Agricultural Innovation Quotes

The cow is facing its own existential crisis, as industrial cattle farming is being disrupted by alt proteins and plant-based milks that offer alternatives.

True, hundreds of millions may nevertheless go on believing in Islam, Christianity or Hinduism. But numbers alone don’t count for much in history. History is often shaped by small groups of forward-looking innovators rather than by the backward-looking masses. Ten thousand years ago most people were hunter-gatherers and only a few pioneers in the Middle East were farmers. Yet the future belonged to the farmers. In 1850 more than 90 per cent of humans were peasants, and in the small villages along the Ganges, the Nile and the Yangtze nobody knew anything about steam engines, railroads or telegraph lines. Yet the fate of those peasants had already been sealed in Manchester and Birmingham by the handful of engineers, politicians and financiers who spearheaded the Industrial Revolution. Steam engines, railroads and telegraphs transformed the production of food, textiles, vehicles and weapons, giving industrial powers a decisive edge over traditional agricultural societies.

We are so accustomed to thinking of European civilization as the vanguard of the world that we forget that for much of human history, the European peninsula was at the receiving end of the miracles of the East. Over the millennia, innovations such as Mesopotamian agriculture, the Phoenician alphabet, Greek philosophy, and Arab bookkeeping all flowed from east to west. Both Christianity and Islam followed the same route. So did wheat, olives, sugar, and spices.

Technological innovations had shifted the basis of England’s economy from agriculture to industry between 1750 and 1850. The development of steam power and a boom

The creation of agricultural enterprises represents one of the most effective ways to stimulate rural development.

An economy built on slave labor is vulnerable in two ways. One, availability of forced labor discourages technical innovation. The very wealthy [Roman]empire experienced no industrial revolutions. Two -- even more crucial -- slaves do not reproduce their own numbers. As Rome's wars of conquest ended, the slave population began to shrink, leading to a shortage of agricultural laborers by 200 A.D.

The first reports of adverse effects came during the late 1950s as both agricultural applications and large-scale DDT spraying to control mosquitoes, tent caterpillars, and gypsy moths became common.

Athens reacted to the population problem in a different way again. She specialized her agricultural production for export, started manufactures also for export and then developed her political institutions so as to give a fair share of political power to the new classes which had been called into being by these economic innovations. In other words, Athenian statesmen averted a social revolution by successfully carrying through an economic and political revolution; and, discovering this solution of the common problem in so far as it affected themselves, they incidentally opened up a new avenue of advance for the whole of the Hellenic Society.

As far as agricultural GDP is concerned, in today’s China additional investment in high-quality roads no longer has a statistically significant impact while low-quality roads are not only significant but also generate 1.57 yuan of agricultural GDP for every yuan invested. Investment in low-quality roads also generates high returns in rural nonfarm GDP. Every yuan invested in low-quality roads yields more than 5 yuan of rural nonfarm GDP. Low-quality roads also raise more poor people out of poverty per yuan invested than high-quality roads, making them a win–win strategy for growth in agriculture and poverty alleviation. In Africa, governments can learn from the Chinese experience and make sure their road programs give adequate priority to lower-quality and rural feeder roads.

think of climate change as slow, but it is unnervingly fast. We think of the technological change necessary to avert it as fast-arriving, but unfortunately it is deceptively slow—especially judged by just how soon we need it. This is what Bill McKibben means when he says that winning slowly is the same as losing: “If we don’t act quickly, and on a global scale, then the problem will literally become insoluble,” he writes. “The decisions we make in 2075 won’t matter.” Innovation, in many cases, is the easy part. This is what the novelist William Gibson meant when he said, “The future is already here, it just isn’t evenly distributed.” Gadgets like the iPhone, talismanic for technologists, give a false picture of the pace of adaptation. To a wealthy American or Swede or Japanese, the market penetration may seem total, but more than a decade after its introduction, the device is used by less than 10 percent of the world; for all smartphones, even the “cheap” ones, the number is somewhere between a quarter and a third. Define the technology in even more basic terms, as “cell phones” or “the internet,” and you get a timeline to global saturation of at least decades—of which we have two or three, in which to completely eliminate carbon emissions, planetwide. According to the IPCC, we have just twelve years to cut them in half. The longer we wait, the harder it will be. If we had started global decarbonization in 2000, when Al Gore narrowly lost election to the American presidency, we would have had to cut emissions by only about 3 percent per year to stay safely under two degrees of warming. If we start today, when global emissions are still growing, the necessary rate is 10 percent. If we delay another decade, it will require us to cut emissions by 30 percent each year. This is why U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres believes we have only one year to change course and get started. The scale of the technological transformation required dwarfs any achievement that has emerged from Silicon Valley—in fact dwarfs every technological revolution ever engineered in human history, including electricity and telecommunications and even the invention of agriculture ten thousand years ago. It dwarfs them by definition, because it contains all of them—every single one needs to be replaced at the root, since every single one breathes on carbon, like a ventilator.

In addition to social and ethical reforms, Christianity was responsible for important economic and technological innovations. The Catholic Church established medieval Europe’s most sophisticated administrative system, and pioneered the use of archives, catalogues, timetables and other techniques of data processing. The Vatican was the closest thing twelfth-century Europe had to Silicon Valley. The Church established Europe’s first economic corporations – the monasteries – which for 1,000 years spearheaded the European economy and introduced advanced agricultural and administrative methods. Monasteries were the first institutions to use clocks, and for centuries they and the cathedral schools were the most important learning centres of Europe, helping to found many of Europe’s first universities, such as Bologna, Oxford and Salamanca.

Christianity and other traditional religions are still important players in the world. Yet their role is now largely reactive. In the past, they were a creative force. Christianity, for example, spread the hitherto heretical notion that all humans are equal before God, thereby changing human political structures, social hierarchies and even gender relations. In his Sermon on the Mount Jesus went further, insisting that the meek and oppressed are God’s favourite people, thus turning the pyramid of power on its head, and providing ammunition for generations of revolutionaries. In addition to social and ethical reforms, Christianity was responsible for important economic and technological innovations. The Catholic Church established medieval Europe’s most sophisticated administrative system, and pioneered the use of archives, catalogues, timetables and other techniques of data processing. The Vatican was the closest thing twelfth-century Europe had to Silicon Valley. The Church established Europe’s first economic corporations – the monasteries – which for 1,000 years spearheaded the European economy and introduced advanced agricultural and administrative methods.

Sparta, for instance, satisfied the land-hunger of her citizens by attacking and conquering her nearest Greek neighbors. The consequence was that Sparta only obtained her additional lands at the cost of obstinate and repeated wars with neighbouring peoples of her own calibre. In order to meet this situation Spartan statesmen were compelled to militarize Spartan life from top to bottom, which they did by re-invigorating and adapting certain primitive social institutions, common to a number of Greek communities, at a moment when, at Sparta as elsewhere, these institutions were on the point of disappearance. Athens reacted to the population problem in a different way again. She specialized her agricultural production for export, started manufactures also for export, and then developed her political institutions so as to give a fair share of political power to the new classes which had been called into being by these economic innovations. In other words, Athenian statesmen averted a social revolution by successfully carrying through an economic and political revolution; and, discovering this solution of the common problem in so far as it affected themselves, they incidentally opened up a new avenue of advance for the whole of the Hellenic Society.

