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Multiple Companion variable Mismatch indicator for undervalued company PE ratio Expected growth Low PE ratio with high expected growth rate in earnings per share P/BV ratio ROE Low P/BV ratio with high ROE P/S ratio Net margin Low P/S ratio with high net profit margin EV/EBITDA Reinvestment rate Low EV/EBITDA ratio with low reinvestment needs EV/Capital Return on capital Low EV/Capital ratio with high return on capital EV/Sales After-tax operating margin Low EV/Sales ratio with high after-tax operating margin
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Aswath Damodaran (The Little Book of Valuation: How to Value a Company, Pick a Stock, and Profit (Little Books. Big Profits))
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To measure how well a firm is investing its capital, we can look at the after-tax operating income relative to the capital invested in the firm, where capital is defined as the sum of the book values (BV) of debt and equity, net of cash, and marketable securities. This is the return on capital (ROC) or return on invested capital (ROIC) and it is computed as follows:
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Aswath Damodaran (The Little Book of Valuation: How to Value a Company, Pick a Stock, and Profit (Little Books. Big Profits))