Agricultural Engineering Quotes

When we say that the ancestors of the Blacks, who today live mainly in Black Africa, were the first to invent mathematics, astronomy, the calendar, sciences in general, arts, religion, agriculture, social organization, medicine, writing, technique, architecture; that they were the first to erect buildings out of 6 million tons of stone (the Great Pyramid) as architects and engineers—not simply as unskilled laborers; that they built the immense temple of Karnak, that forest of columns with its famed hypostyle hall large enough to hold Notre-Dame and its towers; that they sculpted the first colossal statues (Colossi of Memnon, etc.)—when we say all that we are merely expressing the plain unvarnished truth that no one today can refute by arguments worthy of the name.

True, hundreds of millions may nevertheless go on believing in Islam, Christianity or Hinduism. But numbers alone don’t count for much in history. History is often shaped by small groups of forward-looking innovators rather than by the backward-looking masses. Ten thousand years ago most people were hunter-gatherers and only a few pioneers in the Middle East were farmers. Yet the future belonged to the farmers. In 1850 more than 90 per cent of humans were peasants, and in the small villages along the Ganges, the Nile and the Yangtze nobody knew anything about steam engines, railroads or telegraph lines. Yet the fate of those peasants had already been sealed in Manchester and Birmingham by the handful of engineers, politicians and financiers who spearheaded the Industrial Revolution. Steam engines, railroads and telegraphs transformed the production of food, textiles, vehicles and weapons, giving industrial powers a decisive edge over traditional agricultural societies.

Ethan’s love of nature did not take the form of a taste for agriculture. He had always wanted to be an engineer, and to live in towns, where there were lectures and big libraries and “fellows doing things.

The Stetson passage is an allusion to Frazer theory in The Golden Bough that religion originated as agricultural engineering. Through a grotesque process of literalization, all of the dying gods and heroes in The Golden Bough, along with Christ and the Fisher King, are transferred from mythic to modern consciousness ( Frazer himself was an unabashed positivist) to be made explicable in scientific terms as fertilizer.

The modern chicken is both a technological triumph and a poster child for all that is sad and nightmarish about our industrial agriculture. The most engineered creature in history is also the world’s most commonly mistreated animal.

Humboldt was the first to relate colonialism to the devastation of the environment. Again and again, his thoughts returned to nature as a complex web of life but also to man’s place within it. At the Rio Apure, he had seen the devastation caused by the Spanish who had tried to control the annual flooding by building a dam. To make matters worse, they had also felled the trees that had held the riverbanks together like ‘a very tight wall’ with the result that the raging river carried more land away each year. On the high plateau of Mexico City, Humboldt had observed how a lake that fed the local irrigation system had shrunk into a shallow puddle, leaving the valleys beneath barren. Everywhere in the world, Humboldt said, water engineers were guilty of such short-sighted follies. He debated nature, ecological issues, imperial power and politics in relation to each other. He criticized unjust land distribution, monocultures, violence against tribal groups and indigenous work conditions – all powerfully relevant issues today. As a former mining inspector, Humboldt had a unique insight into the environmental and economic consequences of the exploitation of nature’s riches. He questioned Mexico’s dependence on cash crops and mining, for example, because it bound the country to fluctuating international market prices. ‘The only capital,’ he said, that ‘increases with time, consists in the produce of agriculture’. All problems in the colonies, he was certain, were the result of the ‘imprudent activities of the Europeans’.

During the peak of animal use for agriculture in Britain and the United States, which surprisingly occurred as late as ca. 1915 (even though mobile steam engines had existed for fifty years and gasoline-powered tractors were already available), a full third of cultivated land was committed to the upkeep of horses.

Thus, the distinction between “natural” and “unnatural” has been obscured. Red grapefruits created by neutron radiation, seedless watermelons produced with the chemical compound colchicine, apple orchards in which every tree is a perfect genetic clone of its neighbors—none of these aspects of modern agriculture is natural. Yet most of us eat these foods without complaint.

