Elementary Particles Quotes

It's a curious idea to reproduce when you don't even like life.

Tenderness is a deeper instinct than seduction, which is why it is so hard to give up hope.

Love binds, and it binds forever. Good binds while evil unravels. Separation is another word for evil; it is also another word for deceit.

[T]he atoms or elementary particles themselves are not real; they form a world of potentialities or possibilities rather than one of things or facts.

The world outside had its own rules, and those rules were not human.

The only thing known to go faster than ordinary light is monarchy, according to the philosopher Ly Tin Wheedle. He reasoned like this: you can't have more than one king, and tradition demands that there is no gap between kings, so when a king dies the succession must therefore pass to the heir instantaneously. Presumably, he said, there must be some elementary particles -- kingons, or possibly queons -- that do this job, but of course succession sometimes fails if, in mid-flight, they strike an anti-particle, or republicon. His ambitious plans to use his discovery to send messages, involving the careful torturing of a small king in order to modulate the signal, were never fully expanded because, at that point, the bar closed.

People often say that the English are very cold fish, very reserved, that they have a way of looking at things – even tragedy – with a sense of irony. There’s some truth in it; it’s pretty stupid of them, though. Humor won’t save you; it doesn’t really do anything at all. You can look at life ironically for years, maybe decades; there are people who seem to go through most of their lives seeing the funny side, but in the end, life always breaks your heart. Doesn’t matter how brave you are, how reserved, or how much you’ve developed a sense of humor, you still end up with your heart broken. That’s when you stop laughing. In the end there’s just the cold, the silence and the loneliness. In the end, there’s only death.

He doesn't know it yet, but the infinity of childhood is brief.

The terrible predicament of a beautiful girl is that only an experienced womanizer, someone cynical and without scruple, feels up to the challenge. More often than not, she will lose her virginity to some filthy lowlife in what proves to be the first step in an irrevocable decline.

Few beings have ever been so impregnated, pierced to the core, by the conviction of the absolute futility of human aspiration. The universe is nothing but a furtive arrangement of elementary particles. A figure in transition toward chaos. That is what will finally prevail. The human race will disappear. Other races in turn will appear and disappear. The skies will be glacial and empty, traversed by the feeble light of half-dead stars. These too will disappear. Everything will disappear. And human actions are as free and as stripped of meaning as the unfettered movements of the elementary particles. Good, evil, morality, sentiments? Pure ‘Victorian fictions.’ All that exists is egotism. Cold, intact, and radiant.

Irony won't save you from anything; humour doesn't do anything at all. You can look at life ironically for years, maybe decades; there are people who seem to go through most of their lives seeing the funny side, but in the end, life always breaks your heart. Doesn't matter how brave you are, or how reserved, or how much you've developed a sense of humour, you still end up with your heart broken. That's when you stop laughing.

Unhappiness isn't at its most acute point until a realistic chance of happiness, sufficiently close, has been envisioned.

As a teenager, Michel believed that suffering conferred dignity on a person. Now he had to admit that he had been wrong. What conferred dignity on people was television.

The human brain, it has been said, is the most complexly organised structure in the universe and to appreciate this you just have to look at some numbers. The brain is made up of one hundred billion nerve cells or "neurons" which is the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. Each neuron makes something like a thousand to ten thousand contacts with other neurons and these points of contact are called synapses where exchange of information occurs. And based on this information, someone has calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain activity, in other words the numbers of brain states, exceeds the number of elementary particles in the known universe.

In fact, these possibility collapses happen at the level of elementary particles, but they happen in just the same way: one moment several things are possible, the next moment only one thing happens, and the rest don't exist. Except that other worlds have sprung into being, on which they did happen.

When we think about the present, we veer wildly between the belief in chance and the evidence in favour of determinism. When we think about the past, however, it seems obvious that everything happened in the way that it was intended.

String theory is an attempt at a deeper description of nature by thinking of an elementary particle not as a little point but as a little loop of vibrating string.

Rumor had it that he was homosexual; in reality, in recent years, he was simply a garden-variety alcoholic.

It is interesting to note that the "sexual revolution" was sometimes portrayed as a communal utopia, whereas in fact it was simply another stage in the historical rise of individualism. As the lovely word "household" suggests, the couple and the family would be the last bastion of primitive communism in liberal society. The sexual revolution was to destroy these intermediary communities, the last to separate the individual from the market. The destruction continues to this day.

Talking to morons like that is like pissing in a urinal full of cigarette butts, like shitting in a toilet full of Tampax: nothing gets flushed, and everything starts to stink.

The only conclusion he could draw was that without points of reference, a man melts away.

Dick Feynman was a genius of visualization (he was also no slouch with equations): he made a mental picture of anything he was working on. While others were writing blackboard-filling formulas to express the laws of elementary particles, he would just draw a picture and figure out the answer.

.. study was never a one-way thing. A man might spend his life peering at the private life of elementary particles and then find he either knew who he was or where he was, but not both.

The story of a life can be as long or as short as the teller wishes. Whether the life is tragic or enlightened, the classic gravestone inscription marking simply the dates of birth and death has, in its brevity, much to recommend it.

საინტერესოა, როდესაც სხვები შენზე ლაპარაკობენ, მით უმეტეს, თუ ისინი შენს იქ ყოფნას ვერც ამჩნევენ. ის კი არა და, შეიძლება საკუთარ არსებობაში დაეჭვდე. ამას კი თავისი ხიბლი აქვს.

What the boy felt was something pure, something gentle, something that predates sex or sensual fulfillment. It was the simple desire to reach out and touch a loving body, to be held in loving arms. Tenderness is a deeper instinct than seduction, which is why it is so difficult to give up hope.

Humor won’t save you; it doesn’t really do anything at all. You can look at life ironically for years, maybe decades; there are people who seem to go through most of their lives seeing the funny side, but in the end, life always breaks your heart. Doesn’t matter how brave you are, or how reserved, or how much you’ve developed a sense of humor, you still end up with your heart broken. That’s when you stop laughing. In the end there’s just the cold, the silence and the loneliness. In the end there’s only death.

I use the example as computed by the mathematician Michael Berry. If you know a set of basic parameters concerning the ball at rest, can compute the resistance of the table (quite elementary), and can gauge the strength of the impact, then it is rather easy to predict what would happen at the first hit. The second impact becomes more complicated, but possible; you need to be more careful about your knowledge of the initial states, and more precision is called for. The problem is that to correctly predict the ninth impact, you need to take into account the gravitational pull of someone standing next to the table (modestly, Berry's computations use a weight of less than 150 pounds). And to compute the fifty-sixth impact, every single elementary particle of the universe needs to be present in your assumptions!

There is no endless silence of infinite space, for in reality there is no space, no silence and no void.

Thirty years later, Bruno was convinced that, taken in context, the episode could be summed up in one sentence: Caroline Yessayan's miniskirt was to blame for everything.

Some people live to be seventy, sometimes eighty years old believing there is always something new just around the corner, as they say; in the end they practically have to be killed or at least reduced to a state of serious incapacity to get them to see reason.

Sooner or later it'd get to you. Death was fascinated by humans, and study was never a one-way thing. A man might spend his life peering at the private life of elementary particles and then find he either knew who he was or where he was, but not both.

Ask a physics teacher: Why do elementary particles exist? Is it impossible for them not to exist? (Be prepared for the possibility that your physics teacher doesn’t want to have this conversation.)

Contemporary consciousness is no longer equipped to deal with our mortality. Never in any other time, or any other civilization, have people thought so much or so contantly about aging. Each individual has a simple view of the future: a time will come when the sum of pleasures that life has left to offer is outweighed by the sum of pain (one can actually feel the meter ticking, and it ticks always in the same direction). This weighing up of pleasure and pain, which everyone is forced to make sooner or later, leads logically, at a certain age, to suicide.

La desgracia sólo alcanza su punto más alto cuando hemos visto, lo bastante cerca, la posibilidad práctica de la felicidad.

Electrons, quarks, photons, and gluons are the components of everything that sways in the space around us. They are the “elementary particles” studied in particle physics.

You fling the book on the floor, you would hurl it out of the window, even out of the closed window, through the slats of the Venetian blinds; let them shred its incongruous quires, let sentences, words, morphemes, phonemes gush forth, beyond recomposition into discourse; through the panes, and if they are of unbreakable glass so much the better, hurl the book and reduce it to photons, undulatory vibrations, polarized spectra; through the wall, let the book crumble into molecules and atoms passing between atom and atom of the reinforced concrete, breaking up into electrons, neutrons, neutrinos, elementary particles more and more minute; through the telephone wires, let it be reduced to electronic impulses, into flow of information, shaken by redundancies and noises, and let it be degraded into a swirling entropy. You would like to throw it out of the house, out of the block, beyond the neighborhood, beyond the city limits, beyond the state confines, beyond the regional administration, beyond the national community, beyond the Common Market, beyond Western culture, beyond the continental shelf, beyond the atmosphere, the biosphere, the stratosphere, the field of gravity, the solar system, the galaxy, the cumulus of galaxies, to succeed in hurling it beyond the point the galaxies have reached in their expansion, where space-time has not yet arrived, where it would be received by nonbeing, or, rather, the not-being which has never been and will never be, to be lost in the most absolutely guaranteed undeniable negativity.

Thirty years later he could not come to any other conclusion: women were indisputably better than men. They were gentler, more affectionate, more loving and more compassionate, they were rarely violent, selfish, cruel or self-centred. Moreover, they were more rational, more intelligent and more hardworking. What on earth were men for? Michael wondered as he watched sunlight play across the closed curtains. In earlier times, when bears were more common, perhaps masculinity served a particular function, but for centuries now, men served no useful purpose. For the most part, they assuaged their boredom playing squash, which was a lesser evil; but from time to time they felt the need to change history - which expressed itself in leading a revolution or starting a war somewhere. Aside from the senseless suffering they caused, revolutions and war destroyed the achievements of the past, forcing societies to build again. Without the notion of continuous progress, human evolution took random, irregular and violent turns for which men (with their predilection for risk and danger, their repulsive egotism, their volatile nature and their violent tendencies) were directly to blame. A society of women would be immeasurably superior, tracing a slow, unwavering progression, with no U-turns and no chaotic insecurity, towards a general happiness.

Adolescent, Michel croyait que la souffrance donnait à l'homme une dignité supplémentaire. Il devait maintenant en convenir: il s'était trompé. Ce qui donnait à l'homme une dignité supplémentaire, c'était la télévision.

If intelligence is to be understood as an unconditioned act of perception, its ground cannot be in structures such as cells, molecules, elementary particles, etc. Ultimately, anything that is determined by the laws of such structures must be in the field of what can be known, i.e. stored up in memory, and thus will have to have the mechanical nature of anything that can be assimilated in the basically mechanical character of the process of thought.

Por mucho valor, sangre fría y humor que uno acumule a lo largo de su vida, siempre acaba con el corazón destrozado. Y entonces uno deja de reírse. A fin de cuentas ya sólo quedan la soledad, el frío y el silencio. A fin de cuentas, sólo queda la muerte.

Conscious access to memory is a unique trait of living things, but memory itself is not. It's encoded in the minute vibrations between elementary particles. Our entire universe is built of information given shape. Part of that is its history. Its memory.

As soon as the genome had been cmpletely decoded (which would be in a matter of months) humanity would have complete control of its evolution; when that happened sexuality would be seen for what it really was: a useless, dangerous, and regressive function.

Theologians could not even agree about the nature of their gods. These personages ranged from "blue touch-paper gods" who started everything and never interfered again, to "infinitely meddlesome gods who, as well as starting it off, police every elementary particle.

In contemporary Western society, death is like white noise to a man in good health; it fills his mind when his dreams and plans fade. With age, the noise becomes increasingly insistent, like a dull roar with the occasional screech. In another age the sound meant waiting for the kingdom of God; it is now an anticipation of death. Such is life.

