to thrive in competitive industries. Located in a vibrant academic environment, the academy attracts a diverse cohort of international students, creating a dynamic cultural exchange. Its faculty comprises industry experts and seasoned academics who provide mentorship and real-world insights. Through partnerships with leading corporations, F2I ensures practical exposure, bridging the gap between theory and practice. Committed to shaping future leaders, the F2I European Academy stands as a beacon of innovation, empowering individuals to drive meaningful change in their respective fields.，办F2I欧洲学院学历证书学位证书成绩单, 如何办理Institut Européen F2IF2I欧洲学院学历学位证, 办F2I欧洲学院毕业证Institut Européen F2I-university, Offer(Institut Européen F2I成绩单)F2I欧洲学院如何办理?, F2I文凭制作, 办F2I欧洲学院毕业证Institut Européen F2I Diploma, 办理法国毕业证, Institut Européen F2IF2I欧洲学院颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻

【V信83113305】：France is home to several prestigious American business schools that attract students from around the globe. Institutions like HEC Paris, INSEAD, and ESSEC offer world-class MBA and executive education programs, blending American pedagogical approaches with European business perspectives. These schools are renowned for their rigorous curricula, diverse student bodies, and strong ties to multinational corporations. Located in vibrant cities such as Paris and Fontainebleau, they provide unparalleled networking opportunities and access to Europe’s dynamic business landscape. Many graduates secure top-tier positions in consulting, finance, and tech, leveraging the schools’ extensive alumni networks. With a focus on innovation and leadership, these American-style business schools in France continue to shape the next generation of global business leaders.，ABSdiploma安全可靠购买ABS毕业证, 法国The American Business School美国商学院毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 法国留学成绩单毕业证, 办理美国商学院毕业证, 法国大学文凭定制专业服务认证, 办理法国ABS本科学历, ABS学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门, 挂科办理ABS美国商学院毕业证本科学位证书, 办理美国商学院学历认证回国人员证明

【V信83113305】：The European Management School (ESCP) in France is one of the most prestigious business schools in Europe, renowned for its multicultural approach and excellence in management education. Founded in 1819, ESCP is the world's oldest business school, offering a range of programs including Bachelor's, Master's, MBA, and Executive Education. With campuses in Paris, Berlin, London, Madrid, Turin, and Warsaw, ESCP emphasizes a transnational learning experience, preparing students for global leadership roles. The school's strong ties to industry and innovative curriculum foster entrepreneurship and strategic thinking. ESCP's alumni network spans over 70,000 professionals worldwide, underscoring its impact on international business. Its commitment to sustainability and diversity further solidifies its reputation as a leader in shaping future business leaders.，EBS Paris毕业证认证, 挂科办理EBS Paris欧洲管理学院毕业证文凭, 购买欧洲管理学院毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, European Business School文凭制作服务您学历的展现, EBS Paris毕业证文凭欧洲管理学院毕业证, 法国大学文凭购买, 原装正版欧洲管理学院毕业证真实水印成绩单制作, 欧洲管理学院毕业证办理, 购买欧洲管理学院毕业证

【V信83113305】：The European Academy of Communication in France is a prestigious institution dedicated to advancing the field of communication through education, research, and professional development. Located in the heart of Europe, it attracts students and scholars from across the continent, fostering a multicultural environment that enriches learning. The academy offers cutting-edge programs in media studies, public relations, digital communication, and intercultural dialogue, preparing graduates for leadership roles in a rapidly evolving global landscape. With a strong emphasis on innovation and ethical practices, it collaborates with industry leaders and academic partners to address contemporary challenges in communication. Its state-of-the-art facilities and renowned faculty make it a hub for excellence, inspiring the next generation of communication professionals to shape the future of the industry.，办法国欧洲通信学院文凭学历证书, 办理真实EURECOM毕业证成绩单留信网认证, Eurecom欧洲通信学院原版购买, 办理法国Eurecom欧洲通信学院毕业证Eurecom文凭版本, 办理法国毕业证, 一比一原版Eurecom欧洲通信学院毕业证购买, 购买法国毕业证, 1:1原版欧洲通信学院毕业证+Eurecom成绩单, 法国大学文凭购买