Ireland, like Ukraine, is a largely rural country which suffers from its proximity to a more powerful industrialised neighbour. Ireland’s contribution to the history of tractors is the genius engineer Harry Ferguson, who was born in 1884, near Belfast. Ferguson was a clever and mischievous man, who also had a passion for aviation. It is said that he was the first man in Great Britain to build and fly his own aircraft in 1909. But he soon came to believe that improving efficiency of food production would be his unique service to mankind. Harry Ferguson’s first two-furrow plough was attached to the chassis of the Ford Model T car converted into a tractor, aptly named Eros. This plough was mounted on the rear of the tractor, and through ingenious use of balance springs it could be raised or lowered by the driver using a lever beside his seat. Ford, meanwhile, was developing its own tractors. The Ferguson design was more advanced, and made use of hydraulic linkage, but Ferguson knew that despite his engineering genius, he could not achieve his dream on his own. He needed a larger company to produce his design. So he made an informal agreement with Henry Ford, sealed only by a handshake. This Ford-Ferguson partnership gave to the world a new type of Fordson tractor far superior to any that had been known before, and the precursor of all modern-type tractors. However, this agreement by a handshake collapsed in 1947 when Henry Ford II took over the empire of his father, and started to produce a new Ford 8N tractor, using the Ferguson system. Ferguson’s open and cheerful nature was no match for the ruthless mentality of the American businessman. The matter was decided in court in 1951. Ferguson claimed $240 million, but was awarded only $9.25 million. Undaunted in spirit, Ferguson had a new idea. He approached the Standard Motor Company at Coventry with a plan, to adapt the Vanguard car for use as tractor. But this design had to be modified, because petrol was still rationed in the post-war period. The biggest challenge for Ferguson was the move from petrol-driven to diesel-driven engines and his success gave rise to the famous TE-20, of which more than half a million were built in the UK. Ferguson will be remembered for bringing together two great engineering stories of our time, the tractor and the family car, agriculture and transport, both of which have contributed so richly to the well-being of mankind.

think of climate change as slow, but it is unnervingly fast. We think of the technological change necessary to avert it as fast-arriving, but unfortunately it is deceptively slow—especially judged by just how soon we need it. This is what Bill McKibben means when he says that winning slowly is the same as losing: “If we don’t act quickly, and on a global scale, then the problem will literally become insoluble,” he writes. “The decisions we make in 2075 won’t matter.” Innovation, in many cases, is the easy part. This is what the novelist William Gibson meant when he said, “The future is already here, it just isn’t evenly distributed.” Gadgets like the iPhone, talismanic for technologists, give a false picture of the pace of adaptation. To a wealthy American or Swede or Japanese, the market penetration may seem total, but more than a decade after its introduction, the device is used by less than 10 percent of the world; for all smartphones, even the “cheap” ones, the number is somewhere between a quarter and a third. Define the technology in even more basic terms, as “cell phones” or “the internet,” and you get a timeline to global saturation of at least decades—of which we have two or three, in which to completely eliminate carbon emissions, planetwide. According to the IPCC, we have just twelve years to cut them in half. The longer we wait, the harder it will be. If we had started global decarbonization in 2000, when Al Gore narrowly lost election to the American presidency, we would have had to cut emissions by only about 3 percent per year to stay safely under two degrees of warming. If we start today, when global emissions are still growing, the necessary rate is 10 percent. If we delay another decade, it will require us to cut emissions by 30 percent each year. This is why U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres believes we have only one year to change course and get started. The scale of the technological transformation required dwarfs any achievement that has emerged from Silicon Valley—in fact dwarfs every technological revolution ever engineered in human history, including electricity and telecommunications and even the invention of agriculture ten thousand years ago. It dwarfs them by definition, because it contains all of them—every single one needs to be replaced at the root, since every single one breathes on carbon, like a ventilator.

India is a land where contradictions will continue to abound, because there are many Indias that are being transformed, with different levels of intensity, by different forces of globalization. Each of these Indias is responding to them in different ways. Consider these coexisting examples of progress and status quo: India is a nuclear-capable state that still cannot build roads that will survive their first monsoon. It has eradicated smallpox through the length and breadth of the country, but cannot stop female foeticide and infanticide. It is a country that managed to bring about what it called the ‘green revolution’, which heralded food grain self-sufficiency for a nation that relied on external food aid and yet, it easily has the most archaic land and agricultural laws in the world, with no sign of anyone wanting to reform them any time soon. It has hundreds of millions of people who subsist on less that a dollar a day, but who vote astutely and punish political parties ruthlessly. It has an independent judiciary that once set aside even Indira Gandhi’s election to parliament and yet, many members of parliament have criminal records and still contest and win elections from prison. India is a significant exporter of intellectual capital to the rest of the world—that capital being spawned in a handful of world class institutions of engineering, science and management. Yet it is a country with primary schools of pathetic quality and where retaining children in school is a challenge. India truly is an equal opportunity employer of women leaders in politics, but it took over fifty years to recognize that domestic violence is a crime and almost as long to get tough with bride burning. It is the IT powerhouse of the world, the harbinger of the offshore services revolution that is changing the business paradigms of the developed world. But regrettably, it is also the place where there is a yawning digital divide.