Love binds, and it binds forever. Good binds, while evil unravels. Separation is another word for evil; it is also another word for deceit. All that exists is a magnificent interweaving, vast and reciprocal.

Back in Paris they had happy moments together, like stills from a perfume ad (dashing hand in hand down the steps of Montmartre; or suddenly revealed in motionless embrace on the Pont des Arts by the lights of a bateau-mouche as it turned). There were the Sunday afternoon half-arguments, too, the moments of silence when bodies curl up beneath the sheets on the long shores of silence and apathy where life founders. Annabelle's studio was so dark they had to turn on the lights at four in the afternoon. They sometimes were sad, but mostly they were serious. Both of them knew that this would be their last human relationship, and this feeling lacerated every moment they spent together. They had a great respect and a profound sympathy for each other, and there were days when, caught up in some sudden magic, they knew moments of fresh air and glorious, bracing sunshine. For the most part, however, they could feel a gray shadow moving over them, on the earth that supported them, and in everything they could glimpse the end.

And what quantum physics has shown is that when we look at these patterns of energy at smaller and smaller levels, startling results can be seen. Experiments have revealed that when you break apart small aspects of this energy, what we call elementary particles, and try to observe how they operate, the act of observation itself alters the results--as if these elementary particles are influenced by what the experimenter expects. This is true even if the particles must appear in places they couldn't possibly go, given the laws of the universe as we know them: two places at the same moment, forward or backward in time, that sort of thing.

Up to about thirty years ago, it was thought that protons and neutrons were “elementary” particles, but experiments in which protons were collided with other protons or electrons at high speeds indicated that they were in fact made up of smaller particles.

«Sophie, s'exclama à nouveau Bruno, sais-tu ce que Nietzsche a écrit de Shakespeare? "Ce que cet homme a dû souffrir pour éprouver un tel besoin de faire le pitre!..." Shakespeare m'a toujours paru un auteur surfait; mais c'est, en effet, un pitre considérable.» II s'interrompit, prit conscience avec surprise qu'il commençait réellement à souffrir. Les femmes, parfois, étaient tellement gentilles; elles répondaient à l'agressivité par la compréhension, au cynisme par la douceur. Quel homme se serait comporté ainsi?

L'humour ne sauve pas; l'humour ne sert en définitive à peu près à rien. On peut envisager les évènements de la vie avec humour pendant des années, parfois de très longues années, dans certains cas on peut adopter une attitude humoristique jusqu'à la fin; mais en définitive la vie vous brise le coeur. Quelles que soient les qualités de courage, de sang froid et d'humour qu'on a pu développer tout au long de sa vie, on finit toujours par avoir le coeur brisé. Alors on s'arrête de rire. Au bout du compte il n'y a plus que la solitude, le froid et le silence. Au bout du compte il n'y a plus que la mort.

ბავშვები იძულებულნი არიან აიტანონ უფროსების მიერ მათთის შექმნილი სამყარო და ცდილობენ, რაც შეიძლება უკეთ შეეგუონ მას. დრო გავა და თვითონვე ააშენებენ ზუსტად ასეთივე სამყაროს.

A truly rational theory would allow us to deduce the elementary particles (electron, etc.) and not be forced to state them a priori.

Gewiss hat sich die westliche Welt über alle Maßen für Philosophie und Politik interessiert und sich in geradezu unsinniger Weise um philosophische und politische Fragen gestritten; gewiss hat die westliche Welt auch eine wahre Leidenschaft für Literatur und Kunst entwickelt; aber nichts in ihrer ganzen Geschichte hat eine solche Bedeutung gehabt wie das Bedürfnis nach rationaler Gewissheit. Diesem Bedürfnis nach rationaler Gewissheit hat die westliche Welt schließlich alles geopfert: ihre Religion, ihr Glück, ihre Hoffnungen und letztlich ihr Leben.

Das Leben, dachte Michel, müsste eigentlich etwas Einfaches sein; etwas, das man wie eine Aneinanderreihung endlos wiederholter kleiner Rituale erleben kann. Rituale, die etwas albern sein durften, aber an die man trotzdem glauben konnte. Ein Leben ohne große Erwartungen und ohne Dramen.

The metaphysical mutation that gave rise to materialism and modern science in turn spawned two great trends: rationalism and individualism. Huxley’s mistake was in having poorly evaluated the balance of power between these two. Specifically, he underestimated the growth of individualism brought about by an increased consciousness of death. Individualism gives rise to freedom, the sense of self, the need to distinguish oneself and to be superior to others. A rational society like the one he describes in Brave New World can defuse the struggle. Economic rivalry—a metaphor for mastery over space—has no more reason to exist in a society of plenty, where the economy is strictly regulated. Sexual rivalry—a metaphor for mastery over time through reproduction—has no more reason to exist in a society where the connection between sex and procreation has been broken. But Huxley forgets about individualism. He doesn’t understand that sex, even stripped of its link with reproduction, still exists—not as a pleasure principle, but as a form of narcissistic differentiation. The same is true of the desire for wealth. Why has the Swedish model of social democracy never triumphed over liberalism? Why has it never been applied to sexual satisfaction? Because the metaphysical mutation brought about by modern science leads to individuation, vanity, malice and desire. Any philosopher, not just Buddhist or Christian, but any philosopher worthy of the name, knows that, in itself, desire—unlike pleasure—is a source of suffering, pain and hatred.

They are not alone in this. The human being, too, is a shining thing. We are infinitesimally bioluminescent - chemical reactions within the human body cast up photons, the elementary particle of light. The light emitted is a thousand times weaker than human eyesight, but it is constant, and clustered around the face. Like the golden mole, we too have a radiance invisible to ourselves.

Some key physical entities such as empty space, elementary particles and the wavefunction appear to be purely mathematical int he sense that their only intrinsic properties are mathematical properties.

It might weigh little over a kilogram but, taken on its own scale, the brain is unimaginably vast. One cubic millimetre contains between twenty and twenty-five thousand neurons. It has eighty-six billion of these cells, and each one is complex as a city and is in contact with ten thousand other neurons just like it. Within just one cubic centimetre of brain tissue, there is the same number of connections as there are stars in the Milky Way. Your brain contains a hundred trillion of them. Information in the form of electricity and chemicals flows around these paths in great forking trails and in circuits and feedback loops and fantastical storms of activity tat bloom to life speeds of up to a hundred and twenty metres per second. According to the neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran, 'The number of permutations and combinations of activity that are theoretically possible exceeds the number of elementary particles in the universe.' And yet, he continues, 'We know so little about it that even a child's questions should be seriously entertained.

The human race will disappear. Other races in turn will appear and disappear. The skies will be glacial and empty, traversed by the feeble light of half-dead stars. These too will disappear. Everything will disappear. And human actions are as free and as stripped of meaning as the unfettered movements of the elementary particles. Good, evil, morality, sentiments? Pure ‘Victorian fictions.’ All that exists is egotism. Cold, intact, and radiant.

La pure morale est unique et universelle. Elle ne subit aucune altération au cours du temps, non plus qu’aucune adjonction. Elle ne dépend d’aucun facteur historique, économique, sociologique ou culturel ; elle ne dépend absolument de rien du tout. Non déterminée, elle détermine. Non conditionnée, elle conditionne. En d’autres termes, c’est un absolu.

Everyday morality is always a blend, variously proportioned, of perfect morality and other more ambiguous ideas, for the most part religious. The greater the proportion of pure morality in a particular system, the happier and more enduring the society. Ultimately, a society governed by the pure principles of universal morality could last until the end of the world.

The only things known to go faster than ordinary light is monarchy, according to the philosopher Ly Tin Weedle. He reasoned like this: you can't have more than one king, and tradition demands that there is no gap between kings, so when a king dies the succession must therefore pass to the heir instantaneously. Presumably, he said, there must be some elementary particles -- kingons, or possibly queons -- that do this job, but of course succession sometimes fails if, in mid-flight, they strike an anti-particle, or republicon. His ambitious plans to use his discovery to send messages, involving the careful torturing of a small king in order to modulate the signal, were never fully expanded because, at that point, the bar closed.

We may remark at this point that modern physics is in some way extremely near to the doctrines of Heraclitus. If we replace the word ‘fire’ by the word ‘energy’ we can almost repeat his statements word for word from our modern point of view. Energy is in fact the substance from which all elementary particles, all atoms and therefore all things are made, and energy is that which moves. Energy is a substance, since its total amount does not change, and the elementary particles can actually be made from this substance as is seen in many experiments on the creation of elementary particles. Energy can be changed into motion, into heat, into light and into tension. Energy may be called the fundamental cause for all change in the world.

One can say the West loved literature and the arts, but probably nothing counted more in its history than the need for rational certainty. To this need, the West sacrificed everything: its religion, its happiness, its hopes, and, when all is said and done, its existence.

Incidentally, gamma rays and a myriad of subatomic particles are generated by the collision of superhigh-energy cosmic rays with Earth’s atmosphere. Within this cascade lurks striking evidence of time dilation, a feature of Einstein’s theory of relativity. Cosmic-ray particles move through space at upward of 99.5 percent the speed of light. When they slam into the top of Earth’s atmosphere, they break down into many subproducts, each with less and less energy per particle, forming an avalanche of elementary particles that descend toward Earth’s surface.

There is an idea - strange, haunting, evocative - one of the most exquisite conjectures in science and religion. It is entirely undemonstrated; it may never be proved. But it stirs the blood. There is, we are told, an infinite hierarchy of universes, so that an elementary particle, such as an electron, in our universe would, if penetrated, reveal itself to be entire closed universe. Within it, organized into the local equivalent of galaxies and smaller structures, are an immense number of other, much tinier elementary particles, which are themselves universe at the next level, and so on forever - an infinite downward regression, universes within universes, endlessly. And upward as well. Our familiar universe of galaxies and stars, planets and people, would be a single elementary particle in the next universe up, the first step of another infinite regress.

Historically, such human beings have existed. Human beings who have worked - worked hard - all their lives with no other motive than their love and devotion; who have literally given their lives for others, out of love and devotion. Human beings who have no sense of having made any sacrifice; who cannot imagine any other way of life than giving their lives for others - out of love and devotion. In general, such human beings are invariably women.

Later Michel went up to the priest as he was packing away the tools of the trade. “I was very interested in what you were saying earlier…” The man of God smiled urbanely, then Michel began to talk about the Aspect experiments and the EPR paradox: how two particle, once united, are forever and inseparable whole, “which seems pretty much in keeping with what you were saying about one flesh.” The priest’s smile froze slightly. “What I’m trying to say, “Michel went on enthusiastically, “is that from an ontological point of view, the pair can be assigned a single vector in Hilbert space. Do you see what I mean?

She figured that the main problem in physics is physicists, that most of them are caught in a mind trap because they're so used to things being made of smaller things. So they instinctively believe that reality, at its most basic level, must be made up of and regulated by almost infinitely small elementary particles.

I know people who read interminably, book after book, from page to page, and yet I should not call them 'well-read people'. Of course they 'know' an immense amount; but their brain seems incapable of assorting and classifying the material which they have gathered from books. They have not the faculty of distinguishing between what is useful and useless in a book; so that they may retain the former in their minds and if possible skip over the latter while reading it, if that be not possible, then--when once read--throw it overboard as useless ballast. Reading is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. Its chief purpose is to help towards filling in the framework which is made up of the talents and capabilities that each individual possesses. Thus each one procures for himself the implements and materials necessary for the fulfilment of his calling in life, no matter whether this be the elementary task of earning one's daily bread or a calling that responds to higher human aspirations. Such is the first purpose of reading. And the second purpose is to give a general knowledge of the world in which we live. In both cases, however, the material which one has acquired through reading must not be stored up in the memory on a plan that corresponds to the successive chapters of the book; but each little piece of knowledge thus gained must be treated as if it were a little stone to be inserted into a mosaic, so that it finds its proper place among all the other pieces and particles that help to form a general world-picture in the brain of the reader. Otherwise only a confused jumble of chaotic notions will result from all this reading. That jumble is not merely useless, but it also tends to make the unfortunate possessor of it conceited. For he seriously considers himself a well-educated person and thinks that he understands something of life. He believes that he has acquired knowledge, whereas the truth is that every increase in such 'knowledge' draws him more and more away from real life, until he finally ends up in some sanatorium or takes to politics and becomes a parliamentary deputy. Such a person never succeeds in turning his knowledge to practical account when the opportune moment arrives; for his mental equipment is not ordered with a view to meeting the demands of everyday life. His knowledge is stored in his brain as a literal transcript of the books he has read and the order of succession in which he has read them. And if Fate should one day call upon him to use some of his book-knowledge for certain practical ends in life that very call will have to name the book and give the number of the page; for the poor noodle himself would never be able to find the spot where he gathered the information now called for. But if the page is not mentioned at the critical moment the widely-read intellectual will find himself in a state of hopeless embarrassment. In a high state of agitation he searches for analogous cases and it is almost a dead certainty that he will finally deliver the wrong prescription.