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1957, INSEAD (European Institute of Business Administration) is one of the world’s leading graduate business schools, renowned for its global perspective and academic excellence. With campuses in France (Fontainebleau), Singapore, Abu Dhabi, and San Francisco, INSEAD offers a truly international learning environment. Its flagship MBA program consistently ranks among the top globally, attracting diverse talent from over 90 countries. The school emphasizes innovation, entrepreneurship, and cross-cultural leadership, preparing students to thrive in a dynamic business landscape. INSEAD’s executive education programs cater to seasoned professionals, while its cutting-edge research influences global business practices. With a strong alumni network spanning 180 countries, INSEAD fosters lifelong connections and impactful careers, solidifying its reputation as a hub for transformative business education.，欧洲商务管理学院大学毕业证成绩单, 办理法国Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires本科学历, Offer(INSEAD成绩单)欧洲商务管理学院如何办理?, 办欧洲商务管理学院毕业证university, 1:1原版欧洲商务管理学院毕业证+INSEAD成绩单, 法国毕业证认证, INSEADdiplomaINSEAD欧洲商务管理学院挂科处理解决方案

【V信83113305】：EDHEC Business School, located in France, is a prestigious institution renowned for its excellence in business education and research. Established in 1906, EDHEC offers a range of programs, including MBA, MSc, and PhD degrees, tailored to meet the evolving demands of the global business landscape. With campuses in Lille, Nice, Paris, London, and Singapore, the school provides a multicultural learning environment that fosters innovation and leadership. EDHEC is particularly recognized for its strengths in finance, entrepreneurship, and sustainability. Its research centers, such as the EDHEC Risk Institute, contribute groundbreaking insights to academia and industry. The school’s strong corporate connections ensure students gain practical experience through internships and networking opportunities. Committed to shaping future leaders, EDHEC emphasizes ethical business practices and social responsibility. Its alumni network spans over 50,000 professionals worldwide, reflecting the school’s global impact. EDHEC continues to rank among the top European business schools, attracting talented students and faculty dedicated to driving positive change in business and society.，办艾代克高等商业学院毕业证Ecole de Hautes Etudes Commerciales du Nord Diploma, 办艾代克高等商业学院毕业证成绩单, 出售Ecole de Hautes Etudes Commerciales du Nord艾代克高等商业学院研究生学历文凭, Ecole de Hautes Etudes Commerciales du Nord文凭制作服务您学历的展现, 办理EDHEC文凭, 艾代克高等商业学院文凭复刻, 办理EDHEC大学毕业证-艾代克高等商业学院

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1819, ESCP Business School is one of the oldest and most prestigious business schools in the world. With campuses in Paris, London, Berlin, Madrid, Turin, and Warsaw, ESCP offers a truly European educational experience. The school is renowned for its multicultural approach, blending academic excellence with practical insights from diverse business environments. ESCP’s flagship program, the Master in Management (MiM), consistently ranks among the top globally, attracting students from over 100 nationalities. The school also offers specialized MBAs, executive education, and PhD programs. Its strong corporate connections provide students with unparalleled internship and career opportunities. Emphasizing innovation and leadership, ESCP fosters a dynamic learning environment where students develop the skills to thrive in a globalized economy. Its alumni network, spanning 70,000 professionals worldwide, underscores its lasting impact on business and society.，办理ESCP欧洲高等商学院文凭, 法国ESCP Europe Business SchoolESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, ESCP Europe Business SchoolESCP欧洲高等商学院学位证书快速办理, ESCP欧洲高等商学院毕业证办理, 法国大学文凭购买, fake ESCP Europe degree, 法国ESCP Europe Business School毕业证仪式感|购买ESCP Europe Business SchoolESCP欧洲高等商学院学位证, ESCP Europe学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门