The First Industrial Revolution (1700s–1800s) Beginning in the UK in the 1700s, freeing people to be inventive and productive and providing them with capital led many societies to shift to new machine-based manufacturing processes, creating the first sustained and widespread period of productivity improvement in thousands of years. These improvements began with agricultural inventions that increased productivity, which led to a population boom and a secular shift toward urbanization as the labor intensity of farming declined. As people flocked to cities, industry benefited from the steadily increasing supply of labor, creating a virtuous cycle and leading to shifts in wealth and power both within and between nations. The new urban populations needed new types of goods and services, which required the government to get bigger and spend money on things like housing, sanitation, and education, as well as on the infrastructure for the new industrial capitalist system, such as courts, regulators, and central banks. Power moved into the hands of central government bureaucrats and the capitalists who controlled the means of production. Geopolitically, these developments most helped the UK, which pioneered many of the most important innovations. The UK caught up to the Netherlands in output per capita around 1800, before overtaking them in the mid-19th century, when the British Empire approached its peak share of world output (around 20 percent).

To grow tea and sugar required industrial agriculture’s single most bloody innovation – the plantation. The agricultural technology of advanced and permanent monoculture came bundled with its own social technology, of soil tilled, cane hacked and leaves plucked by an endless supply of almost disposable people from the Global South.

Among this generation there was a real sense that all of the problems in agriculture could be solved with innovations created through scientific understanding, technology, and modern industrial muscle, if coupled with the same “can-do” spirit that had helped the Allies to beat the Axis powers during the war. It was an innocent time, with blind faith in scientific solutions to vexing problems. The skeptical questioning of technological fixes in agriculture that has become the norm, especially amongst the organic farming movement since the 1970s, was virtually nonexistent at this time.

Our Final Century makes the case that the period since the mid twentieth century has been the first in which technology has been capable of destroying civilization. But that is not so. Many civilizations in history were destroyed by the simple technologies of fire and the sword. Indeed, of all civilizations in history, the overwhelming majority have been destroyed, some intentionally, some as a result of plague or natural disaster. Virtually all of them could have avoided the catastrophes that destroyed them if only they had possessed a little additional knowledge, such as improved agricultural or military technology, better hygiene, or better political or economic institutions. Very few, if any, could have been saved by greater caution about innovation. In fact most had enthusiastically implemented the precautionary principle.

Just because rice has served as our staple crop for thousands of years doesn't guarantee its perpetual role. The shift in climate necessitates crops that exhibit greater resilience and reduced dependence on resources.

Just as a river finds new courses when the landscape shifts, our staple crops must chart a new course to navigate the terrain of climate change.

The invention in the 1960s of drip irrigation by Netafim, an industry of Kibbutz Hatzerim in the Negev, and the introduction of hothouses made the seasons almost irrelevant. With its long, hot summers and an average of four days of annual rainfall, the Arava became a dusty petri dish of agricultural improvisation and innovation.

Disruption of societies and human lives by new technologies is an old story. Agriculture, gunpowder, steel, the car, the steam engine, the internal-combustion engine, and manned flight all forced wholesale shifts in the ways in which humans live, eat, make money, or fight each other for control of resources. This time, though, Moore’s Law is leading the pace of change and innovation to increase exponentially.

Agricultural education is still overwhelmingly about change and innovation, and "disruption," not what is sustainable and what will work in the long run. From the modernizing perspective, the student in my hay meadow was right. The current economics of farming are such that almost no genuinely sustainable farming is profitable at present. Farming for nature is economic suicide. Produce meat at a greater cost than intensively produced chicken or pork and you are considered an anachronism on the supermarket shelf.     I have to ignore my accounts in this bid for good husbandry and hope the rest of the world comes to its senses someday soon. Of course this is no basis for a sound system, but I decided years ago that if I had to work off the farm to top up our income, to enable me to look after our land properly, than I would. There is nothing new in having to adapt and earn a crust away from the farm. I know that if we are too proud, too stubborn, and too unbending, then we will be finished.

Industrial agriculture has supplanted a complete reliance on the sun for our calories with something new under the sun: a food chain that draws much of its energy from fossil fuels instead. (Of course, even that energy originally came from the sun, but unlike sunlight it is finite and irreplaceable.) The result of this innovation has been a vast increase in the amount of food energy available to our species; this has been a boon to humanity (allowing us to multiply our numbers), but not an unalloyed one. We’ve discovered that an abundance of food does not render the omnivore’s dilemma obsolete.

Petra is considered to have been the central capital of the Nabataean Kingdom.[31] The Nabataeans had an economy based on pastoralism and agriculture. Cereals and fruits were grown across the kingdom, though for religious reasons they were prohibited from growing wheat, trees, or vineyards under punishment of death.[32] They developed a number of innovative hydraulic technologies to manage the limited supply of water in the region, including aqueducts, dams, reservoirs, and channels.

Between 1978 and 1983, the entire basis of the agricultural economy was changed by the adoption of the “household responsibility system.” The origins of this shift lay in a village in Anhui province, where a group of farmers got together in secret and signed an agreement to dissolve their collective and divide up their farmland into individual plots. This innovation rapidly spread, and the province’s party secretary, Wan Li, realized he was facing a powerful popular revolt against an immiserating system. Rather than crush it, he decided to promote this land-to-the-tiller reform. The party secretary of Sichuan province, Zhao Ziyang, made a similar decision. At the national level, the December 1978 party plenum that launched the reform era raised agricultural prices and gave a blessing to rural collectives experimenting with different ways of management, but it still condemned private farming. By 1980, however, Zhao Ziyang had become premier and Wan Li was vice premier in charge of agriculture policy. Together they rammed through a national policy to disband the communes and return to family farming. By the end of 1982 virtually all agricultural collectives were gone, and family farmers had been assigned rights to cultivate individual plots of land. The effect on agricultural output and farm incomes was spectacular. By 1984 grain output was over 400 million tons, a third higher than it had been just six years before; production of oilseeds and cotton sustained annual growth rates of 15 percent; and meat production was growing by 10 percent a year. Rural per capita income more than doubled between 1979 and 1984. Per capita cash savings by rural families rose from essentially zero in 1979 to 300 renminbi (Rmb) by 1989. Rapid gains in agricultural output and incomes continued throughout the 1980s, as farmers continued to diversify their crops and apply new technologies that increased yields. Use of chemical fertilizer, which had risen gradually in the 1970s, tripled between 1978 and 1990. So did the use of farm machinery, notably pumps, small tractors, and food processing equipment.3