He spoke of “the possible existence of an atom of mass 1 which has zero nucleus charge.” Such an atomic structure, he thought, seemed by no means impossible. It would not be a new elementary particle, he supposed, but a combination of existing particles, an electron and a proton intimately united, forming a single neutral particle.

We have seen recursion in the grammars of languages, we have seen recursive geometrical trees, which grow upwards forever, and we have seen one way in which recursion enters the theory of solid state physics. Now we are going to see yet another way in which the whole world is built out of recursion. This has to do with the structure of elementary particles: electrons, protons, neutrons, and the tiny quanta of electromagnetic radiation called "photons". We are going to see that particles are - in a certain sense which can only be defined rigorously in relativistic quantum mechanics- nested inside each other in a way which can be described recursively, perhaps even by some sort of "grammar".

Everyday life depends on the structure of the atom. Turn off the electrical charges and everything crumbles to an invisible fine dust, without electrical forces, there would no longer be things in the universe - merely diffuse clouds of electrons, protons, and neutrons, and gravitating spheres of elementary particles, the featureless remnants of worlds.

J'aurais pu adhérer au Front National, mais à quoi bon manger de la choucroute avec des cons?

Considérant les événement présent de notre vie, nous oscillons sans cesse entre la croyance au hasard et l'évidence du déterminisme.

The Enlightened One, if he had meditated on it, would not necessarily have rejected a technical solution.

Päinvastoin kuin nautinto, halu itsessään tuottaa kärsimystä, vihaa ja onnettomuutta.

The greater the proportion of pure morality in a particular system, the happier and more enduring the society.

Una vida volcada hacia una meta deja poco sitio para el recuerdo

This evening, sprawled on the sofa, this animal with whom he shared one half of his genetic code had overstepped the unspoken boundaries of decent human conversation.

In this apartment, as in his whole life now, he knew he would always feel as though he were staying in a hotel.

Nefericirea noastră nu atinge apogeul decât atunci când am întrezărit, îndeajuns de aproape, posibilitatea practică a fericirii.

Nothing - not even death - seems worse than the prospect of living in a broken body.

A life lived in pursuit of a goal leaves little time for reminiscence.

The fact that atoms are composed of three kinds of elementary particles—protons, neutrons and electrons—is a comparatively recent finding. The neutron was not discovered until 1932. Modern physics and chemistry have reduced the complexity of the sensible world to an astonishing simplicity: three units put together in various patterns make, essentially, everything.

La alegría es una emoción intensa y profunda, un sentimiento exaltante de plenitud experimentado por la conciencia; se puede comparar con la embriaguez, con el arrebato, con el éxtasis.

The use of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a fundamental theory was to have profound consequences, not just for the laws of nature but for the larger question of what a law of nature is. Before this, it was thought that the properties of the elementary particles are determined directly by eternally given laws of nature. But in a theory with spontaneous symmetry breaking, a new element enters, which is that the properties of the elementary particles depend in part on history and environment. The symmetry may break in different ways, depending on conditions like density and temperature. More generally, the properties of the elementary particles depend not just on the equations of the theory but on which solution to those equations applies to our universe.

In Cohen’s opinion, the ideas manifest in Nietzsche’s philosophy—the rejection of compassion, the elevation of individuals above the moral order and the triumph of the will—led directly to Nazism.

Annabelle ne renonçait pas; pour elle, le visage de Michel ressemblait au commentaire d'un autre monde. Vers la même époque elle lut la Sonate à Kreutzer, crut un instant le comprendre au travers de ce livre.

Un examen un tant soit peu exhaustif de l'humanité doit nécessairement prendre en compte ce type de phénomènes. De tels êtres humains, historiquement, ont existé.Des êtres humains qui travaillaient toute leur vie, et qui travaillaient dur, uniquement par dévouement et par amour; qui donnaient littéralement leur vie aux autres dans un esprit de dévouement et d'amour; qui n'avaient cependant nullement l'impression de se sacrifier; qui n'envisageaient en réalité d'autre manière de vivre que de donner leur vie aux autres dans un esprit de dévouement et d'amour. En pratique, ces êtres humains étaient généralement des femmes.

Now, from special relativity we know that energy and mass are two sides of the same coin: Greater energy means greater mass, and vice versa. Thus, according to string theory, the mass of an elementary particle is determined by the energy of the vibrational pattern of its internal string. Heavier particles have internal strings that vibrate more energetically, while lighter particles have internal strings that vibrate less energetically.

Relativistic quantum field theory worked well in describing the behaviors of elementary particles, but the theory only works when gravity is so weak that is can be forgotten. If you can pretend that gravity doesn’t exist, it is at this point theoretically that particle theory works. Basic relativity has produced many revelations about the universe, but it only works when we pretend that quantum mechanics is not needed to describe nature.

À l'âge de quinze ans Annabelle faisait partie de ces très rares jeunes filles sur lesquelles tous les hommes s'arrêtent, sans distinction d'âge ni d'état; de ces jeunes filles dont le simple passage, le long de la rue commerçante d'une ville d'importance moyenne, accélère le rythme cardiaque des jeunes gens et des hommes d'âge mûr, fait pousser des grognements de regret aux vieillards. Elle prit rapidement conscience de ce silence qui accompagnait chacune de ses apparitions, dans un café ou dans une salle de cours, mais il lui fallut des années pour en comprendre pleinement la raison. Au CEG de Crécy-en-Brie, il était communément admis qu'elle «était avec» Michel; mais même sans cela, à vrai dire, aucun garçon n'aurait osé tenter quoi que ce soit avec elle. Tel est l'un des principaux inconvénients de l'extrême beauté chez les jeunes filles: seuls les dragueurs expérimentés, cyniques et sans scrupule se sentent à la hauteur; ce sont donc en général les êtres les plus vils qui obtiennent le trésor de leur virginité, et ceci constitue pour elles le premier stade d'une irrémédiable déchéance.

The Undivided Wholeness of All Things Most mind-boggling of all are Bohm's fully developed ideas about wholeness. Because everything in the cosmos is made out of the seamless holographic fabric of the implicate order, he believes it is as meaningless to view the universe as composed of "parts, " as it is to view the different geysers in a fountain as separate from the water out of which they flow. An electron is not an "elementary particle. " It is just a name given to a certain aspect of the holomovement. Dividing reality up into parts and then naming those parts is always arbitrary, a product of convention, because subatomic particles, and everything else in the universe, are no more separate from one another than different patterns in an ornate carpet. This is a profound suggestion. In his general theory of relativity Einstein astounded the world when he said that space and time are not separate entities, but are smoothly linked and part of a larger whole he called the space-time continuum. Bohm takes this idea a giant step further. He says that everything in the universe is part of a continuum. Despite the apparent separateness of things at the explicate level, everything is a seamless extension of everything else, and ultimately even the implicate and explicate orders blend into each other. Take a moment to consider this. Look at your hand. Now look at the light streaming from the lamp beside you. And at the dog resting at your feet. You are not merely made of the same things. You are the same thing. One thing. Unbroken. One enormous something that has extended its uncountable arms and appendages into all the apparent objects, atoms, restless oceans, and twinkling stars in the cosmos. Bohm cautions that this does not mean the universe is a giant undifferentiated mass. Things can be part of an undivided whole and still possess their own unique qualities. To illustrate what he means he points to the little eddies and whirlpools that often form in a river. At a glance such eddies appear to be separate things and possess many individual characteristics such as size, rate, and direction of rotation, et cetera. But careful scrutiny reveals that it is impossible to determine where any given whirlpool ends and the river begins. Thus, Bohm is not suggesting that the differences between "things" is meaningless. He merely wants us to be aware constantly that dividing various aspects of the holomovement into "things" is always an abstraction, a way of making those aspects stand out in our perception by our way of thinking. In attempts to correct this, instead of calling different aspects of the holomovement "things, " he prefers to call them "relatively independent subtotalities. "10 Indeed, Bohm believes that our almost universal tendency to fragment the world and ignore the dynamic interconnectedness of all things is responsible for many of our problems, not only in science but in our lives and our society as well. For instance, we believe we can extract the valuable parts of the earth without affecting the whole. We believe it is possible to treat parts of our body and not be concerned with the whole. We believe we can deal with various problems in our society, such as crime, poverty, and drug addiction, without addressing the problems in our society as a whole, and so on. In his writings Bohm argues passionately that our current way of fragmenting the world into parts not only doesn't work, but may even lead to our extinction.

the universe began fourteen billion years ago with the emergence of elementary particles in the form of primordial plasma, which quickly morphed into atoms of hydrogen, helium, and lithium; a hundred million years later, galaxies began to appear, and in one of these, the Milky Way, minerals arranged themselves into living cells that constructed advanced life, including evergreen trees, coral reefs, and the vertebrate nervous systems that humans used to discover this entire sequence of universe development.

Voici les idées de cette génération qui avait connu dans son enfance les privations de la guerre, qui avait eu vingt ans à la Libération; voici le monde qu'ils souhaitaient léguer à leurs enfants. La femme reste à la maison et tient son ménage (mais elle est très aidée par les appareils électroménagers; elle a beaucoup de temps à consacrer à sa famille). L'homme travaille à l'extérieur (mais la robotisation fait qu'il travaille moins longtemps, et que son travail est moins dur). Les couples sont fidèles et heureux; ils vivent dans des maisons agréables en dehors des villes (les banlieues). Pendant leurs moments de loisir ils s'adonnent à l'artisanat, au jardinage, aux beaux-arts. À moins qu'ils ne préfèrent voyager, découvrir les modes de vie et les cultures d'autres régions, d'autres pays.

We have already seen that gauge symmetry that characterizes the electroweak force-the freedom to interchange electrons and neturinos-dictates the existence of the messenger electroweak fields (photon, W, and Z). Similarly, the gauge color symmetry requires the presence of eight gluon fields. The gluons are the messengers of the strong force that binds quarks together to form composite particles such as the proton. Incidentally, the color "charges" of the three quarks that make up a proton or a neutron are all different (red, blue, green), and they add up to give zero color charge or "white" (equivalent to being electrically neutral in electromagnetism). Since color symmetry is at the base of the gluon-mediated force between quarks, the theory of these forces has become known as quantum chromodynamics. The marriage of the electroweak theory (which describes the electromagnetic and weak forces) with quantum chromodynamics (which describes the strong force) produced the standard model-the basic theory of elementary particles and the physical laws that govern them.