【V信83113305】：The European School of Management and Technology (ESMT) in Berlin is a leading international business school renowned for its excellence in management education and research. Founded in 2002 by 25 global companies, ESMT combines academic rigor with practical relevance, offering MBA, Executive MBA, and specialized master's programs. Located in the heart of Berlin, the school leverages its vibrant urban setting to foster innovation and entrepreneurship. ESMT's faculty comprises distinguished scholars and industry experts, ensuring cutting-edge insights into global business challenges. The school emphasizes leadership, technology, and sustainability, preparing students to drive positive change in organizations worldwide. With a strong corporate network and a diverse student body, ESMT provides unparalleled opportunities for professional growth and networking. Its commitment to societal impact and thought leadership solidifies its reputation as a top-tier institution in Europe and beyond.，定做柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证-ESMT Berlin毕业证书-毕业证, 购买柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, 修改ESMT European School of Management and Technology柏林欧洲管理与技术学院成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 办柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证 Diploma, 德国ESMT European School of Management and Technology柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, ESMT Berlin学位定制, 在线办理柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证成绩单, 申请学校!ESMT Berlin成绩单柏林欧洲管理与技术学院成绩单ESMT Berlin改成绩, 极速办柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证ESMT Berlin文凭学历制作

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1971, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University is one of France’s most prestigious institutions, renowned for its excellence in law, economics, humanities, and social sciences. Located in the heart of Paris, it inherits the legacy of the historic Sorbonne, dating back to the 13th century. The university attracts over 40,000 students annually, including a significant international cohort, fostering a vibrant academic community. Paris 1 is celebrated for its rigorous research programs and influential faculty, contributing to global scholarship. Its central campus near the Latin Quarter offers students a dynamic cultural and intellectual environment. With strong ties to European institutions, the university emphasizes interdisciplinary learning and innovation. A degree from Paris 1 symbolizes academic prestige, preparing graduates for leadership roles worldwide.，Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne文凭制作流程确保学历真实性, 原装正版巴黎第一大学毕业证真实水印成绩单制作, 巴黎第一大学本科毕业证, 网络办理巴黎第一大学毕业证官方成绩单学历认证, 原版定制巴黎第一大学毕业证Paris 1毕业证书一比一制作, Paris 1巴黎第一大学毕业证最稳最快办理方式, Paris 1毕业证定制, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonnediploma巴黎第一大学挂科处理解决方案, 巴黎第一大学文凭复刻

【V信83113305】：Paris American Business School (PABS) is a prestigious management institution in France, offering a dynamic blend of American and European business education. Located in the heart of Paris, PABS provides students with a multicultural environment, fostering global perspectives and leadership skills. The school emphasizes practical learning through case studies, internships, and collaborations with international corporations. PABS offers programs such as Bachelor’s, Master’s, and MBA degrees, all taught in English to attract a diverse student body. Its curriculum integrates innovation, entrepreneurship, and digital transformation, preparing graduates for competitive careers worldwide. With a strong alumni network and industry connections, PABS ensures students gain real-world experience and career opportunities. The school’s vibrant campus life, combined with Paris’s rich cultural and business landscape, makes it an ideal choice for aspiring global leaders. PABS stands out for its academic excellence, international focus, and commitment to shaping future business professionals.，办企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证成绩单, 法国留学成绩单毕业证, Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris文凭制作流程学术背后的努力, 法国IGS-ABS毕业证仪式感|购买企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院学位证, 企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院成绩单复刻, 办理法国大学毕业证书, 办理企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证IGS-ABS毕业证书毕业证, 如何办理Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院学历学位证, 企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院留学本科毕业证