Greatest engineering achievements of 20th century ranked by National Academy of Engineering: 1. Electrification 2. Automobile 3. Airplane 4. Water supply and distribution 5. Electronics 6. Radio and Television 7. Mechanization of agriculture 8. Computers 9. The telephone system 10. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 11. Highways 12. Spacecraft 13. The Internet 14. Imaging 15. Household appliances 16. Health technologies 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies 18. Lasers and Fiber-optics 19. Nuclear technologies 20. High performance materials

The revolution caused by the sharing of experience and the spread of knowledge had begun. The Chinese, a thousand years ago, gave it further impetus by devising mechanical means of reproducing such marks in great numbers. In Europe, Johann Gutenberg independently, though much later, developed the technique of printing from movable type. Today, our libraries, the descendants of those mud tablets, can be regarded as immense communal brains, memorising far more than any one human brain could hold. More than that, they can be seen as extra-corporeal DNA, adjuncts to our genetic inheritance as important and influential in determining the way we behave as the chromosomes in our tissues are in determining the physical shape of our bodies. It was this accumulated wisdom that eventually enabled us to devise ways of escaping the dictates of the environment. Our knowledge of agricultural techniques and mechanical devices, of medicine and engineering, of mathematics and space travel, all depend on stored experience. Cut off from our libraries and all they represent and marooned on a desert island, any one of us would be quickly reduced to the life of a hunter-gatherer.

In terms of literary history, the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 is seen as a landmark. The volume contains many of the best-known Romantic poems. The second edition in 1800 contained a Preface in which Wordsworth discusses the theories of poetry which were to be so influential on many of his and Coleridge's contemporaries. The Preface represents a poetic manifesto which is very much in the spirit of the age. The movement towards greater freedom and democracy in political and social affairs is paralleled by poetry which sought to overturn the existing regime and establish a new, more 'democratic' poetic order. To do this, the writers used 'the real language of men' (Preface to Lyrical Ballads) and even, in the case of Byron and Shelley, got directly involved in political activities themselves. The Romantic age in literature is often contrasted with the Classical or Augustan age which preceded it. The comparison is valuable, for it is not simply two different attitudes to literature which are being compared but two different ways of seeing and experiencing life. The Classical or Augustan age of the early and mid-eighteenth century stressed the importance of reason and order. Strong feelings and flights of the imagination had to be controlled (although they were obviously found widely, especially in poetry). The swift improvements in medicine, economics, science and engineering, together with rapid developments in both agricultural and industrial technology, suggested human progress on a grand scale. At the centre of these advances towards a perfect society was mankind, and it must have seemed that everything was within man's grasp if his baser, bestial instincts could be controlled. The Classical temperament trusts reason, intellect, and the head. The Romantic temperament prefers feelings, intuition, and the heart.

Technology depends on religion because every invention has many potential applications, and the engineers need some prophet to make the crucial choices and point towards the required destination. Thus in the nineteenth century engineers invented locomotives, radios and internal combustion engines. But as the twentieth century proved, you can use these very same tools to create fascist societies, communist dictatorships and liberal democracies. Without religious convictions, the locomotives cannot decide which way to go. On the other hand, technology often defines the scope and limits of our religious visions, like a waiter that demarcates our appetites by handing us a menu. New technologies kill old gods and give birth to new gods. That’s why agricultural deities were different from hunter-gatherer spirits, why factory hands fantasised about different paradises than peasants and why the revolutionary technologies of the twenty-first century are far more likely to spawn unprecedented religious movements than to revive medieval creeds. Islamic

When we mix a practical ability to engineer minds with our ignorance of the mental spectrum and with the narrow interests of governments, armies and corporations, we get a recipe for trouble. We may successfully upgrade our bodies and our brains, while losing our minds in the process. Indeed, techno-humanism may end up downgrading humans. The system may prefer downgraded humans not because they would possess any superhuman knacks, but because they would lack some really disturbing human qualities that hamper the system and slow it down. As any farmer knows, it’s usually the brightest goat in the flock that stirs up the most trouble, which is why the Agricultural Revolution involved downgrading animals’ mental abilities. The second cognitive revolution, dreamed up by techno-humanists, might do the same to us, producing human cogs who communicate and process data far more effectively than ever before, but who can hardly pay attention, dream or doubt. For millions of years we were enhanced chimpanzees. In the future, we may become oversized ants.