Since the launch of the First Five-Year Plan in 1928, tens of thousands of their comrades in the urban centers had been working tirelessly to build power stations, steel mills, and manufacturing plants for heavy machinery. As this historic effort unfolded, it would be essential for the country’s grain-producing regions to do their part—by meeting the increased demand for bread in the cities with leaps in agricultural production. But to pave the way for this ambitious effort, it was deemed necessary to exile a million kulaks—those profiteers and enemies of the common good, who also happened to be the regions’ most capable farmers. The remaining peasants, who viewed newly introduced approaches to agriculture with resentment and suspicion, proved antagonistic to even the smallest efforts at innovation. Tractors, which were meant to usher in the new era by the fleet, ended up being in short supply. These challenges were compounded by uncooperative weather resulting in a collapse of agricultural output. But given the imperative of feeding the cities, the precipitous decline in the harvest was met with increased quotas and requisitions enforced at gunpoint. In 1932, the combination of these intractable forces would result in widespread hardship for the agricultural provinces of old Russia, and death by starvation for millions of peasants in Ukraine. (While many of the young loyalists (like Nina) who joined the udarniks in the countryside would have their faith in the Party tested by what they witnessed, most of Russia, and for that matter the world, would be spared the spectacle of this man-made disaster. For just as peasants from the countryside were forbidden to enter the cities, journalists from the cities were forbidden to enter the countryside; delivery of personal mail was suspended; and the windows of passenger trains were blackened. In fact, so successful was the campaign to contain awareness of the crisis, when word leaked out that millions were starving in Ukraine, Walter Duranty, the lead correspondent for The New York Times in Russia (and one of the ringleaders in the Shalyapin Bar), would report that these rumors of famine were grossly exaggerated and had probably originated with anti-Soviet propagandists. Thus, the world would shrug. And even as the crime unfolded, Duranty would win the Pulitzer Prize.)

Those who came up with the innovations were individuals already active in agriculture who looked deliberately and systematically to improve their businesses; the changes were decentralized, not centralized; and the changes were led by practical men, not by scientists or governments. The innovations involved tinkering, trial and error, or recognizing a new approach and transferring it to a different environment. There are two possible reasons motivating these innovations. The first is that they were supply driven - innovation took place for the sake of innovation, because someone had discovered a new process. The second is that they were demand driven - innovation resulted from the drive by farmers to expand their production and to increase their incomes. The evidence is entirely consistent with the demand-driven hypothesis. The nature and the timing of the innovations all is consistent with the idea that innovation was a response to a problem, the problem being to increase output and/or to reduce costs and so to increase incomes. Innovation was the response to business opportunities, not the cause.

To be sure, the early days of the Industrial Revolution were rough going, but within a few generations, innovations in technology, medicine, government, and public health led to effective solutions for many of the mismatch diseases caused by the Agricultural Revolution, especially the burden of infectious disease from living at higher population densities with animals and in unsanitary conditions. Not all of these advances, however, are available to people unfortunate enough to live in poverty, especially in less developed nations. In addition, the progress made over the last 150 years has also come with some consequential drawbacks for people’s health. Most essentially, there has been an epidemiological transition. As fewer people succumb to diseases from malnutrition and infections, especially when they are young, more people are developing other kinds of noncommunicable diseases as they age. This transition is still ongoing: in the forty years between 1970 and 2010, the percentage of deaths worldwide from infectious disease and malnutrition fell by 17 percent and life expectancy increased by eleven years, while the percentage of deaths from noncommunicable diseases rose by 30 percent.61 As more people live longer, more of them are suffering from disability. In technical terms, lower rates of mortality have been accompanied by higher rates of morbidity (defined as a state of ill health from any form of disease).

The pace of innovation continues to increase, and the Information Revolution holds a hint of what may lie ahead. Taken together, the parallels between APM-based production and digital information systems suggest that change in an APM era could be swift indeed—not stretched out over millennia, like the spread of agriculture, nor over centuries, like the rise of industry, nor even over decades, like the spread of the Internet’s physical infrastructure. The prospect this time is a revolution without a manufacturing bottleneck, with production methods akin to sharing a video file. In other words, APM holds the potential for a physical revolution that, if unconstrained, could unfold at the speed of new digital media.

The situation was similar in the Soviet Union, with industry playing the role of sugar in the Caribbean. Industrial growth in the Soviet Union was further facilitated because its technology was so backward relative to what was available in Europe and the United States, so large gains could be reaped by reallocating resources to the industrial sector, even if all this was done inefficiently and by force. Before 1928 most Russians lived in the countryside. The technology used by peasants was primitive, and there were few incentives to be productive. Indeed, the last vestiges of Russian feudalism were eradicated only shortly before the First World War. There was thus huge unrealized economic potential from reallocating this labor from agriculture to industry. Stalinist industrialization was one brutal way of unlocking this potential. By fiat, Stalin moved these very poorly used resources into industry, where they could be employed more productively, even if industry itself was very inefficiently organized relative to what could have been achieved. In fact, between 1928 and 1960 national income grew at 6 percent a year, probably the most rapid spurt of economic growth in history up until then. This quick economic growth was not created by technological change, but by reallocating labor and by capital accumulation through the creation of new tools and factories. Growth was so rapid that it took in generations of Westerners, not just Lincoln Steffens. It took in the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States. It even took in the Soviet Union’s own leaders, such as Nikita Khrushchev, who famously boasted in a speech to Western diplomats in 1956 that “we will bury you [the West].” As late as 1977, a leading academic textbook by an English economist argued that Soviet-style economies were superior to capitalist ones in terms of economic growth, providing full employment and price stability and even in producing people with altruistic motivation. Poor old Western capitalism did better only at providing political freedom. Indeed, the most widely used university textbook in economics, written by Nobel Prize–winner Paul Samuelson, repeatedly predicted the coming economic dominance of the Soviet Union. In the 1961 edition, Samuelson predicted that Soviet national income would overtake that of the United States possibly by 1984, but probably by 1997. In the 1980 edition there was little change in the analysis, though the two dates were delayed to 2002 and 2012. Though the policies of Stalin and subsequent Soviet leaders could produce rapid economic growth, they could not do so in a sustained way. By the 1970s, economic growth had all but stopped. The most important lesson is that extractive institutions cannot generate sustained technological change for two reasons: the lack of economic incentives and resistance by the elites. In addition, once all the very inefficiently used resources had been reallocated to industry, there were few economic gains to be had by fiat. Then the Soviet system hit a roadblock, with lack of innovation and poor economic incentives preventing any further progress. The only area in which the Soviets did manage to sustain some innovation was through enormous efforts in military and aerospace technology. As a result they managed to put the first dog, Leika, and the first man, Yuri Gagarin, in space. They also left the world the AK-47 as one of their legacies. Gosplan was the supposedly all-powerful planning agency in charge of the central planning of the Soviet economy.

By 2013, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced China was the largest recipient of American agricultural exports, more than $26 billion,

Nordhaus and Shellenberger called this view “nihilistic ecotheology.” That worldview, they said, comprises “apocalyptic fears of ecological collapse, disenchanting notions of living in a fallen world, and the growing conviction that some kind of collective sacrifice is needed to avoid the end of the world.” The eco-nihilists have “nostalgic visions of a transcendent future in which humans might, once again, live in harmony with nature through a return to small-scale agriculture, or even to hunter-gatherer life.

It was the unprecedented surplus calories resulting from domestication that ushered in the so-called Neolithic revolution, which created the conditions for not only an agricultural economy but also urban life and, ultimately, the suite of innovations we think of as modern culture. The cradle of civilization is, not coincidentally, also the place where first dogs and then barley, wheat, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, and cats commenced a fatefully intimate association with humans.