What is that other universe?" she said. "One of uncountable billions of parallel worlds. The witches have known about them for centuries, but the first theologians to prove their existence mathematically were excommunicated fifty or more years ago. However, it's true; there's no possible way of denying it. "But no one thought it would ever be possible to cross from one universe to another. That would violate fundamental laws, we thought. Well, we were wrong; we learned to see the world up there. If light can cross, so can we. And we had to learn to see it, Lyra, just as you learned to use the alethiometer. "Now that world, and every other universe, came about as a result of possibility. Take the example of tossing a coin: it can come down heads or tails, and we don't know before it lands which way it's going to fall. If it comes down heads, that means that the possibility of its coming down tails has collapsed. Until that moment the two possibilities were equal. "But on another world, it does come down tails. And when that happens, the two worlds split apart. I'm using the example of tossing a coin to make it clearer. In fact, these possibility collapses happen at the level of elementary particles, but they happen in just the same way: one moment several things are possible, the next moment only one happens, and the rest don't exist. Except that other worlds have sprung into being, on which they did happen. "And I'm going to that world beyond the Aurora," he said, "because I think that's where all the Dust in this universe comes from. You saw those slides I showed the Scholars in the retiring room. You saw Dust pouring into this world from the Aurora. You've seen that city yourself. If light can cross the barrier between the universes, if Dust can, if we can see that city, then we can build a bridge and cross. It needs a phenomenal burst of energy. But I can do it. Somewhere out there is the origin of all the Dust, all the death, the sin, the misery, the destructiveness in the world. Human beings can't see anything without wanting to destroy it, Lyra. That's original sin. And I'm going to destroy it. Death is going to die.

In Mahayana Buddhism the universe is therefore likened to a vast net of jewels, wherein the reflection from one jewel is contained in all jewels, and the reflections of all are contained in each. As the Buddhists put it, “All in one and one in all.” This sounds very mystical and far-out, until you hear a modern physicist explain the present-day view of elementary particles: “This states, in ordinary language, that each particle consists of all the other particles, each of which is in the same way and at the same time all other particles together.” Similarities

The unsolved problems of the physical world now seem even more formidable than those solved in the twentieth century. Though in application it works splendidly, we do not even understand the physical meaning of quantum mechanics, much less how it might be united with general relativity. We don't know why the dimensionless constants (ratios of masses of elementary particles, ratios of strength of gravitational to electric forces, fine structure constant, etc.) have the values they do, unless we appeal to the implausible anthropic principle, which seems like a regression to Aristotelian teleology.

Totuși, în anumite circumstanțe, extrem de rare – creștinii vorbesc de minuni ale harului – o nouă undă de coerență apare și se propagă în creier; un nou comportament apare, temporar sau definitiv, determinat de un sistem total diferit de oscilații armonice; atunci se observă ceea ce numim un act liber.

However, he added, there is one big difference: "Our particles in economics are smart, whereas yours in physics are dumb." In physics, an elementary particle has no past, no experience, no goals, no hopes or fears about the future. It just is. That's why physicists can talk so freely about "universal laws": their particles respond to forces blindly, with absolute obedience. But in economics, said Arthur, "Our particles have to think ahead, and try to figure out how other particles might react if they were to undertake certain actions. Our particles have to act on the basis of expectations and strategies. And regardless of how you model that, that's what makes economics truly difficult.

A good example of the archetypal ideas which the archetypes produce are natural numbers or integers. With the aid of the integers the shaping and ordering of our experiences becomes exact. Another example is mathematical group theory. ...important applications of group theory are symmetries which can be found in most different connections both in nature and among the 'artifacts' produced by human beings. Group theory also has important applications in mathematics and mathematical physics. For example, the theory of elementary particles and their interactions can in essential respects be reduced to abstract symmetries. [The Message of the Atoms: Essays on Wolfgang Pauli and the Unspeakable]

On a Parisienne’s Bookshelf THERE ARE MANY BOOKS ON A PARISIENNE’S BOOKSHELF: The books you so often claim you’ve read that you actually believe you have. The books you read in school from which you remember only the main character’s name. The art books your parents give you each Christmas so you can get some “culture”. The art books that you bought yourself and which you really love. The books that you’ve been promising yourself you’ll read next summer … for the past ten years. The books you bought only because you liked the title. The books that you think makes you cool. The books you read over and over again, and that evolve along with your life. The books that remind you of someone you loved. The books you keep for your children, just in case you ever have any. The books whose first ten pages you’ve read so many times you know them by heart. The books you own simply because you must and, taken together, form intangible proof that you are well read. AND THEN THERE ARE THE BOOKS YOU HAVE READ, LOVED, AND WHICH ARE A PART OF YOUR IDENTITY: The Stranger, Albert Camus The Elementary Particles, Michel Houellebecq Belle du Seigneur, Albert Cohen Bonjour Tristesse, Françoise Sagan Madame Bovary, Gustave Flaubert L'Écume des jours, Boris Vian Lolita, Vladimir Nabokov Les Fleurs du Mal, Charles Baudelaire Journey to the End of the Night, Louis-Ferdinand Céline À la recherche du temps perdu, Marcel Proust “How to Be Parisian Wherever You Are: Love, Style, and Bad Habits” By Anne Berest, Audrey Diwan, Caroline de Maigret, and Sophie Mas

Je ne sers à rien, dit Bruno avec résignation. Je suis incapable d'élever des porcs. Je n'ai aucune notion sur la fabrication des saucisses, des fourchettes ou des téléphones portables. Tous ces objets qui m'entourent, que j'utilise ou que je dévore, je suis incapable de les produire; je ne suis même pas capable de comprendre leur processus de production. Si l'industrie devait s'arrêter, si les ingénieurs et techniciens spécialisés venaient à disparaître, je serais incapable d'assurer le moindre redémarrage. Placé en dehors du complexe économique-industriel, je ne serais même pas en mesure d'assurer ma propre survie: je ne saurais comment me nourrir, me vêtir, me protéger des intempéries; mes compétences techniques personnelles sont largement inférieures à celles de l'homme de Néanderthal.

Practically anything can go faster than Disc light, which is lazy and tame, unlike ordinary light. The only thing known to go faster than ordinary light is monarchy, according to the philosopher Ly Tin Wheedle. He reasoned like this: you can't have more than one king, and tradition demands that there is no cap between kings, so when a king dies the succession must therefore pass to the heir instantaneously. presumably, he said, these must be some elementary particles - kingons, or possibly queons - that do this job, but of course succession sometimes fails if, mid-flight, they strike an anti-particle, or republicon. His ambitious plan to use his discovery to send messages, involving the careful torturing of a small king in order to modulate the signal, were never fully expounded because, at that point, the bar closed.

Historically, such human beings have existed. Human beings who have worked - worked hard - all their lives with no motive other than love and devotion, who have literally given their lives for others, out of love and devotion; human beings who have no sense of having made any sacrifice, who cannot imagine any way of life other than giving their lives for others, out of love and devotion. In general, such human beings are generally women.

Creo que era el ser más triste que he conocido en mi vida, y aún así la palabra tristeza me parece demasiado suave; más bien debería decir que había en él algo destruido, completamente arrasado. Siempre tuve la impresión de que la vida era una carga para él, que ya no sentía el menor vínculo con ninguna cosa viva. Creo que resistió justo el tiempo necesario para acabar sus trabajos, y que ninguno de nosotros puede siquiera imaginar el esfuerzo que eso le constó

Des êtres humains qui travaillaient toute leur vie, et qui travaillaient dur, uniquement par dévouement et par amour; qui donnaient littéralement leur vie aux autres dans un esprit de dévouement et d'amour; qui n'avaient cependant nullement l'impression de se sacrifier; qui n'envisageaient en réalité d'autre manière de vivre que de donner leur vie aux autres dans un esprit de dévouement et d'amour. En pratique, ces êtres humains étaient généralement des femmes.

The beauty of the principle idea of string theory is that all the known elementary particles are supposed to represent merely different vibration modes of the same basic string. Just as a violin or a guitar string can be plucked to produce different harmonics, different vibrational patterns of a basic string correspond to distinct matter particles, such as electrons and quarks. The same applies to the force carriers as well. Messenger particles such as gluons or the W and Z owe their existence to yet other harmonics. Put simply, all the matter and force particles of the standard model are part of the repertoire that strings can play. Most impressively, however, a particular configuration of vibrating string was found to have properties that match precisely the graviton-the anticipated messenger of the gravitational force. This was the first time that the four basic forces of nature have been housed, if tentatively, under one roof.

So, what is light? Is it a pure bombardment by particles (photons) or a pure wave? Really, it is neither. Light is a more complicated physical phenomenon than any single one of these concepts, which are based on classical physical models, can describe. To describe the propagation of light and to understand the phenomena like interference, we can and have to use the electromagnetic wave theory. When we want to discuss the interaction of light with elementary particles, however, we have to use the photon description. This picture, in which the particle and wave descriptions complement each other, has become known as the wave-particle duality. The modern quantum theory of light has unified the classical notions of waves and particles in the concept of probabilities. The electromagnetic field is represented by a wave function, which gives the probabilities of finding the field in certain modes. The photon is the energy associated with these modes.

Las chicas sin belleza son desgraciadas, porque pierden cualquier posibilidad de que las amen. A decir verdad, nadie se burla de ellas ni las trata con crueldad; pero parecen transparentes y nadie las mira al pasar. Todo el mundo se siente molesto en su presencia y prefiere ignorarlas. Por el contrario, una belleza extrema, una belleza que sobrepasa por mucho la seductora frescura habitual de las adolescentes, produce un efecto sobrenatural y parece presagiar invariablemente un destino trágico.

Les jeunes filles d’aujourd’hui étaient plus avisées et plus rationnelles. Elles se préoccupaient avant tout de leur réussite scolaire, tâchaient avant tout de s’assurer un avenir professionnel décent. Les sorties avec les garçons n’étaient pour elles qu’une activité de loisirs, un divertissement où intervenaient à parts plus ou moins égales le plaisir sexuel et la satisfaction narcissique. Par la suite elles s’attachaient à conclure un mariage raisonné, sur la base d’une adéquation suffisante des situations socio-professionnelles et d’une certaine communauté de goûts. Bien entendu elles se coupaient ainsi de toute possibilité de bonheur – celui-ci étant indissociable d’états fusionnels et régressifs incompatibles avec l’usage pratique de la raison – mais elles espéraient ainsi échapper aux souffrances sentimentales et morales qui avaient torturé leurs devancières. Cet espoir était d’ailleurs rapidement déçu, la disparition des tourments passionnels laissait en effet le champ libre à l’ennui, à la sensation de vide, à l’attente angoissée du vieillissement et de la mort.

Algunos seres viven hasta los setenta o incluso los ochenta años pensando que siempre hay algo nuevo, que la aventura está, como suele decirse, a la vuelta de la esquina; prácticamente hay que matarlos o por lo menos reducirlos a un estado de invalidez muy avanzado para que entren en razón. No era el caso de Michel Djerzinski. Había vivido su vida humana solo, en un vacío sideral. Había contribuido al progreso del conocimiento; era su vocación, era la manera que había encontrado para expresar sus dones naturales; pero no había conocido el amor

Bruno bir birey sayılabilir miydi? Organlarının çürümesi onun sorunuydu, fiziksel çöküşü ve ölümü bireysel olarak yaşayacaktı. Öte yandan yaşama hazcı açıdan bakışı, bilincini yapılandıran etki alanları ve arzuları onun tüm kuşağına özgüydü. Deneysel bir hazırlık yapılması ve bir ya da daha çok gözlenebilir öğenin seçimi, atomik bir dizgenin - kimi zaman cisimsel, kimi zaman dalgalı- belli bir davranış biçimi kazanmasını sağlıyorsa, Bruno da bir birey gibi görülebilir, ama başka bir açıdan da, yalnızca, tarihsel bir açılımın edilgen bir öğesidir. Güdülenmeleri, değerleri, arzuları: bunların hiçbiri, çok az da olsa, onu çağdaşlarından ayıran özellikler değil. Yoksunluk içindeki bir hayvanın ilk tepkisi, genellikle, var gücüyle hedefine ulaşmaktır. Örneğin, aç bir tavuk, yem yemesi kafesle engellendiğinde, giderek artan çılgınlıkta bir çaba harcayarak bu kafesin öte yanına geçmeye çabalar. Ama yavaş yavaş, bu davranışın yerini, görünüşte amaçsız bir davranış alır. Örneğin güvercinler aradıkları yemi bulamazlarsa, yiyecek bir şey bulunmayan yeri sürekli olarak gagalarlar. Yalnızca boşu boşuna gagalamakla kalmazlar, sürekli olarak kanatlarını da temizlerler.