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1971, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University is one of France’s most prestigious institutions, renowned for its excellence in law, economics, humanities, and social sciences. Located in the heart of Paris, it inherits the legacy of the historic Sorbonne, dating back to the 13th century. The university attracts over 40,000 students, including a significant international cohort, fostering a vibrant academic community. Paris 1 is celebrated for its rigorous research programs and influential faculty, contributing to global scholarship. Its central campus, near the Latin Quarter, offers students a dynamic cultural and intellectual environment. With strong ties to European institutions and a focus on interdisciplinary studies, the university prepares graduates for leadership roles worldwide. Paris 1 remains a symbol of academic tradition and innovation.，原版Paris 1毕业证办理流程, 法国留学成绩单毕业证, Paris 1巴黎第一大学-pdf电子毕业证, 巴黎第一大学电子版毕业证与法国Paris 1学位证书纸质版价格, Paris 1毕业证最安全办理办法, 硕士文凭定制Paris 1毕业证书, 最爱-法国-Paris 1毕业证书样板, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne巴黎第一大学原版购买

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1819, École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, now part of the Paris Ile-de-France Chamber of Commerce and Industry, is one of the oldest and most prestigious business schools in the world. Often referred to as ESCP Business School, it holds the distinction of being the first globally established business school. With a highly selective admissions process, ESCP offers a unique multi-campus model, allowing students to study across its urban campuses in Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Turin, and Warsaw. This provides an unparalleled international experience, deeply embedding a European and global perspective into its programs, which include the renowned Master in Management, MBAs, and extensive executive education. The school's powerful alumni network and strong corporate connections consistently place its graduates in top-tier global companies, cementing its reputation for academic excellence and leadership development.，EBS Paris毕业证定制, European Business School欧洲管理学院电子版毕业证与法国European Business School学位证书纸质版价格, 100%加急制作-EBS Paris毕业证学校原版一样, 优质渠道办理欧洲管理学院毕业证成绩单学历认证, 高端EBS Paris毕业证办理流程, EBS Paris欧洲管理学院毕业证书, EBS Paris欧洲管理学院挂科了怎么办？, 原版定制EBS Paris欧洲管理学院毕业证, 1分钟获取欧洲管理学院毕业证最佳办理渠道

【V信83113305】：American business schools in France offer a unique gateway to a global career. Campuses like INSEAD in Fontainebleau and HEC Paris’ TRIUM Global EMBA stand as premier institutions, blending rigorous US-style management education with a deeply European, multicultural perspective. These schools attract a diverse, international student body, creating a powerful network that spans continents. Located at the heart of the EU, they provide unparalleled access to European markets and industries, making them ideal for students targeting international business. The academic experience emphasizes a global mindset, cross-cultural leadership, and innovative thinking. For any aspiring leader, these Franco-American hybrids provide a transformative education, turning ambition into a truly global success story.，制作美国商学院成绩单, 美国商学院毕业证ABS毕业证书, 美国商学院文凭复刻, 学历文凭认证ABS毕业证-美国商学院毕业证如何办理, 高质The American Business School美国商学院成绩单办理安全可靠的文凭服务, ABS美国商学院学位证书快速办理, 专业办理ABS美国商学院成绩单高质学位证书服务, ABS美国商学院毕业证最安全办理办法, ABS成绩单美国商学院毕业证快速办理方式

【V信83113305】：Paris American Business School stands as a distinctive institution in the landscape of French higher education. It masterfully blends the rigorous, theoretical approach of the European academic tradition with the dynamic, practical, and case-study-driven methodology emblematic of American business schools. This unique fusion provides students with a comprehensive global perspective, preparing them for international careers. Located in the heart of a major economic and cultural capital, the school leverages its Parisian location to offer unparalleled networking opportunities and industry access. With a diverse student body and a focus on real-world skills like entrepreneurship and leadership, it cultivates agile, forward-thinking professionals ready to excel in the competitive global marketplace.，网上办理IGS-ABS企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证书流程, 企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院硕士毕业证, 企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证最快且放心办理渠道, 网上制作企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证IGS-ABS毕业证书留信学历认证, 高端IGS-ABS企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证办理流程, 原版企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证办理流程和价钱, IGS-ABS毕业证认证PDF成绩单, 购买企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, 挂科办理Institut de Gestion Sociale-The American Business School Paris企业管理学院-巴黎美国商业学院学历学位证