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which releases 600 million tons of CO2 equivalent into the air every year.25 In addition to the direct harms of our current system is the lost opportunity to provide the economic and ecosystem benefits of innovations in agriculture, including regenerative agriculture, forests on farms, silvopasture (raising animals among orchards to increase soil fertility and reduce need for water and fertilizer), etc. The benefits of these innovations in agriculture (see Part 5) have been estimated to be twice as big as the harms from our current agricultural model. The media, governments, and even the Paris climate agreement focus almost entirely on the energy sector, not agriculture. The Paris Agreement didn’t even mention that the food system itself is a bigger cause of climate change than the energy sector. Our agricultural system is both

A common image we still have of capitalism is the innovative entrepreneur opening up a new and lucrative market niche with the invisible hand of the market delivering public benefit (supply matching demand) out of private vice (profit-motivated self-interest). The idea is still routinely invoked as a justification of modern capitalism, but it’s out of date. A more apposite image nowadays for financialised, corporate capital is the visible – though sometimes velveted – fist, aimed at anyone who contests its logic, and many of those who don’t.

The result was an “agricultural revolution” in which the number of persons fed and clothed by the average American farmer shot up from fourteen in 1950, to twenty-six in 1960, to forty-seven in 1970.

Because pessimism needs to counter that argument in order to be at all persuasive, a recurring theme in pessimistic theories throughout history has been that an exceptionally dangerous moment is imminent. Our Final Century makes the case that the period since the mid twentieth century has been the first in which technology has been capable of destroying civilization. But that is not so. Many civilizations in history were destroyed by the simple technologies of fire and the sword. Indeed, of all civilizations in history, the overwhelming majority have been destroyed, some intentionally, some as a result of plague or natural disaster. Virtually all of them could have avoided the catastrophes that destroyed them if only they had possessed a little additional knowledge, such as improved agricultural or military technology, better hygiene, or better political or economic institutions. Very few, if any, could have been saved by greater caution about innovation. In fact most had enthusiastically implemented the precautionary principle.

Studies from many parts of the world, and many different time periods, show that ‘less advanced’ agricultural practices can out-perform more complex technologies. Detailed knowledge of local conditions, combined with a pragmatic receptivity to useful ideas, facilitates effective use of resources, while the precarious conditions many small farmers face encourage innovation.7 In highland Guatemala, smallholders maintain vegetable plots producing food for their households alongside fields with export crops of the sort encouraged by development programmes. Such farmers cannot afford to be conservative in their agricultural practices.

The human brain evolved in an environment that was local and linear. Local, meaning most everything that we interacted with was less than a day’s walk away. Linear, meaning the rate of change was exceptionally slow. Your great-great-great-grandfather’s life was roughly the same as his great-great-grandson’s life. But now we live in a world that is global and exponential. Global, meaning if it happens on the other side of the planet, we hear about it seconds later (and our computers hear about it only milliseconds later). Exponential, meanwhile, refers to today’s blitzkrieg speed of development. Forget about the difference between generations, currently mere months can bring a revolution. Yet our brain—which hasn’t really had a hardware update in two hundred thousand years—wasn’t designed for this scale or speed. And if we struggle to track the growth of singular innovations, we’re downright helpless in the face of converging ones. Put it this way, in “The Law of Accelerating Returns,” Ray Kurzweil did the math and found that we’re going to experience twenty thousand years of technological change over the next one hundred years. Essentially, we’re going from the birth of agriculture to the birth of the internet twice in the next century. This means paradigm-shifting, game-changing, nothing-is-ever-the-same-again breakthroughs—such as affordable aerial ridesharing—will not be an occasional affair. They’ll be happening all the time. It means, of course, that flying cars are just the beginning.

But when the agricultural villages of the Neolithic expanded into larger towns that grew to more than two thousand inhabitants, the capacity of the human brain to know and recognize all of the members of a single community was stretched beyond its natural limits. Nevertheless, the tribal cultures that had evolved during the Upper Paleolithic with the emergence of symbolic communication enabled people who might have been strangers to feel a collective sense of belonging and solidarity. It was the formation of tribes and ethnicities that enabled the strangers of the large Neolithic towns to trust each other and interact comfortably with each other, even if they were not all personally acquainted. The transformation of human society into urban civilizations, however, involved a great fusion of people and societies into groups so large that there was no possibility of having personal relationships with more than a tiny fraction of them. Yet the human capacity for tribal solidarity meant that there was literally no upper limit on the size that a human group could attain. And if we mark the year 3000 BC as the approximate time when all the elements of urban civilization came together to trigger this new transformation, it has taken only five thousand years for all of humanity to be swallowed up by the immense nation-states that have now taken possession of every square inch of the inhabited world. The new urban civilizations produced the study of mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, history, biology, and medicine. They greatly advanced and refined the technologies of metallurgy, masonry, architecture, carpentry, shipbuilding, and weaponry. They invented the art of writing and the practical science of engineering. They developed the modern forms of drama, poetry, music, painting, and sculpture. They built canals, roads, bridges, aqueducts, pyramids, tombs, temples, shrines, castles, and fortresses by the thousands all over the world. They built ocean-going ships that sailed the high seas and eventually circumnavigated the globe. From their cultures emerged the great universal religions of Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, and Hinduism. And they invented every form of state government and political system we know, from hereditary monarchies to representative democracies. The new urban civilizations turned out to be dynamic engines of innovation, and in the course of just a few thousand years, they freed humanity from the limitations it had inherited from the hunting and gathering cultures of the past.

There is a prediction (albeit retroactive) lurking in this idea of the liquid network, as well as in the premise that innovative environments share signature patterns at different scales. The prediction is that whenever human beings first organized themselves into settlements that resembled liquid networks, a great flowering of innovation would have immediately followed. For ages, early humans lived in the cultural equivalent of gaseous networks: small packs of hunter-gatherers bouncing around the landscape, with almost no contact between groups. But the rise of agriculture changed all that. For the first time, humans began forming groups that numbered in the thousands, or tens of thousands.

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What would normally be good news instead laid bare a pesky side effect of innovation: greater efficiency required fewer workers, leaving rural communities with little to support themselves.

Today I address professionals, business leaders and researchers on how they can contribute with innovative ideas to achieve these ten pillars. These are as follows: 1) A nation where the rural and urban divide has reduced to a thin line. 2) A nation where there is equitable distribution and adequate access to energy and quality water. 3) A nation where agriculture, industry and the service sector work together in symphony. 4) A nation where education with value systems is not denied to any meritorious candidates because of societal or economic discrimination. 5) A nation which is the best destination for the most talented scholars, scientists and investors. 6) A nation where the best of healthcare is available to all. 7) A nation where the governance is responsive, transparent and corruption free. 8) A nation where poverty has been totally eradicated, illiteracy removed and crimes against women and children are absent and no one in the society feels alienated. 9) A nation that is prosperous, healthy, secure, peaceful and happy and follows a sustainable growth path. 10) A nation that is one of the best places to live in and is proud of its leadership.