In other words, the average forager had wider, deeper and more varied knowledge of her immediate surroundings than most of her modern descendants. Today, most people in industrial societies don’t need to know much about the natural world in order to survive. What do you really need to know in order to get by as a computer engineer, an insurance agent, a history teacher or a factory worker? You need to know a lot about your own tiny field of expertise, but for the vast majority of life’s necessities you rely blindly on the help of other experts, whose own knowledge is also limited to a tiny field of expertise. The human collective knows far more today than did the ancient bands. But at the individual level, ancient foragers were the most knowledgeable and skilful people in history. There is some evidence that the size of the average Sapiens brain has actually decreased since the age of foraging.5 Survival in that era required superb mental abilities from everyone. When agriculture and industry came along people could increasingly rely on the skills of others for survival, and new ‘niches for imbeciles’ were opened up. You could survive and pass your unremarkable genes to the next generation by working as a water carrier or an assembly-line worker.

HISTORICAL NOTE There are no nuclear power stations in Belarus. Of the functioning stations in the territory of the former USSR, the ones closest to Belarus are of the old Soviet-designed RBMK type. To the north, the Ignalinsk station, to the east, the Smolensk station, and to the south, Chernobyl. On April 26, 1986, at 1:23:58, a series of explosions destroyed the reactor in the building that housed Energy Block #4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. The catastrophe at Chernobyl became the largest technological disaster of the twentieth century. For tiny Belarus (population: 10 million), it was a national disaster. During the Second World War, the Nazis destroyed 619 Belarussian villages along with their inhabitants. As a result of Chernobyl, the country lost 485 villages and settlements. Of these, 70 have been forever buried underground. During the war, one out of every four Belarussians was killed; today, one out of every five Belarussians lives on contaminated land. This amounts to 2.1 million people, of whom 700,000 are children. Among the demographic factors responsible for the depopulation of Belarus, radiation is number one. In the Gomel and Mogilev regions, which suffered the most from Chernobyl, mortality rates exceed birth rates by 20%. As a result of the accident, 50 million Ci of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere. Seventy percent of these descended on Belarus; fully 23% of its territory is contaminated by cesium-137 radionuclides with a density of over 1 Ci/km2. Ukraine on the other hand has 4.8% of its territory contaminated, and Russia, 0.5%. The area of arable land with a density of more than 1 Ci/km2 is over 18 million hectares; 2.4 thousand hectares have been taken out of the agricultural economy. Belarus is a land of forests. But 26% of all forests and a large part of all marshes near the rivers Pripyat, Dniepr, and Sozh are considered part of the radioactive zone. As a result of the perpetual presence of small doses of radiation, the number of people with cancer, mental retardation, neurological disorders, and genetic mutations increases with each year. —“Chernobyl.” Belaruskaya entsiklopedia On April 29, 1986, instruments recorded high levels of radiation in Poland, Germany, Austria, and Romania. On April 30, in Switzerland and northern Italy. On May 1 and 2, in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and northern Greece. On May 3, in Israel, Kuwait, and Turkey. . . . Gaseous airborne particles traveled around the globe: on May 2 they were registered in Japan, on May 5 in India, on May 5 and 6 in the U.S. and Canada. It took less than a week for Chernobyl to become a problem for the entire world. —“The Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident in Belarus.” Minsk, Sakharov International College on Radioecology The fourth reactor, now known as the Cover, still holds about twenty tons of nuclear fuel in its lead-and-metal core. No one knows what is happening with it. The sarcophagus was well made, uniquely constructed, and the design engineers from St. Petersburg should probably be proud. But it was constructed in absentia, the plates were put together with the aid of robots and helicopters, and as a result there are fissures. According to some figures, there are now over 200 square meters of spaces and cracks, and radioactive particles continue to escape through them . . . Might the sarcophagus collapse? No one can answer that question, since it’s still impossible to reach many of the connections and constructions in order to see if they’re sturdy. But everyone knows that if the Cover were to collapse, the consequences would be even more dire than they were in 1986. —Ogonyok magazine, No. 17, April 1996