Let us pause for a moment and consider the structure of the atom as we know it now. Every atom is made from three kinds of elementary particles: protons, which have a positive electrical charge; electrons, which have a negative electrical charge; and neutrons, which have no charge. Protons and neutrons are packed into the nucleus, while electrons spin around outside. The number of protons is what gives an atom its chemical identity. An atom with one proton is an atom of hydrogen, one with two protons is helium, with three protons is lithium, and so on up the scale. Each time you add a proton you get a new element. (Because the number of protons in an atom is always balanced by an equal number of electrons, you will sometimes see it written that it is the number of electrons that defines an element; it comes to the same thing. The way it was explained to me is that protons give an atom its identity, electrons its personality.) Neutrons don't influence an atom's identity, but they do add to its mass. The number of neutrons is generally about the same as the number of protons, but they can vary up and down slightly. Add a neutron or two and you get an isotope. The terms you hear in reference to dating techniques in archeology refer to isotopes—carbon-14, for instance, which is an atom of carbon with six protons and eight neutrons (the fourteen being the sum of the two). Neutrons and protons occupy the atom's nucleus. The nucleus of an atom is tiny—only one millionth of a billionth of the full volume of the atom—but fantastically dense, since it contains virtually all the atom's mass. As Cropper has put it, if an atom were expanded to the size of a cathedral, the nucleus would be only about the size of a fly—but a fly many thousands of times heavier than the cathedral. It was this spaciousness—this resounding, unexpected roominess—that had Rutherford scratching his head in 1910. It is still a fairly astounding notion to consider that atoms are mostly empty space, and that the solidity we experience all around us is an illusion. When two objects come together in the real world—billiard balls are most often used for illustration—they don't actually strike each other. “Rather,” as Timothy Ferris explains, “the negatively charged fields of the two balls repel each other . . . were it not for their electrical charges they could, like galaxies, pass right through each other unscathed.” When you sit in a chair, you are not actually sitting there, but levitating above it at a height of one angstrom (a hundred millionth of a centimeter), your electrons and its electrons implacably opposed to any closer intimacy.

This elementary process is symbolically illustrated in figure 59c: A photon becomes an electron-positron pair; inversely, an electron and a positron can combine into a photon (or as we said above, annihilate into a photon). But for the process to take place, we need a fourth particle as a catalyst. In the cloud chamber picture in figure 12, the catalyst was an electron that was knocked out of its atomic configuration in the process. Whereas the process in figure 59c cannot proceed without such a catalyst, the one in figure 59d can: Two photons can materialize into an electron-positron pair; and, of course, the inverse process, electron-positron annihilation into two photons, is equally possible.

The idea of thermal time reverses this observation. That is to say, instead of inquiring how time produces dissipation in heat, it asks how heat produces time. Thanks to Boltzmann, we know that the notion of heat comes from the fact that we interact with averages. The idea of thermal time is that the notion of time, as well, comes from the fact that we interact only with averages of many variables.* As long as we have a complete description of a system, all the variables of the system are on the same footing; none of them act as a time variable. That is to say, none is correlated to irreversible phenomena. But as soon as we describe the system by means of averages of many variables, we have a preferred variable that functions like common time. A time along which heat dissipates. The time of our everyday experience. Hence time is not a fundamental constituent of the world, but it appears because the world is immense, and we are small systems within the world, interacting only with macroscopic variables that average among innumerable small, microscopic variables. We, in our everyday lives, never see a single elementary particle, or a single quantum of space. We see stones, mountains, the faces of our friends—and each of these things we see is formed by myriads of elementary components. We are always correlated with averages. Averages behave like averages: they disperse heat and, intrinsically, generate time.

What is that other universe?” she said. “One of uncountable billions of parallel worlds. The witches have known about them for centuries, but the first theologians to prove their existence mathematically were excommunicated fifty or more years ago. However, it’s true; there’s no possible way of denying it. “But no one thought it would ever be possible to cross from one universe to another. That would violate fundamental laws, we thought. Well, we were wrong; we learned to see the world up there. If light can cross, so can we. And we had to learn to see it, Lyra, just as you learned to use the alethiometer. “Now that world, and every other universe, came about as a result of possibility. Take the example of tossing a coin: it can come down heads or tails, and we don’t know before it lands which way it’s going to fall. If it comes down heads, that means that the possibility of its coming down tails has collapsed. Until that moment the two possibilities were equal. “But on another world, it does come down tails. And when that happens, the two worlds split apart. I’m using the example of tossing a coin to make it clearer. In fact, these possibility collapses happen at the level of elementary particles, but they happen in just the same way: one moment several things are possible, the next moment only one happens, and the rest don’t exist. Except that other worlds have sprung into being, on which they did happen.

To come now to the last point: can we call something with which the concepts of position and motion cannot be associated in the usual way, a thing, or a particle? And if not, what is the reality which our theory has been invented to describe? The answer to this is no longer physics, but philosophy, and to deal with it thoroughly would mean going far beyond the bounds of this lecture. I have given my views on it elsewhere. Here I will only say that I am emphatically in favour of the retention of the particle idea. Naturally, it is necessary to redefine what is meant. For this, well-developed concepts are available which appear in mathematics under the name of invariants in transformations. Every object that we perceive appears in innumerable aspects. The concept of the object is the invariant of all these aspects. From this point of view, the present universally used system of concepts in which particles and waves appear simultaneously, can be completely justified. The latest research on nuclei and elementary particles has led us, however, to limits beyond which this system of concepts itself does not appear to suffice. The lesson to be learned from what I have told of the origin of quantum mechanics is that probable refinements of mathematical methods will not suffice to produce a satisfactory theory, but that somewhere in our doctrine is hidden a concept, unjustified by experience, which we must eliminate to open up the road.

Ah. Well, I don’t really know. It’s not necessary for me to know everything when I consult the alethiometer. It seems to know what it needs to.” “ ’Cause the message said, ‘When we try measuring one way, our substance evades it and seems to prefer another, but when we try a different way, we have no more success.’ ” “Have you memorized the whole message?” “I didn’t set out to. I’ve just read it so much, it memorized itself. Anyway, what I was going to say was, that sounds a bit like the uncertainty principle.” She felt as if she was walking downstairs in the dark and had just missed a step. “How do you know about that?” “Well, there’s lots of scholars come to the Trout, and they tell me things. Like the uncertainty principle, where you can know some things about a particle, but you can’t know everything. If you know this thing, you can’t know that thing, so you’re always going to be uncertain. It sounds like that. And the other thing it says, about Dust. What’s Dust?” Hannah hastily tried to recall what was public knowledge and what was Oakley Street knowledge, and said, “It’s a kind of elementary particle that we don’t know much about. It’s not easy to examine, not just because of what it says in this message, but because the Magisterium…D’you know what I mean by the Magisterium?” “The sort of chief authority of the Church.” “That’s right. Well, they strongly disapprove of any investigations into Dust. They think it’s sinful. I don’t know why. That’s one of the mysteries that we’re trying to solve.

Ce fut en ces circonstances, une nuit de juillet 1974, qu'Annabelle accéda à la conscience douloureuse et définitive de son existence individuelle. D'abord révélée à l'animal sous la forme de la douleur physique, l'existence individuelle n'accède dans les sociétés humaines à la pleine conscience d'elle-même que par l'intermédiaire du mensonge, avec lequel elle peut en pratique se confondre. Jusqu'à l'âge de seize ans, Annabelle n'avait pas eu de secrets pour ses parents; elle n'avait pas eu non plus - et cela avait été, elle s'en rendait compte à présent, quelque chose de rare et de précieux - de secrets pour Michel. En quelques heures cette nuit-là Annabelle prit conscience que la vie des hommes était une succession ininterrompue de mensonges. Par la même occasion, elle prit conscience de sa beauté.

The world is made of fields—substances spread through all of space that we notice through their vibrations, which appear to us as particles. The electric field and the gravitational field might seem familiar, but according to quantum field theory even particles like electrons and quarks are really vibrations in certain kinds of fields. • The Higgs boson is a vibration in the Higgs field, just as a photon of light is a vibration in the electromagnetic field. • The four famous forces of nature arise from symmetries—changes we can make to a situation without changing anything important about what happens. (Yes, it makes no immediate sense that “a change that doesn’t make a difference” leads directly to “a force of nature” . . . but that was one of the startling insights of twentieth-century physics.) • Symmetries are sometimes hidden and therefore invisible to us. Physicists often say that hidden symmetries are “broken,” but they’re still there in the underlying laws of physics—they’re simply disguised in the immediately observable world. • The weak nuclear force, in particular, is based on a certain kind of symmetry. If that symmetry were unbroken, it would be impossible for elementary particles to have mass. They would all zip around at the speed of light. • But most elementary particles do have mass, and they don’t zip around at the speed of light. Therefore, the symmetry of the weak interactions must be broken. • When space is completely empty, most fields are turned off, set to zero. If a field is not zero in empty space, it can break a symmetry. In the case of the weak interactions, that’s the job of the Higgs field. Without it, the universe would be an utterly different place.   Got

the most elementary material constituent, atoms consist of a nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, that is surrounded by a swarm of orbiting electrons. For a while many physicists thought that protons, neutrons, and electrons were the Greeks' "atoms." But in 1968 experimenters at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, making use of the increased capacity of technology to probe the microscopic depths of matter, found that protons and neutrons are not fundamental, either. Instead they showed that each consists of three smaller particles, called quarks—a whimsical name taken from a passage in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake by the theoretical physicist Murray Gell-Mann, who previously had surmised their existence. The experimenters confirmed that quarks themselves come in two varieties, which were named, a bit less creatively, up and down. A proton consists of two up-quarks and a down-quark; a neutron consists of two down-quarks and an up-quark.

Аннабель присутствовала сначала при отправке машины «скорой помощи», потом при возвращении «рено». Около часу ночи она встала и оделась; родители уже спали; она пешком дошла до ограды дома Мишеля. В окнах горел свет. Вероятно, все были в гостиной, но шторы мешали разглядеть хоть что нибудь. И тут зарядил мелкий дождик. Прошло минут десять. Аннабель знала, что может позвонить в дверь и увидеться с Мишелем. Точно так же она могла не предпринимать ничего. Она не слишком понимала, что переживает практический урок свободы выбора. В любом случае этот опыт был чрезвычайно жесток, и ей после тех десяти минут никогда не суждено будет стать вполне такой, как прежде. Годы спустя Мишелю предстоит обосновать краткую теорию человеческой свободы на базе аналогии с поведением сверхтекучего гелия. На атомном уровне происходящий в головном мозге обмен электронами между нейронами и синапсами также подчиняется правилу неопределенности, однако можно полагать, что образ действий человека детерминирован – как в своей основе, так и в деталях – столь же жестко, как поведение любой другой естественной системы. Однако в некоторых, и притом крайне редких, обстоятельствах происходит то, что христиане именуют «чудом милосердия»: появляется волна новой когерентности и распространяется в мозгу, возникает – на время либо окончательно – новый тип поведения, регулируемый принципиально иной системой источников гармонических колебаний; тогда мы наблюдаем то, что принято называть «актом свободной воли».

You should already know by now that such an attack is—Gya!!!” Shinkuro’s words were cut off by an abrupt squeal of pain. Even the beams chasing Kevin were disrupted, dispersing back into their elementary particles. The Celestial Kyūbi directed a pained grimace at Lilian, whose teeth were clamped firmly on one of his golden tails. “You bit me,” he said, as if feeling the need to state the obvious.