Continuing to do research on genetic modification, and occasionally using successfully modified organisms for specific purposes such as the production of expensive drugs, make good sense. Helping developing countries to produce more food is a worthy aim, but it is sometimes used as an excuse for an alternative agenda, or as a convenient way to demonise opponents. There is little doubt that the technology needs better regulation: I find it bizarre that standard food safety tests are not required, on the grounds that the plants have not been changed in any significant way, but that the innovations are so great that they deserve patent protection, contrary to the long-standing view that naturally occurring objects and substances cannot be patented. Either it’s new, and needs testing like anything else, or it’s not, and should not be patentable. It is also disturbing, in an age when commercial sponsors blazon their logos across athletes’ shirts and television screens, that the biotechnology industry has fought a lengthy political campaign to prevent any mention of their product being placed on food. The reason is clear enough: to avoid any danger of a consumer boycott. But consumers are effectively being force-fed products that they may not want, and whose presence is being concealed. Our current understanding of genetics and ecology is inadequate when it comes to the widespread use of genetically modified organisms in the natural environment or agriculture. Why take the risk of distributing the material, when the likely gains for most of us – as opposed to short-term profits for biotechnology companies – are tiny or non-existent?

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In 1862, Congress passed the Morrill Land Grant College Act, offering up parcels of land to states that they could sell for the purposes of creating and funding universities. From the University of Maine to the University of California system, from Louisiana State University to North Dakota State University, fifty-two new institutions mushroomed into existence across the country.[42] These new universities were meant to churn out a new generation of “educated bureaucrats” to usher the country into an era of modernity, overseeing railroad expansion, agricultural innovation, manufacturing, and trade.[43] Economic analysis has suggested that the Morrill Act was transformative for the nation, creating a massive surge in human capital, leading to increases in university enrollment and GDP per capita, and allowing the United States to rise into the position of global superpower.[44] But the land parceled out for the sake of U.S. economic ascendancy was Indigenous land. Almost eleven million acres of land from nearly 250 Native tribes and communities enabled the universities to garner over $22 million—equivalent to almost $500 million in our time.[45] And those universities have used that money to become bastions of economic opportunity for generation after generation of college students—the vast majority of them White. Despite the fact that these land grant institutions came into being only through the theft of Indigenous land, Native students make up less than half a percentage point of the enrollment at the Morrill Act universities; these schools also have lower graduation rates among Native students than non-Morrill universities.[46]

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V信83113305：The University of Southern Queensland (UniSQ) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in Queensland, Australia, renowned for its strong focus on practical education and research excellence. Established in 1967, UniSQ offers a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and research programs across disciplines such as engineering, business, health, and the arts. With campuses in Toowoomba, Springfield, and Ipswich, the university provides flexible learning options, including online and blended courses, catering to both domestic and international students. UniSQ is celebrated for its supportive learning environment, industry partnerships, and commitment to student success. Its research initiatives address global challenges, particularly in agriculture, sustainability, and regional development. Recognized for its high graduate employment rates, UniSQ continues to be a top choice for students seeking quality education and career-ready skills in a vibrant academic community.，购买南昆士兰大学毕业证, 学历证书!USQ学历证书南昆士兰大学学历证书USQ假文凭, 定做南昆士兰大学毕业证-USQ毕业证书-毕业证, 办理南昆士兰大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 办理USQ学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, 如何办理USQ南昆士兰大学学历学位证, 澳洲毕业证学历认证

V信83113305：The University of Adelaide, located in South Australia, is a prestigious institution renowned for its academic excellence and research contributions. Established in 1874, it is one of Australia’s oldest universities and a member of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading research-intensive universities. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as engineering, health sciences, humanities, and business. Its strong emphasis on innovation and global engagement attracts students from over 100 countries, fostering a diverse and vibrant campus community. The University of Adelaide is also celebrated for its cutting-edge research, particularly in fields like agriculture, wine science, and environmental sustainability. With state-of-the-art facilities and a commitment to student success, it continues to rank among the world’s top universities, preparing graduates to make meaningful impacts in their careers and communities.，办阿德莱德大学学历证书学位证书成绩单, 阿德莱德大学毕业证学历认证, Adelaide阿德莱德大学挂科了怎么办？, 阿德莱德大学文凭复刻, 修改Adelaide阿德莱德大学成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 定做阿德莱德大学毕业证-Adelaide毕业证书-毕业证, 仿制阿德莱德大学毕业证-Adelaide毕业证书-快速办理, 办理阿德莱德大学毕业证-Adelaide毕业证书-毕业证

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V信83113305：Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), located in Serdang, Selangor, is one of Malaysia's leading public research universities. Established in 1931 as an agricultural school, it gained university status in 1971 and was renamed Universiti Putra Malaysia in 1997. UPM is renowned for its strong emphasis on agriculture, forestry, and veterinary sciences, though it also excels in engineering, medicine, and social sciences. The university boasts a sprawling 1,200-hectare campus with modern facilities, lush greenery, and a vibrant student community. UPM is consistently ranked among the top universities in Malaysia and Asia, recognized for its research output and academic excellence. With a diverse international student body and collaborations with global institutions, UPM fosters innovation and sustainability, contributing significantly to Malaysia's educational and economic development.，UPM马来西亚博特拉大学 颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 马来西亚博特拉大学 学位证书快速办理, 出售UPM证书-哪里能购买UPM毕业证, 一比一原版UPM马来西亚博特拉大学 毕业证购买, UPMdiploma安全可靠购买UPM毕业证, UPM硕士毕业证, 原装正版马来西亚博特拉大学 毕业证真实水印成绩单制作, UPM毕业证成绩单专业服务, 购买马来西亚博特拉大学 文凭

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V信83113305：The University of New England (UNE), located in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, is a distinguished institution renowned for its commitment to excellence in teaching, research, and community engagement. Established in 1938, UNE has a rich history as Australia’s first regional university, offering a unique blend of on-campus and online education to students worldwide. With a strong focus on rural and regional communities, UNE excels in fields such as agriculture, environmental science, education, and health. Its picturesque campus provides an ideal learning environment, fostering innovation and collaboration. UNE is also recognized for its supportive student experience, small class sizes, and personalized attention. As a leader in distance education, UNE empowers learners globally, combining flexibility with academic rigor. Committed to sustainability and social impact, UNE continues to shape future leaders and contribute to meaningful change.，University of New England新英格兰大学学位证书快速办理, UNE本科毕业证, 购买新英格兰大学毕业证, 申请学校!University of New England成绩单新英格兰大学成绩单University of New England改成绩, 制作文凭新英格兰大学毕业证-UNE毕业证书-毕业证, 一比一原版UNE新英格兰大学毕业证购买, 一流UNE新英格兰大学学历精仿高质, 正版-澳洲University of New England毕业证文凭学历证书, 新英格兰大学毕业证

V信83113305：Charles Sturt University (CSU) is a renowned Australian institution known for its commitment to excellence in education, research, and community engagement. Established in 1989 and named after explorer Charles Sturt, the university has multiple campuses across New South Wales, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory. CSU offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs, with strengths in agriculture, business, health, and environmental science. The university is celebrated for its innovative approach to distance education, making higher learning accessible to students worldwide. CSU’s research focuses on real-world challenges, particularly in rural and regional communities. With a strong emphasis on sustainability and Indigenous inclusion, it fosters a supportive and inclusive learning environment. CSU’s graduates are highly regarded for their practical skills and readiness to contribute meaningfully to society, embodying the university’s motto, "For the public good." Its blend of academic rigor and community focus makes it a standout choice for students seeking a transformative educational experience.，一流CSU查尔斯特大学学历精仿高质, 购买澳洲毕业证, 查尔斯特大学成绩单制作, CSU毕业证成绩单专业服务, 查尔斯特大学本科毕业证, 办澳洲Charles Sturt University查尔斯特大学文凭学历证书, 如何获取查尔斯特大学-CSU-毕业证本科学位证书, 办理查尔斯特大学文凭, 澳洲CSU毕业证仪式感|购买CSU查尔斯特大学学位证

