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In a 2023 report presented to Congress, the Congressional Research Service explained:
“Deepfakes are often described as forgeries created using techniques in machine learning (ML) — a subfield of AI — especially generative adversarial networks (GANs). In the GAN process, two ML systems, called neural networks, are trained in competition with each other. The first network, or the generator, is tasked with creating counterfeit data — such as photos, audio, recordings, or video footage — that replicate the properties of the original data set. The second network, or the discriminator, is tasked with identifying the counterfeit data. Based on the results of each iteration, the generator networks continue to compete — often for thousands or millions of iterations — until the generator improves its performance such that the discriminator can no longer distinguish between real and counterfeit data.
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Craig Huey (The Great Deception: 10 Shocking Dangers and the Blueprint for Rescuing The American Dream)