In revolutionary times, those who accord themselves, with an extraordinary arrogance, the facile credit for having inflamed anarchy in their contemporaries fail to recognize that what appears to be a sad triumph is in fact due to a spontaneous disposition, determined by the social situation as a whole. —AUGUSTE COMTE, Cours de philosophie positive, Leçon 48

Olisin voinut liittyä Front national -puolueeseen, mutta mitä ideaa siinä on että syö hapankaalia kusipäiden kanssa? Sitäpaitsi oikeistonaisia ei ole olemassakaan, ja nekin antavat vain laskuvarjojääkäreille.

Dirac was investigating the movements of elementary particles. He was searching for the mathematical structure that connects their movements the way sinews connect our bones.

Vous êtes réactionnaire, c’est bien. Tous les grands écrivains sont réactionnaires. Balzac, Flaubert, Baudelaire, Dostoïevski : que des réactionnaires.

Natural science produces ancestral statements, such as that the universe is roughly 13.7 billion years old, that the earth formed roughly 4.5 billion years ago, that life developed on earth approximately 3.5 billion years ago, and that the earliest ancestors of the genus Homo emerged about 2 million years ago. Yet it is also generating an ever-increasing number of ‘descendent’ statements, such as that the Milky Way will collide with the Andromeda galaxy in 3 billion years; that the earth will be incinerated by the sun 4 billions years hence; that all the stars in the universe will stop shining in 100 trillion years; and that eventually, one trillion, trillion, trillion years from now, all matter in the cosmos will disintegrate into unbound elementary particles. Philosophers should be more astonished by such statements than they seem to be, for they present a serious problem for post-Kantian philosophy.

[...] he realised that belief in the notions of reasons and free will, which are the natural foundations of democracy, probably resulted from a confusion between the concepts of freedom and unpredictability. The turbulence of a river flowing around the supporting pillar of a bridge is structurally unpredictable, but no one would think to describe it as being free.

Éste es uno de los principales inconvenientes de la extrema belleza en las chicas: sólo los ligones experimentados, cínicos y sin escrúpulos se sienten a su altura; así que los seres más viles son los que suelen conseguir el tesoro de su virginidad, lo cual supone para ella el primer grado de una irremediable derrota

Al considerar el pasado siempre se tiene la impresión -probablemente falsa- de un cierto determinismo

Jóvenes, guapos, famosos, deseados por todas las mujeres y envidiados por todos los hombres, las estrellas del rock constituían la cima absoluta de la jerarquía social. No había nada en la historia de la humanidad, desde la divinización de los faraones en el antiguo Egipto, que pudiera compararse al culto de la juventud europea y norteamericana por las estrellas de rock

Las gotas golpeaban la tela con un ruido sordo, a pocos centímetros de su cara; pero él estaba a salvo del contacto. De repente tuvo el presentimiento de que su vida entera iba a parecerse a ese momento. Se movería entre las emociones humanas, y a veces estaría muy cerca de ellas; otros conocerían la felicidad o la desesperación; pero nada de eso tendría que ver jamás con él, ni podría alcanzarle

En la historia siempre han existido seres humanos así. Seres humanos que trabajaron toda su vida, y que trabajaron mucho, sólo por amor y entrega; que dieron literalmente su vida a los demás con un espíritu de amor y de entrega; que sin embargo no lo consideraban un sacrificio; que en realidad no concebían otro modo de vida más que el de dar su vida a los demás con un espíritu de entrega y de amor. En la práctica, estos seres humanos casi siempre han sido mujeres

Es chocante comprobar que a veces se ha presentado la liberación sexual como si fuera un sueño comunitario, cuando en realidad se trataba de un nuevo escalón en la progresiva escalada histórica del individualismo. Como indica la bonita frase francesa ménage, la pareja y la familia eran el último islote de comunismo primitivo en el seno de la sociedad liberal. La liberación sexual provocó la destrucción de esas comunidades intermediarias, las últimas que separaban el individuo del mercado. Este proceso de destrucción continúa en la actualidad

He imagined light-years grand in scale, across swells, plumes of regions eaten by nebula, phosphorous like drifts of sight wielding star formations take on familiar shapes that carve themselves into an elegance of primordial absolute and fundamental gasses, decaying time to near zero where gravitational densities near infinity. He imagined that a silent cosmos isn't silent nor is empty space empty at all, yet is filled with energies immensurable. And how orchestrations of temperatures created centuries in seconds. Plasma bursts off of exotic stars threading to theories non-existent. Fabric waves of elementary particles with direct ties to quantum fields, slices into the shifts of dimensions, Sam would think staring out into the darkness of space.

Las relaciones familiares duran algunos años, a veces algunos decenios, de hecho duran mucho más tiempo que las demás; y al final también mueren

Treinta años más tarde, se veía obligado una vez más a llegar a la misma conclusión: no cabía duda de que las mujeres eran mejores que los hombres. Eran más dulces, más amables, más cariñosas, más compasivas; menos inclinadas a la violencia, al egoísmo, a la autoafirmación, a la crueldad. Además eran más razonables, más inteligentes y más trabajadoras. En el fondo, se preguntaba Michel observando los movimientos del sol sobre las cortinas, ¿para qué servían los hombres? Puede que en épocas anteriores, cuando había muchos osos, la virilidad desempeñada un papel específico e insustituible; pero hacía siglos a los hombres, evidentemente, ya no servían para casi nada. A veces mataban el aburrimiento jugando partidos de tenis, cosa que era un mal menor; pero a veces les parecía útil “hacer avanzar la historia”, es decir, provocar revoluciones y guerras, esencialmente. Además del absurdo sufrimiento que causaban, las revoluciones y las guerras destruían lo mejor del pasado, obligando siempre a hacer tabla rasa para volver a edificar. Si no se inscribía en el curso regular de un avance progresivo, la evolución humana cobraba un cariz caótico, desestructurado, irregular y violento. Los hombres, con su amor por el riesgo y el juego, su grotesca vanidad, su irresponsabilidad, su violencia innata, eran directamente responsables de todo eso. Desde todos los puntos de vista, un mundo compuesto sólo de mujeres sería infinitamente superior; evolucionaría más despacio pero con regularidad, sin retrocesos ni nefastas reincriminaciones, hacia un estado de felicidad común

Bruno tenía razón, el amor paterno era una ficción, una mentira. Una mentira es útil cuando permite transformar la realidad, pensó; pero cuando la transformación fracasa sólo queda la mentira, la amargura y la conciencia de la mentira

Yo era un hijo de puta, y lo sabía. Lo normal es que los padres se sacrifiquen. Yo no conseguía soportar que se acabara mi juventud, no podía soportar la idea de que mi hijo iba a crecer, iba a ser joven por mí, y que a lo mejor iba a tener éxito en la vida cuando la mía era un fracaso. Quería volver a ser una persona

Quiero a ese niño más que a nada en el mundo. Pero nunca he conseguido aceptar su existencia

El deseo y el placer, que son fenómenos culturales, antropológicos, secundarios, no explican a fin de cuentas la sexualidad; lejos de ser factores determinantes, están sociológicamente determinados. En un sistema monógamo, romántico y amoroso, sólo pueden alcanzarse a través del ser amado, que en principio es único. En la sociedad liberal en la que vivían Bruno y Christiane, el modelo sexual propuesto por la cultura oficial (publicidad, revistas, organismos sociales y de salud pública) era el de la aventura. Dentro de un sistema así, el deseo y el placer aparecen como desenlace de un proceso de seducción, haciendo hincapié en la novedad, la pasión y la creatividad individual (cualidades por otra parte requeridas a los empleados en el marco de la vida profesional). La desaparición de los criterios de seducción intelectuales y morales en provecho de unos criterios puramente físicos empujaba poco a poco a los aficionados a las discotecas para parejas a un sistema ligeramente distinto, que se podía considerar el fantasma de la cultura oficial: el sistema sádico. Dentro de este sistema todas las pollas están tiesas y son desmesuradas, los senos son de silicona, los coños siempre van depilados y rezumantes. Las clientes habituales de las discotecas por parejas, a menudo lectoras de conexión o hot video, tenían un objetivo muy simple cada noche: que las empalaran muchas pollas enormes. Lo normal era que su siguiente etapa fuesen los clubs sadomasoquistas. El placer es cosa de costumbre, como seguramente habría dicho Pascal si le hubieran interesado este tipo de asuntos

Idealism is materialism upside down. It proposes that all that exists is pure consciousness. Everything in the physical world, all matter and energy, are emergent properties of consciousness. In its more radical form, it asserts that the entire physical world is a mind-generated illusion, somewhat like the virtual world in the movie The Matrix. Idealism runs into a miracle if it proposes that out of ephemeral nonphysical consciousness there emerges a hard, physical world. How does that happen? Once emerged, is it still connected to mind or does it go on its merry way? On the other hand, if it proposes that everything is an imaginary projection of consciousness, then the miracle is that everyone other than me is also a part of my imagination. Does that mean I still have to pay taxes? Panpsychism is the fourth main worldview. It acknowledges that mind and matter are quite real, but it also proposes that these elements of reality are inseparable and go all the way down to elementary particles and “below,” and also all the way up to the universe and beyond. The idea of a complementary relationship, where something is “both/and” rather than “either/or,” is a core concept within quantum theory. Light, for example, behaves both as a wave and as a particle, depending on how you look at it. The advantage of panpsychism is that no miracles are required to account for how matter can be sentient, or how mind can have physical consequences. It is both/and. But all is not completely rosy. The trouble with panpsychism is called the binding problem. This means that if all matter is already sentient, then every atom of your body, your cells, and your organs should also be sentient. Why then is your sense of self a unity and not a multitude? What binds it all together so that the “I” within you experiences just one self rather than trillions of tiny selves? Dealing with the New Story One of the more interesting takes on the developing new story of reality has been proposed by Rice University’s Jeffrey Kripal, who, as a scholar of comparative religion, has explored the core themes of his discipline—the sacred, the paranormal, the supernormal, the mystical, and the spiritual—in a direction that few academics have dared to tred.80 He views the intense popular interest in the paranormal as more than a mere fascination with fictional miracles, but rather as a sign of the original meaning of fascination—a bewitching accompanied simultaneously by awe and terror. He defines “psychic phenomena” as “the sacred in transit from a traditional religious register into a modern scientific one,” and the sacred as what the German theologian and historian of religions Rudolf Otto meant, that is, a particular structure of human consciousness that corresponds to a palpable presence, energy, or power encountered in the environment.

Het nieuwe ontstaat nooit eenvoudigweg door interpolatie van het oude.

Tel est un des principaux inconvénients de l'extrême beauté chez les jeunes filles: seuls les dragueurs expérimentés, cyniques et sans scrupule se sentene à la hauteur; ce sont donc en général les êtres les plus vils qui obtiennent le trésor de leur virginité, et ceci constitue pour elles le premier stade d'une irrémédiable déchéance.

Phénomènes culturels, anthropologiques, seconds, le désir et le plaisir n'expliquent finalement à peu près rien à la sexualité; loin d'être un facteur déterminant, ils sont au contraire, de part en part, sociologiquement déterminés. Dans un système monogame, romantique, et amoureux, ils ne peuvent être atteints que par l'intermédiaire de l'être aimé, dans son principe unique. Dans la société libérale où vivaient Bruno et Christianne, le modèle sexuel proposé par la culture officielle (publicité, magazines, organismes sociaux et de santé publique) était celui de l'aventure: à l'intérieur d'un tel système le désir et le plaisir apparaissent à l'issue d'un processus de séduction, mettant en avant la nouveauté, la passion et la créativité individuelle (qualités par ailleurs requises des employés dans le cadre de leur vie professionelle).

The atoms or the elementary particles are not real," Heisenberg said. "They form a world of potentialities and possibilities rather than one of things or facts.

In the midst of nature's barbarity, human beings sometimes (rarely) succeed in creating small oases warmed by love. Small, exclusive, enclosed spaces governed only by love and shared subjectivity.

The grass on the riverbank was scorched, almost white; in the shadow of the beech trees, the river wound on forever in dark green ripples. The world outside had its own rules, and those rules were not human.