V信83113305：The University of Adelaide, located in South Australia, is a prestigious institution renowned for its academic excellence and research innovation. Established in 1874, it is one of Australia’s oldest universities and a member of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading research-intensive universities. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as engineering, health sciences, humanities, and business. Its strong emphasis on research has led to groundbreaking discoveries, including advancements in agriculture, medicine, and environmental sustainability. With a vibrant campus life and a diverse student community, the University of Adelaide fosters global connections and provides students with opportunities for internships and industry collaborations. Its commitment to excellence and innovation makes it a top choice for students worldwide.，留学生买文凭Adelaide毕业证-阿德莱德大学, 澳洲Adelaide阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 澳洲The University of Adelaide阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 阿德莱德大学电子版毕业证与澳洲The University of Adelaide学位证书纸质版价格, 高质阿德莱德大学成绩单办理安全可靠的文凭服务, 购买阿德莱德大学毕业证, Offer(Adelaide成绩单)Adelaide阿德莱德大学如何办理?, 阿德莱德大学成绩单制作, 极速办Adelaide阿德莱德大学毕业证Adelaide文凭学历制作

V信83113305：The University of Western Australia (UWA), located in Perth, is one of Australia’s leading research-intensive universities and a member of the prestigious Group of Eight. Established in 1911, UWA is renowned for its stunning campus, blending historic architecture with modern facilities. It consistently ranks among the top 100 universities globally, excelling in fields like agriculture, marine science, and engineering. UWA offers a vibrant student experience, with over 200 student clubs and societies fostering community and leadership. Its strong industry connections provide students with practical opportunities, while its commitment to innovation drives groundbreaking research. The university’s coastal location also supports unique studies in marine and environmental sciences. With a diverse international community and a focus on sustainability, UWA prepares graduates to tackle global challenges while maintaining a strong connection to Western Australia’s natural and cultural heritage.，专业办理University of Western Australia西澳大学成绩单高质学位证书服务, 制作文凭西澳大学毕业证-UWA毕业证书-毕业证, 挂科办理UWA西澳大学毕业证本科学位证书, 澳洲UWA西澳大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 购买澳洲毕业证, 专业办理西澳大学成绩单高质学位证书服务, University of Western Australia毕业证成绩单专业服务学历认证, 西澳大学颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 如何办理西澳大学学历学位证

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V信83113305：Central Queensland University (CQU) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in Australia, renowned for its strong focus on industry engagement and student success. With campuses across Queensland and a growing presence online, CQU offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in fields such as business, engineering, health, and education. The university is particularly recognized for its research excellence, especially in areas like environmental science, agriculture, and regional development. CQU prides itself on providing flexible learning options, including online and blended courses, catering to both domestic and international students. Its commitment to inclusivity and support services ensures a welcoming environment for learners from diverse backgrounds. As a leader in vocational and higher education, CQU continues to empower students with practical skills and knowledge, preparing them for global career opportunities.，挂科办理Central Queensland University中央昆士兰大学毕业证本科学位证书, 中央昆士兰大学毕业证购买, CQU毕业证定制, 办理中央昆士兰大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, CQU文凭制作, 极速办中央昆士兰大学毕业证CQU文凭学历制作, 办理Central Queensland University中央昆士兰大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 澳洲Central Queensland University毕业证仪式感|购买中央昆士兰大学学位证

V信83113305：Murdoch University, located in Perth, Western Australia, is a renowned institution known for its innovative research and commitment to student success. Established in 1973, it offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as science, engineering, business, and humanities. The university prides itself on its strong industry connections, providing students with practical experience and career opportunities. With a vibrant multicultural campus, Murdoch fosters an inclusive environment that encourages global perspectives. Its cutting-edge facilities, including veterinary and agricultural research centers, highlight its focus on real-world impact. Ranked among the top young universities globally, Murdoch emphasizes sustainability and social responsibility, preparing graduates to tackle global challenges. Its flexible study options and supportive learning community make it a top choice for students worldwide.，一比一原版Murdoch University莫道克大学毕业证购买, 购买莫道克大学毕业证, 网上制作莫道克大学毕业证-Murdoch毕业证书-留信学历认证, 澳洲莫道克大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 办莫道克大学毕业证学位证书文凭认证-可查, 办理澳洲莫道克大学毕业证Murdoch University文凭版本, 办理Murdoch文凭

V信83113305：The University of New England (UNE), located in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, is a distinguished institution renowned for its commitment to excellence in teaching and research. Established in 1938, UNE was the first Australian university established outside a capital city, offering a unique blend of rural charm and academic rigor. With a strong focus on distance education, UNE has become a leader in flexible learning, catering to students across Australia and globally. The university offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs, particularly excelling in agriculture, environmental sciences, humanities, and law. UNE’s vibrant campus life, supportive community, and cutting-edge research facilities foster innovation and personal growth. Its picturesque setting, surrounded by stunning natural landscapes, provides an inspiring environment for study. Committed to inclusivity and student success, UNE continues to empower learners to achieve their goals while contributing meaningfully to society.，定制新英格兰大学成绩单, 申请学校!UNE成绩单新英格兰大学成绩单UNE改成绩, UNE文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, 办理大学毕业证-新英格兰大学, Offer(UNE成绩单)UNE新英格兰大学如何办理?, 新英格兰大学留学本科毕业证, 办新英格兰大学毕业证 Diploma

V信83113305：The University of Foggia, located in the Apulia region of southern Italy, is a relatively young yet dynamic institution established in 1999. Despite its recent founding, it has quickly gained recognition for its academic excellence and research contributions. The university offers a diverse range of programs across disciplines such as agriculture, economics, law, medicine, and humanities, catering to over 10,000 students. Known for its strong ties to the local community and regional development, the University of Foggia emphasizes practical learning and innovation. Its modern facilities and collaborative research projects attract both national and international students. The campus fosters a vibrant academic environment, supported by dedicated faculty and cutting-edge resources. Situated in a historically rich area, the university also promotes cultural engagement, making it a unique hub for education and growth in southern Italy.，福贾大学毕业证-UNIFG毕业证书【V信83113305】, 办理福贾大学毕业证【V信83113305】, UNIFG毕业证购买【V信83113305】, 仿制福贾大学毕业证-UNIFG毕业证书-快速办理【V信83113305】, 福贾大学-Università degli Studi di FOGGIA大学毕业证成绩单【V信83113305】, Università degli Studi di FOGGIAdiploma福贾大学挂科处理解决方案【V信83113305】, 留学生买文凭UNIFG毕业证-福贾大学【V信83113305】