【V信83113305】：Nestled within a serene park campus in Bremen, Germany, Jacobs University Bremen stands as a unique beacon of global education and interdisciplinary research. This private, English-speaking institution attracts a highly diverse student body from over 120 nations, creating a vibrant, cosmopolitan community. Its core strength lies in a rigorous academic model that breaks down traditional disciplinary silos, encouraging students to combine subjects like science, humanities, and social sciences to solve complex global challenges. With small class sizes and a residential college system, it fosters close mentorship and a strong sense of community. Focused on leadership and innovation, Jacobs University equips its graduates to become forward-thinking global citizens, making it a distinctive and influential player in the European and international higher education landscape.，Jacobs University不来梅雅格布大学毕业证最安全办理办法, 哪里买Jacobs University不来梅雅格布大学毕业证|Jacobs University成绩单, Jacobs University毕业证成绩单原版定制, 不来梅雅格布大学毕业证书, 德国Jacobs University学位证书纸质版价格, 100%安全办理不来梅雅格布大学毕业证, 100%办理不来梅雅格布大学毕业证书, 购买Jacobs University毕业证, 网上制作Jacobs University毕业证-不来梅雅格布大学毕业证书-留信学历认证放心渠道

【V信83113305】：Founded in 2002, the European School of Management and Technology (ESMT) in Berlin stands as a premier private business school, renowned for its strong focus on leadership, innovation, and analytics. Strategically located in Germany's vibrant capital, the institution leverages its deep connections to the country's industrial heart and a global network to provide a uniquely practical education. ESMT's portfolio includes full-time and executive MBA programs, a master's in management, and customized executive education, all designed to equip a diverse student body for the complexities of the modern business world. As a school founded by 25 leading global companies, its commitment to creating a positive impact through business leadership remains central to its mission, shaping the next generation of responsible leaders.，出售ESMT Berlin证书哪里能购买ESMT Berlin毕业证, 正版德国毕业证文凭学历证书, ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证办理周期和加急方法, 优质渠道办理ESMT Berlin毕业证成绩单学历认证, 100%办理柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证书, 办理德国-ESMT Berlin毕业证书柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证, ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证成绩单制作, 最新ESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院毕业证成功案例, ESMT BerlindiplomaESMT Berlin柏林欧洲管理与技术学院挂科处理解决方案

【V信83113305】：Founded in 1971, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University is one of France’s most prestigious institutions, renowned for its excellence in law, economics, humanities, and social sciences. Located in the heart of Paris, it inherits the legacy of the historic Sorbonne, dating back to the 13th century. The university attracts over 40,000 students, including a significant international cohort, fostering a vibrant academic community. Paris 1 is celebrated for its rigorous research programs and influential faculty, contributing to global scholarship. Its central campus near the Latin Quarter offers students a dynamic cultural and intellectual environment. With strong ties to European institutions and a focus on interdisciplinary studies, the university prepares graduates for leadership roles worldwide. Paris 1 remains a symbol of academic tradition and innovation, embodying the spirit of French higher education.，法国办巴黎第一大学毕业证办成绩单购买, 留学生买文凭毕业证-巴黎第一大学, 修改Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne巴黎第一大学成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 巴黎第一大学毕业证学历认证, 挂科办理Paris 1巴黎第一大学学历学位证, 法国大学文凭定制专业服务认证, 巴黎第一大学毕业证购买, 挂科办理巴黎第一大学学历学位证

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