The electron is continually being formed and sustained, while at the same time, it is dissolving into its background, where it transforms itself into other elementary particles, only to emerge back into itself again.

You fling the book on the floor, you would hurl it out of the window, even out of the closed window, through the slats of the Venetian blinds; let them shred its incongruous quires, let sentences, words, morphemes, phonemes gush forth, beyond recomposition into discourse; through the panes, and if they are of unbreakable glass so much the better, hurl the book and reduce it to photons, undulatory vibrations, polarized spectra; through the wall, let the book crumble into molecules and atoms passing between atom and atom of the reinforced concrete, breaking up into electrons, neutrons, neutrinos, elementary particles more and more minute; through the telephone wires, let it be reduced to electronic impulses, into flow of information, shaken by redundancies and noises, and let it be degraded into a swirling entropy. You would like to throw it out of the house, out of the block, beyond the neighborhood, beyond the city limits, beyond the state confines, beyond the regional administration, beyond the national community, beyond the Common Market, beyond Western culture, beyond the continental shelf, beyond the atmosphere, the biosphere, the stratosphere, the field of gravity, the solar system, the galaxy, the cumulus of galaxies, to succeed in hurling it beyond the point the galaxies have reached in their expansion, where space-time has not yet arrived, where it would be received by nonbeing, or, rather, the not-being which has never been and will never be, to be lost in the most absolutely guaranteed undeniable negativity. Merely what it deserves, no more nor less.

Human reality, he was beginning to realize, was a series of disappointments, bitterness and pain.

But the past always seems, perhaps wrongly, to be predestined.

No escuchadas en el aire sus palabras empezaban a pudrirse y apestar, era indiscutible. La palabra, que crea una relación, también puede separar

Not only Newton's classical physics but also wave mechanics ultimately originated in the tension between those eight minutes of arc - less than one-seventh of one degree - and Kepler's Pythagorean metaphysics. Like the theory of atoms, which began in its Greek form as metaphysics in the fifth century B.C. (Leucippus and Democritus) and acquired scientific status only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A.D., Kepler's Harmony of the World acquired scientific status only with Louis de Broglie and Erwin Schrodinger. In fact, Schrodinger's wave mechanics takes the transition from geometric radial optics to wave optics and attempts to transpose it to the theory of matter, to the theory of elementary particles. Wave optics in turn takes its orientation from musical theory, from the theory of acoustic vibrations and waves, resonance and dissonance. But in this theory Kepler and his doctrine of harmony - hence Pythagoras in the end - plays a decisive role. Kepler, then, plays a role in the prehistory of Schrodinger's wave mechanics. But that is not all. Of all Schrodinger's precursors, Kepler is the only one who foresaw that harmony - resonance - holds the world together.

Once a metaphysical mutation has arisen, it tends to move inexorably toward its logical conclusion. Heedlessly, it sweeps away economic and political systems, aesthetic judgments and social hierarchies.

According to the Standard Model of particle physics, there are thirty-seven kinds of elementary particles (differentiated by mass, charge, and spin), which interact according to four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear strong force, nuclear weak force), as well as hypothetical gravitons, which some scientists believe are responsible for gravitational effects.[

Leibniz’s lifelong reflections on the nature of mind culminated in his Monadology of 1714, a universe of elementary mental particles that he called monads, or “little minds.” These entelechies (the local actualization of a universal mind) reflect in their own inner state the state of the universe as a whole. According to Leibniz, relation gave rise to substance, not, as Newton had it, the other way around. Our universe had been selected from an infinity of possible universes, explained Leibniz, so that a minimum of laws would lead to a maximum diversity of results. God was the supreme intelligence at both extremes of the scale. As Olaf Stapledon would later put it, “God, who created all things in the beginning, is himself created by all things in the end.

Electrons were the first elementary particles to be discovered, and in many ways they are the most important. Electrons were first clearly identified by J. J. Thomson in 1897.

La pure morale est unique et universelle. Elle ne subit aucune altération au cours du temps, non plus qu’aucune adjonction. Elle ne dépend d’aucun facteur historique, économique, sociologique ou culturel ; elle ne dépend absolument de rien du tout. Non déterminée, elle détermine. Non conditionnée, elle conditionne. En d’autres termes, c’est un absolu. Source : La pure morale est unique et universelle. Elle ne subit aucune altération au cours du temps, non plus qu’aucune adjonction. Elle ne dépend d’aucun facteur historique, économique, sociologique ou culturel ; elle ne dépend absolument de rien du tout. Non déterminée, elle détermine. Non conditionnée, elle conditionne. En d’autres termes, c’est un absolu. | Blog Dicocitations - Dico citations

The mystery about α is actually a double mystery. The first mystery – the origin of its numerical value α ≈ 1/137 has been recognized and discussed for decades. The second mystery – the range of its domain – is generally unrecognized.

Cependant, l'animal le plus faible est en général en mesure d'éviter le combat par l'adoption d'une posture de soumission (accroupissement, présentation de l'anus).

Il sut immédiatement que cet univers ralenti, marqué par la honte, où les êtres se croisent dans un vide sidéral, sans qu'aucun rapport entre eux n'apparaisse jamais possible, correspondait exactement à son univers mental.

Ces mêmes années, l'option hédoniste-libidinale d'origine nord-américaine reçut un appui puissant de la part d'organes de presse d'inspiration libertaire (le premier numéro d'Actuel parut en octobre 1970, celui de Charlie Hebdo en novembre). S'ils se situaient en principe dans une perspective politique de contestation du capitalisme, ces périodiques s'accordaient avec l'industrie du divertissement sur l'essentiel: destruction des valeurs morales judéo-chrétiennes, apologie de la jeunesse et de la liberté individuelle.

Después de agotar los placeres sexuales, era normal que los individuos liberados de las obligaciones morales ordinarias se entregasen a los placeres, más intensos, de la crueldad.

Después de agotar los placeres sexuales, era normal que los individuos liberados de las obligaciones morales ordinarias se entregasen a los placeres, más intensos, de la crueldad.(...) En ese sentido, los serial killers de los años noventa eran los hijos bastardos de los hippies de los años sesenta; y sus antepasados comunes eran ciertos artistas vieneses de los años cincuenta.

Je sais bien que les faits semblent me contredire, je sais bien que l'islam - de loin la plus bête, la plus fausse et la plus obscurantiste de toutes les religions - semble actuellement gagner du terrain; mais ce n'est qu'un phénomène superficiel et transitoire: à long terme l'islam est condamné, encore plus sûrement que le christianisme.

De fait, se demandait-il, comment une société pourrait-elle subsister sans religion? Déjà, dans le cas d'un individu, ça paraissait difficile. Pendant plusieurs jours, il contempla le radiateur situé à gauche de son lit. En saison les cannelures se remplissaient d'eau chaude, c'était un mécanisme utile et ingénieux; mais combien de temps la société occidentale pourrait-elle subsister sans une religion quelconque?

The bridge between the electron and the other elementary particles is provided by the fine structure constant. ... An expanded form of the constant leads to equations that define the transformation of electromagnetic energy into electron mass/energy, ...

We present a series of hypotheses and speculations, leading inescapably to the conclusion that SU(5) is the gauge group of the world — that all elementary particle forces (strong, weak, and electromagnetic) are different manifestations of the same fundamental interaction involving a single coupling strength, the fine-structure constant. Our hypotheses may be wrong and our speculations idle, but the uniqueness and simplicity of our scheme are reasons enough that it be taken seriously.

The principles of relativity and quantum mechanics are almost incompatible with each other and can coexist only in a limited class of theories. In the nonrelativistic quantum mechanics of the 1920s we could imagine almost any kind of force among electrons and nuclei, but as we shall see, this is not so in a relativistic theory: forces between particles can arise only from the exchange of other particles. Furthermore, all these particles are bundles of the energy, or quanta, of various sorts of fields. A field like an electric or magnetic field is a sort of stress in space, something like the various sorts of stress that are possible within a solid body, but a field is a stress in space itself. There is one type of field for each species of elementary particle; there is an electron field in the standard model, whose quanta are electrons; there is an electromagnetic field (consisting of electric and magnetic fields) , whose quanta are the photons; there is no field for atomic nuclei, or for particles (known as protons and neutrons) of which the nuclei are composed, but there are fields for various types of particles called quarks, out of which the proton and neutron are composed; and there are a few other fields I need not go into right now. The equations of a field theory like the standard model deal not with particles but with fields; the particles appear as manifestations of these fields. The reason that ordinary matter is composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons is simply that all the other massive particles are violently unstable. The standard model qualifies as an explanation because it is not merely what computer hackers call a kludge, an assortment of odds and ends thrown together in whatever way works. Rather, the structure of the standard model is largely fixed once one specifies the menu of fields that it should contain and the general principles (like the principles of relativity and quantum mechanics) that govern their interactions.

Using the standard model of elementary particles, we know how to follow the course of nuclear reactions in the standard "big bang" theory of the universe well enough to be able to calculate that the matter formed in the first few minutes of the universe was about three- quarters hydrogen and one-quarter helium, with only a trace of other elements, chiefly very light ones like lithium. This is the raw material out of which heavier elements were later formed in stars. Calculations of the subsequent course of nuclear reactions in stars show that the elements that are most abundantly produced are those whose nuclei are most tightly bound, and these elements include carbon, oxygen, and calcium. The stars dump this material into the interstellar medium in various ways, in stellar winds and supernova explosions, and it is out of this medium, rich in the constituents of chalk, that second-generation stars like the sun and their planets were formed. But this scenario still depends on a historical assumption-that there was a more-or-less homogenous big bang, with about ten billion photons for every quark. Efforts are being made to explain this assumption in various speculative cosmological theories, but these theories rest in turn on other historical assumptions.

the following simple exercise concerning the prediction of the movements of billiard balls on a table. I use the example as computed by the mathematician Michael Berry. If you know a set of basic parameters concerning the ball at rest, can compute the resistance of the table (quite elementary), and can gauge the strength of the impact, then it is rather easy to predict what would happen at the first hit. The second impact becomes more complicated, but possible; you need to be more careful about your knowledge of the initial states, and more precision is called for. The problem is that to correctly compute the ninth impact, you need to take into account the gravitational pull of someone standing next to the table (modestly, Berry’s computations use a weight of less than 150 pounds). And to compute the fifty-sixth impact, every single elementary particle of the universe needs to be present in your assumptions!

At night, he dreamed of gaping vaginas. It was about then that he began reading Kafka. The first time, he felt a cold shudder, a treacherous feeling, as though his body were turning to ice; some hours after reading The Trial, he still felt numb and unsteady. He knew at once that this slow-motion world, riddled with shame, where people passed each other in an unearthly void in which no human contact seemed possible, precisely mirrored his mental world. The universe was cold and sluggish. There was, however, one source of warmth – between a woman’s thighs; but there seemed no way for him to reach it.

The idea of an anthropic principle began with the remark that the laws of nature seem surprisingly well suited to the existence of life. A famous example is provided by the synthesis of the elements. According to modern ideas, this synthesis began when the universe was about three minutes old (before then it was too hot for protons and neutrons to stick together in atomic nuclei) and was later continued in stars. It had originally been though that the elements were formed by adding one nuclear particle at a time to atomic nuclei, starting with the simplest element, hydrogen, whose nucleus consists of just one particle (a proton). But, although there was no trouble in building up helium nuclei, which contain four nuclear particles (two protons and two neutrons), there is no stable nucleus with five nuclear particles and hence no way to take the next step. The solution found eventually by Edwin Salpeter in 1952 is that two helium nuclei can come together in stars to form the unstable nucleus of the isotope beryllium 8, which occasionally before it has a chance to fission into two helium nuclei absorbs yet another helium nucleus and forms a nucleus of carbon. However, as emphasized in 1954 by Fred Hoyke, in order for this process to account for the observed cosmic abundance of carbon, there must be a state of the carbon nucleus that has an energy that gives it an anomalously large probability of being formed in the collison of a helium nucleus and a nucleus of beryllium 8. (Precisely such a state was subsequently found by experimenters working with Hoyle.) Once carbon is formed in stars, there is no obstacle to building up all the heavier elements, including those like oxygen and nitrogen that are necessary for known forms of life. But in order for this to work, the energy of this state of the carbon nucleus must be very close to the energy of a nucleus of beryllium 8 plus the energy of a helium nucleus. If the energy of this state of the carbon nucleus were too large or too small, then little carbon or heavier elements would be formed in stars, and with only hydrogen and helium there would be no way that life could arise. The energies of nuclear states depend in a complicated way on all the constants of physics, such as the masses and electric charges of the different types of elementary particles. It seems at first sight remarkable that these constants should take just the values that are needed to make it possible for carbon to be formed in this way.