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【V信83113305】：The University of Basilicata, located in the scenic region of Basilicata in southern Italy, is a prominent institution known for its academic excellence and research contributions. Established in 1982, the university offers a wide range of programs across disciplines such as engineering, humanities, sciences, and agriculture. Its campuses in Potenza and Matera provide students with a vibrant learning environment, blending modern facilities with the rich cultural heritage of the region. The university is particularly recognized for its focus on sustainability, environmental studies, and innovative technologies. With a strong emphasis on international collaboration, it attracts students and researchers from around the globe. The University of Basilicata continues to play a pivotal role in fostering education, research, and regional development in Italy.，办巴西利卡塔大学毕业证UNIBAS-university, 购买巴西利卡塔大学成绩单, UNIBAS毕业证认证, 1:1原版Università degli Studi della BASILICATA巴西利卡塔大学毕业证+Università degli Studi della BASILICATA成绩单, UNIBAS毕业证成绩单专业服务, Università degli Studi della BASILICATA巴西利卡塔大学毕业证制作代办流程, 挂科办理Università degli Studi della BASILICATA巴西利卡塔大学毕业证文凭

【V信83113305】：The University of Foggia, located in the Apulia region of southern Italy, is a relatively young yet dynamic institution established in 1999. Despite its recent founding, it has quickly gained recognition for its commitment to academic excellence and innovation. The university offers a diverse range of undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs across disciplines such as agriculture, economics, law, medicine, and humanities. Known for its strong ties to the local community and regional industries, the University of Foggia emphasizes practical, research-driven education. Its modern facilities and collaborative environment attract students from across Italy and beyond. With a focus on sustainability and cultural heritage, the university plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the region, fostering creativity and critical thinking among its students.，福贾大学毕业证成绩单在哪里能办理, 极速办UNIFG福贾大学毕业证UNIFG文凭学历制作, 福贾大学原版购买, Università degli Studi di FOGGIA文凭制作流程学术背后的努力, 意大利留学成绩单毕业证, UNIFGdiploma安全可靠购买UNIFG毕业证, 福贾大学挂科了怎么办？Università degli Studi di FOGGIA毕业证成绩单专业服务, fake UNIFG degree

【V信83113305】：The University of Perugia, founded in 1308, is one of Italy's oldest and most prestigious universities. Located in the picturesque city of Perugia in Umbria, it boasts a rich history of academic excellence and cultural heritage. The university offers a wide range of programs across disciplines such as law, medicine, engineering, humanities, and agriculture, attracting students from around the world. Its vibrant campus life, combined with cutting-edge research facilities, fosters innovation and intellectual growth. The institution is also known for its strong international ties, participating in numerous exchange programs and collaborations. With its historic architecture and modern amenities, the University of Perugia provides a unique blend of tradition and progress, making it a top choice for higher education in Italy.，Università degli Studi di PERUGIA佩鲁贾大学电子版毕业证与意大利Università degli Studi di PERUGIA学位证书纸质版价格, fake UNIPG diploma transcript, 办理Università degli Studi di PERUGIA佩鲁贾大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 办理Università degli Studi di PERUGIA学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, 一流UNIPG佩鲁贾大学学历精仿高质, 佩鲁贾大学-多少钱, 办理佩鲁贾大学学历认证回国人员证明, 佩鲁贾大学学位证毕业证, 修改Università degli Studi di PERUGIA佩鲁贾大学成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色

V信83113305：Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), located in Serdang, Selangor, is one of Malaysia’s leading public research universities. Established in 1931 as an agricultural school, it gained university status in 1971 and was renamed in 1997 to honor Malaysia’s first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. UPM is renowned for its strengths in agriculture, forestry, veterinary medicine, and environmental sciences, though it also excels in engineering, business, and social sciences. The university boasts a sprawling 1,200-hectare campus with modern facilities, including research centers, libraries, and sports complexes. UPM is ranked among the top universities globally, recognized for its research output and academic excellence. It fosters a multicultural environment with students and staff from over 60 countries, promoting innovation and sustainability. With strong industry ties and a commitment to community engagement, UPM continues to play a pivotal role in Malaysia’s educational and economic development.，哪里买马来西亚博特拉大学 毕业证|UPM成绩单, 马来西亚博特拉大学 文凭-Universiti Putra Malaysia, 办理 马来西亚 毕业证, UPM学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门, 想要真实感受马来西亚博特拉大学 版毕业证图片的品质点击查看详解, 想要真实感受Universiti Putra Malaysia马来西亚博特拉大学 版毕业证图片的品质点击查看详解, 马来西亚 留学本科毕业证, 购买马来西亚博特拉大学 毕业证

V信83113305：Massey University, one of New Zealand's leading educational institutions, is renowned for its innovative approach and strong research focus. Established in 1927, it operates across three campuses in Auckland, Palmerston North, and Wellington, offering a diverse range of programs in fields like business, creative arts, health, and sciences. The university is particularly distinguished for its distance learning options, making education accessible to students worldwide. With a commitment to sustainability and Māori culture, Massey integrates indigenous knowledge into its curriculum, fostering inclusivity. Its cutting-edge research in agriculture, veterinary science, and aviation has earned global recognition. Students benefit from state-of-the-art facilities, industry connections, and a vibrant campus life, preparing them for successful careers in a rapidly evolving world. Massey University embodies excellence, creativity, and a forward-thinking vision.，如何办理Massey University梅西大学 学历学位证, Offer(Massey University成绩单)Massey University梅西大学 如何办理?, 极速办Massey梅西大学 毕业证Massey文凭学历制作, 制作文凭梅西大学 毕业证-Massey毕业证书-毕业证, 如何获取梅西大学 -Massey-毕业证本科学位证书, 挂科办理Massey University梅西大学 学历学位证, Massey University学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门

V信83113305：The University of New England (UNE), located in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, is a distinguished institution renowned for its commitment to excellence in teaching, research, and community engagement. Established in 1938, UNE was the first Australian university established outside a capital city, offering a unique blend of rural charm and academic rigor. With a strong focus on distance education, UNE has become a leader in flexible learning, catering to students across Australia and globally. UNE offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as agriculture, environmental science, business, education, and humanities. Its research strengths include rural health, agricultural innovation, and Indigenous studies, contributing significantly to regional and national development. The university’s vibrant campus life, supportive community, and cutting-edge facilities foster a dynamic learning environment. Committed to sustainability and inclusivity, UNE continues to empower students to achieve their goals while making a meaningful impact on society. Its blend of tradition and innovation ensures it remains a top choice for students seeking a transformative educational experience.，办理UNE学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, Offer(UNE成绩单)新英格兰大学如何办理?, 澳洲办新英格兰大学毕业证办成绩单购买, 办理澳洲新英格兰大学毕业证UNE文凭版本, 留学生买毕业证UNE毕业证文凭成绩单办理, 新英格兰大学成绩单复刻, 购买澳洲毕业证, 办理真实毕业证成绩单留信网认证

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V信83113305：Lincoln University, located in Canterbury, New Zealand, is a specialized institution renowned for its focus on agriculture, agribusiness, and land-based studies. Established in 1878 as a school of agriculture, it has grown into a globally recognized university, offering innovative programs in environmental management, viticulture, and landscape architecture. The university’s research-driven approach addresses critical global challenges such as sustainable food production and climate change. With a picturesque campus near Christchurch, Lincoln provides a vibrant student life, blending academic excellence with outdoor adventures. Its strong industry connections ensure practical learning opportunities and high employability for graduates. Committed to sustainability, Lincoln integrates eco-friendly practices across its operations, making it a leader in green education. As New Zealand’s third-oldest university, Lincoln combines tradition with cutting-edge innovation, preparing students to contribute meaningfully to the world’s agricultural and environmental future.，办理林肯大学 毕业证-Lincoln毕业证书-毕业证, 留学生买文凭Lincoln University毕业证-林肯大学 , Lincoln University毕业证成绩单专业服务学历认证, 新西兰 Lincoln毕业证仪式感|购买Lincoln林肯大学 学位证, 林肯大学 电子版毕业证与 新西兰 Lincoln学位证书纸质版价格, 林肯大学 成绩单办理, fake Lincoln diploma transcript, 原装正版林肯大学 毕业证真实水印成绩单制作

V信83113305：The University of Western Australia (UWA), located in Perth, is one of Australia’s most prestigious universities and a member of the Group of Eight. Established in 1911, UWA is renowned for its world-class research, academic excellence, and stunning campus, which blends historic architecture with modern facilities. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines like engineering, medicine, business, and the arts. UWA consistently ranks highly in global university rankings, particularly in fields such as agriculture, marine science, and psychology. Its strong industry connections provide students with valuable internship and employment opportunities. Beyond academics, UWA fosters a vibrant student life with numerous clubs, societies, and cultural events. The university’s commitment to innovation and sustainability further solidifies its reputation as a leading institution in the Asia-Pacific region.，办理西澳大学毕业证-UWA毕业证书-毕业证, 办理UWA毕业证, 原版定制西澳大学毕业证-UWA毕业证书-一比一制作, UWA留学本科毕业证, 西澳大学本科毕业证, 购买西澳大学毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, UWA文凭制作, 出售证书-哪里能购买毕业证, 办澳洲西澳大学文凭学历证书

V信83113305：Murdoch University, located in Perth, Western Australia, is a renowned institution known for its innovative research and commitment to student success. Established in 1973, it offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as science, engineering, business, health, and humanities. The university prides itself on its strong industry connections, providing students with practical experience and career opportunities. With a focus on sustainability and social justice, Murdoch is a leader in environmental and agricultural research. Its vibrant campus fosters a multicultural community, welcoming students from over 100 countries. The university’s flexible learning options, including online courses, cater to diverse needs. Murdoch’s dedication to excellence and inclusivity makes it a standout choice for higher education in Australia.，哪里买Murdoch University莫道克大学毕业证|Murdoch University成绩单, 购买莫道克大学成绩单, 正版莫道克大学学历证书学位证书成绩单, 高质Murdoch莫道克大学成绩单办理安全可靠的文凭服务, 办理真实毕业证成绩单留信网认证, 购买莫道克大学毕业证, 莫道克大学成绩单购买, Offer(Murdoch成绩单)莫道克大学如何办理?

V信83113305：The University of New England (UNE), located in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, is a distinguished institution renowned for its commitment to excellence in teaching and research. Established in 1938, UNE has grown into a leading regional university, offering a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as arts, sciences, business, and health. Known for its strong emphasis on distance education, UNE caters to students nationwide and internationally, providing flexible learning options without compromising academic rigor. The university’s picturesque campus, set amidst stunning natural landscapes, fosters a vibrant and inclusive community. With a focus on innovation and student support, UNE consistently ranks highly for student satisfaction. Its research initiatives, particularly in agriculture, environmental science, and rural health, contribute significantly to regional and global challenges. UNE’s blend of tradition and modernity makes it a unique and respected institution in Australia’s higher education landscape.，UNE学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门, 新英格兰大学文凭复刻, UNE新英格兰大学颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 办新英格兰大学毕业证学位证书文凭认证-可查, 新英格兰大学成绩单复刻, UNEdiplomaUNE新英格兰大学挂科处理解决方案, 新英格兰大学成绩单制作

V信83113305：Charles Sturt University (CSU) is a renowned Australian institution known for its commitment to excellence in education, research, and community engagement. Established in 1989 and named after explorer Charles Sturt, the university has campuses across New South Wales, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory. CSU offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs, with strengths in agriculture, environmental science, business, education, and health. The university is celebrated for its innovative online learning platform, making education accessible to students worldwide. With a strong focus on practical experience, CSU emphasizes work-integrated learning and industry partnerships. Its research initiatives address global challenges, particularly in rural and regional communities. CSU’s inclusive ethos and dedication to student success make it a standout choice for learners seeking a transformative academic experience.，办查尔斯特大学毕业证CSU Diploma, 澳洲Charles Sturt University毕业证仪式感|购买查尔斯特大学学位证, 极速办Charles Sturt University查尔斯特大学毕业证Charles Sturt University文凭学历制作, 申请学校!CSU成绩单查尔斯特大学成绩单CSU改成绩, 购买查尔斯特大学毕业证, 留学生买文凭毕业证-查尔斯特大学, 专业办理Charles Sturt University查尔斯特大学成绩单高质学位证书服务, CSU查尔斯特大学毕业证制作代办流程

【V信83113305】：Located in the heart of Italy, the University of Molise (UniMol) is a young yet dynamic institution dedicated to excellence in education and research. Founded in 1982, it serves the Molise region with a focus on interdisciplinary studies, offering programs in fields like agriculture, economics, law, and environmental sciences. Despite its small size, UniMol emphasizes quality over quantity, fostering close student-teacher relationships and innovative research projects. Its campuses in Campobasso and Pesche provide modern facilities amid picturesque landscapes, blending academic rigor with a vibrant student life. Committed to sustainability and regional development, the university collaborates with local industries and international partners, preparing graduates to tackle global challenges. UniMol’s intimate atmosphere and forward-thinking approach make it a hidden gem in Italy’s higher education landscape.，办理Università degli Studi del MOLISE大学毕业证-莫利塞大学, 如何办理UNIMOL莫利塞大学学历学位证, 办理莫利塞大学毕业证-UNIMOL毕业证书-毕业证, UNIMOL留学成绩单毕业证, Università degli Studi del MOLISE文凭毕业证丢失怎么购买, UNIMOL毕业证文凭-莫利塞大学毕业证, 挂科办理Università degli Studi del MOLISE莫利塞大学毕业证本科学位证书, UNIMOL文凭办理

V信83113305：The University of Southern Queensland (UniSQ) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in Queensland, Australia, renowned for its commitment to excellence in teaching, research, and community engagement. With campuses in Toowoomba, Springfield, and Ipswich, UniSQ offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as business, engineering, health, arts, and sciences. The university is particularly recognized for its strong focus on flexible learning, including online and blended education, making it accessible to students worldwide. UniSQ prides itself on its research contributions, particularly in agriculture, environmental sciences, and regional development, addressing global challenges while supporting local communities. Its state-of-the-art facilities and industry partnerships ensure students gain practical experience and employability skills. With a vibrant multicultural environment and a strong emphasis on student support, UniSQ fosters a welcoming and inclusive atmosphere, empowering graduates to succeed in their careers and make meaningful societal impacts.，澳洲毕业证学历认证, 办南昆士兰大学毕业证USQ-university, 挂科办理University of Southern Queensland南昆士兰大学学历学位证, Offer(USQ成绩单)USQ南昆士兰大学如何办理?, 办南昆士兰大学成绩单, 极速办南昆士兰大学毕业证USQ文凭学历制作, 办南昆士兰大学毕业证USQ Diploma