Just as photons are scattered off the charged particle-antiparticle pairs fluctuating in the vacuum, electrical charges will interact with the virtual photons of zero-point radiation. Again, the resistance the physical vacuum might be opposing in this way to the propagation of the electron cannot be measured by comparison with any resistance an emptier space might offer; the charge emits, then absorbs a photon in the emptiest imaginable space. This is what makes vacuum effects observable im the first place-elementary particles don't just interact with each other. Their accompanying clouds scatter off the particles and off one another.

The elementary particles are often dubbed the atoms of our day. That may or may not be correct. It might be an acceptable metaphor for a particle that is hidden in its probability distribution; it is less so for the distribution itself. We have no notion whether or not elementary particles such as electrons or quarks are ultimately divisible. We also don't know whether they have any internal structure or we can continue to deal with them as though their entire charge and mass were concentrated in one point. But the probability of finding particles can always be subdivided. Once we include the probability distributions discussed above, these atoms of modern times differ from those of the atomists in antiquity by an absence of sharply defined limits that separate things being from things not being, matter from empty space.

Protons and neutrons interact strongly with each other because their building blocks do so. The exchange particles of the strong color interaction are called gluons. Instead of the one photon that is the carrier of the electromagnetic interaction, there are eight gluons for the strong interaction-for reasons beyond our present discussion. But let's remember that there is more than one carrier particle for this interaction. We already know that the photon is electrically neutral-it does not carry the charge to which it is coupled. It has to be neutral, since the electromagnetic interaction has only this one carrier particle. If it were not neutral, there would have to be another carrier particle with opposite charge, the antiphoton. Every elementary particle, after all, has its antiparticle. As noted, however, the antiparticle of the photon is identical with the photon itself; the photon is its own antiparticle. For the gluons, this is not the case. The gluons themselves carry the color charges to which they couple. Thus gluons, in contrast to photons, can interact directly with one another.

¿Para qué servían los hombres? Puede que en épocas anteriores, cuando había muchos osos, la virilidad desempeñara un papel específico e insustituible, pero hacía siglos que los hombres, evidentemente, ya no servían para casi nada.

In another experiment Guericke connects a small glass sphere that's filled with air with a larger evacuated one. As he opens the valve between the two, air from the small sphere penetrates the large, empty volume; in the process, water droplets appear and sink to the bottom. This effect- the formation of droplets during rapid expansion has been used routinely in our century as a detection method for elementary particle tracks in an instrument called a cloud chamber.

Theory and experiment both show us that light does not need a material medium for propagation. We would have no trouble understanding this if light were nothing but particles zooming along through empty space. But that is not the way it goes: Light is a vibration, an oscillation made up of elementary oscillations we call photons. But there is no substance that oscillates when light propagates; thus we cannot impede the propagation of light when we remove substances from some given space.

The Higgs field originated as the universe cooled down after the Big Bang-a bit like the crystallization of ice as water cools down. We have already argued that just as ice crystals form an ordered structure, so does the effect of the Higgs field-with the difference that this happens not in geometric space but in the abstract space of elementary particle properties. We know that water molecules drop down into the ordered structure of ice, releasing energy in the process. The most important difference between this notion and that of the ordering by means of the Higgs field seems to be this: The positive energy contribution associated with the field's very existence is more than canceled by the negative energy associated with the structure it causes to emerge. Consequently, a space pervaded by the Higgs field has a lower energy content than a space in its absence. This means that the Higgs field can spontaneously emerge from empty space, just as ice can spontaneously emerge from water if the temperature is low enough-that is, if the thermal motion that tends to oppose the ordering is weak enough. In the case of ice in water, the critical temperature is 0 degrees Celsius; for the Higgs field, it is 10^15 degrees. When the decreasing temperature cossed this critical mark some 10^-10 seconds after the Big Bang, the Higgs field emerged. It has pervaded the universe ever since, and all masses in the universe owe their existence to the ordering it has caused in the process of the cooling down of the universe.

At sufficiently high energy the force of gravitation between two typical elementary particles becomes as strong as any other force between them. The energy at which this happens is about a thousand million billion billion volts. This is known as the Planck energy.

The quarks were originally introduced as mathematical symbols-the carriers of certain properties that would facilitate mathematical understanding of elementary particles. This very role was assigned by Plato to his infinitely thin triangles. But there is a difference: Plato's composite "elementary particles," the polyhedra that we discussed, are models of thought, not physical entities. To Plato it made no difference whether their existence was ideal or real. Triangles and the structures built out of them, to him, served only to show that nature could be described in terms of such mathematical entities.

Whenever liquid water makes the transition to ice, energy is given off to the surroundings. In the process, the water itself assumes a state that is both more ordered and lower in energy. It is a general rule that any system that can give off heat and thereby assume a state of lower energy will do so. For the purpose of illustration, let's assume that the energy set free by the freezing of water is extremely high-so high that it surpasses the energy that is by virtue of Albert Einstein's E = mc^2 connected with the very existence of the water molecules. What would happen? In this fictitious case, it would pay energetically if water in the form of ice were spontaneously created from a space that beforehand contained no water at all. Thus there would be a certain probability for this to occur-never mind that anti-ice would have to be produced too. Let's imagine that it occurs: a crystal of ice is created spontaneously out of the void. Like every crystal, it would have some preferred direction in space and a certain location. Consequently, the perfect symmetry of space would be broken. These imagined circumstances do not exist in reality as far as ice is concerned, but they apply roughly for one of the most imaginative constructs of physics-the so-called Higgs field. This field appears spontaneously in a void as its walls are cooled down-starting from the absurdly high temperature of 10^15 degrees. The field will appear in an ordered state; for a poetic simile, think of ice flowers growing on a window. The energy needed for its existence is smaller than the energy liberated by its falling into that ordered pattern. This pattern is not to be understood in terms of spatial geometry; rather, it refers to the abstract space made up of the properties of elementary particles. In geometrical space, it is merely a field resembling a particularly simple distribution; to every point in space, we assign one and the same complex number. This implies that the Higgs field does not break geometrical symmetry-it breaks an abstract symmetry of elementary particles. In fact, it was introduced into modern theoretical physics by the Scottish physicist Peter Higgs for that very reason-to break an abstract symmetry that would not permit elementary particles to have masses.

In the process, we might remember that the ground state, the vacuum state of our world, doesn't display all the symmetries of the laws of nature either. Our relation to the universe is similar to that of the magnet-dwellers to their home, The difference is that the preferred direction of our world is not in the space of our geometric experience; rather, it is an abstract direction in the generalized space made up out of the properties of elementary particles. The fundamental laws of nature in the real world are completely symmetric with respect to rotations in geometrical space.

THE GOLDSTONE THEOREM It doesn't matter for our discussion that the broken symmetry of our world chooses a particular direction not in actual geometrical space but rather in an abstract space. There is one feature we can carry over from the previous consideration: Spontaneous symmetry breaking implies the existence of waves. The spin-waves in the ferromagnetic world of our model are replaced by excitations in the abstract space of particle properties, where the symmetry breaking actually occurs. In this world, there must be equivalent excitations, waves: The so-called Goldstone theorem says that every symmetry of the laws of nature that is not also a symmetry of the ground state implies the existence of an elementary particle; it even fixes the properties of that particle.

We recall that the term inflation stands for the explosive growth of the universe by a factor of 10^50 in the time span between t = 10 ^-36 and t = 10 ^ -33 seconds. This is the time sequence suggested by the original Big Bang model but does not necessarily depend on it. In our present context, it is important to see what triggered the inflationary expansion. The models we mentioned have a vacuum state of our world pass from a symmetric phase into one with reduced symmetries. At the onset of inflation, some 10^-36 or 10^-35 seconds after the Big Bang, the initial era of the universe, when all the forces had the same strength, has long since passed; that ur-state had held only until t = 10^-44 seconds. Tryon's model includes the possibility that no matter at all existed before the onset of inflation; there was only empty space, but all the laws of nature did exist. In the model of Hartle and Hawking, inflation simply follows what they call the Planck time, the time at which quantum mechanical uncertainty also included space and time. It is at that time that the symmetry of the TOE, the theory of everything, collapsed. Now back to the start of inflation at t = 10^-36 seconds: Up to it, and ever since the Planck time, there have been two forces-gravity and the unified forces of the elementary particles. All particles shared mass zero at the onset of inflation; all forces shared range infinity. The universe was, at a temperature of 10^28 degrees- sufficiently cold to permit the crystallization of a preferential direction in the abstract space of particle properties. This is analogous to the emergence of a direction of magnetization, as we discussed above-with the one difference that we have generalized geometric space to an abstract space.

SYMMETRY BREAKING The preferential direction fixed by this spontaneous symmetry breaking will now determine which among the elementary particles will share in the strong interaction and which will not. The gist is that the spontaneous symmetry breaking sees to it that, in addition to gravity, the one unified force that knew no preferential direction in the abstrat space of particle properties is now split into two distinguishable forces-the strong force and the electroweak force. The symmetry that broke down in this phase transition is what we call GUT symmetry. Formally speaking, GUT symmetry breaking, which permits us to tell the difference between the strong force and the electroweak force, is equivalent to symmetry breaking in the ferromagnet. As one direction in space is spontaneously chosen as a preferential one, a field emerges and, simply by differing from zero, points in some given direction, breaking the previous symmetry. In the ferromagnet, this field is the magnetization; in our cooling universe, it is the Higgs field.

For many years, cosmologists have sought, with little success, some fundamental principle which would reveal why the cosmological constant mist be zero. The elementary-particle physicists have searched as well, but far from finding an answer to the problem they have merely compounded it by showing that, even if such a principle were to exist which started the universe on its way at the Big Bang with a zero value of the cosmological constant, there arise complicated elementary-particle processes which produce stresses that mimic the presence of a cosmological constant with an unacceptably large value, billions and billions of times larger than observation allows.

Topology is that branch of mathematics which is interested in the forms of things aside from their size and shape, Two things are said to be topologically equivalent if one can be deformed smoothly into the other without sticking, cutting, or puncturing it in any way. Thus an egg is equivalent to a sphere. The first application of topology to an analogous problem-the interaction of atoms rather than elementary particles-was made in the mid-nineteenth century by Lord Kelvin. It has many striking parallels with the aims and attractions of modern string theory.

La tendresse est antérieure à la séduction, c'est pourquoi il est si difficile de désespérer.

Quite obviously, a theoretical determination of the numerical value of α would signify great progress in our understanding of fundamental interactions. Many physicists have tried to find it, but without significant success to this day. Richard Feynman, the theory wizard of Caltech in Pasadena, once suggested that every one of his theory colleagues should write on the blackboard in his office: 137 -- how shamefully little we understand!

Elementi savremene savesti nisu prilagođeni smrtnoj prirodi čovekovoj.

Dete je klopka koja se zatvorila, neprijatelj koga ćete morati i nadalje da izdržavate i koji će vas nadživeti.

The professor urged upon Fred that to base one's calculations on unobservables - such as God, such as the soul, such as the atom, such as the elementary particle - was nothing more than a comforting weakness. 'I don't deny that all human beings need comfort. But scientists should not indulge themselves on quite this scale.