Every time we sit down to breakfast, we are likely to be benefiting from a dozen such prehistoric inventions. Who was the first person to figure out that you could make bread rise by the addition of those microorganisms we call yeasts? We have no idea, but we can be almost certain she was a woman and would most likely not be considered ‘white’ if she tried to immigrate to a European country today; and we definitely know her achievement continues to enrich the lives of billions of people. What we also know is that such discoveries were, again, based on centuries of accumulated knowledge and experimentation – recall how the basic principles of agriculture were known long before anyone applied them systematically – and that the results of such experiments were often preserved and transmitted through ritual, games and forms of play (or even more, perhaps, at the point where ritual, games and play shade into each other). ‘Gardens of Adonis’ are a fitting symbol here. Knowledge about the nutritious properties and growth cycles of what would later become staple crops, feeding vast populations – wheat, rice, corn – was initially maintained through ritual play farming of exactly this sort. Nor was this pattern of discovery limited to crops. Ceramics were first invented, long before the Neolithic, to make figurines, miniature models of animals and other subjects, and only later cooking and storage vessels. Mining is first attested as a way of obtaining minerals to be used as pigments, with the extraction of metals for industrial use coming only much later. Mesoamerican societies never employed wheeled transport; but we know they were familiar with spokes, wheels and axles since they made toy versions of them for children. Greek scientists famously came up with the principle of the steam engine, but only employed it to make temple doors that appeared to open of their own accord, or similar theatrical illusions. Chinese scientists, equally famously, first employed gunpowder for fireworks.

Two nights after the Chaworth ball, Gabriel practiced at the billiards table in the private apartments above Jenner's. The luxurious rooms, which had once been occupied by his parents in the earlier days of their marriage, were now reserved for the convenience of the Challon family. Raphael, one of his younger brothers, usually lived at the club, but at the moment was on an overseas trip to America. He'd gone to source and purchase a large quantity of dressed pine timber on behalf of a Challon-owned railway construction company. American pine, for its toughness and elasticity, was used as transom ties for railways, and it was in high demand now that native British timber was in scarce supply. The club wasn't the same without Raphael's carefree presence, but spending time alone here was better than the well-ordered quietness of his terrace at Queen's Gate. Gabriel relished the comfortably masculine atmosphere, spiced with scents of expensive liquor, pipe smoke, oiled Morocco leather upholstery, and the acrid pungency of green baize cloth. The fragrance never failed to remind him of the occasions in his youth when he had accompanied his father to the club. For years, the duke had gone almost weekly to Jenner's to meet with managers and look over the account ledgers. His wife Evie had inherited it from her father, Ivo Jenner, a former professional boxer. The club was an inexhaustible financial engine, its vast profits having enabled the duke to improve his agricultural estates and properties, and accumulate a sprawling empire of investments. Gaming was against the law, of course, but half of Parliament were members of Jenner's, which had made it virtually exempt from prosecution. Visiting Jenner's with his father had been exciting for a sheltered boy. There had always been new things to see and learn, and the men Gabriel had encountered were very different from the respectable servants and tenants on the estate. The patrons and staff at the club had used coarse language and told bawdy jokes, and taught him card tricks and flourishes. Sometimes Gabriel had perched on a tall stool at a circular hazard table to watch high-stakes play, with his father's arm draped casually across his shoulders. Tucked safely against the duke's side, Gabriel had seen men win or lose entire fortunes in a single night, all on the tumble of dice.

propose that we consider our farmers on a spectrum, let’s say, of agrarianism. On one end of the spectrum we have farmers like James, interested in producing the finest foodstuffs that they can, given the soil, the climate, the water, the budget, and their talent. They observe how efficacious or not their efforts are proving, and they adapt accordingly. Variety is one of the keys to this technique, eschewing the corporate monocultures for a revolving set of plants and animals, again, to mimic what was already happening on the land before we showed up with our earth-shaving machinery. It’s tough as hell, and in many cases impossible, to farm this way and earn enough profit to keep your bills paid and your family fed, but these farmers do exist. On the other end of the spectrum is full-speed-ahead robo-farming, in which the farmer is following the instructions of the corporation to produce not food but commodities in such a way that the corporation sits poised to make the maximum financial profit. Now, this is the part that has always fascinated me about us as a population: This kind of farmer is doing all they can to make their factory quota for the company, of grain, or meat, or what have you, despite their soil, climate, water, budget, or talent. It only stands to reason that this methodology is the very definition of unsustainable. Clearly, this is an oversimplification of an issue that requires as much of my refrain (nuance!) as any other human endeavor, but the broad strokes are hard to refute. The first farmer is doing their best to work with nature. The second farmer is doing their best despite nature. In order for the second farmer to prosper, they must defeat nature. A great example of this is the factory farming of beef/pork/chicken/eggs/turkey/salmon/etc. The manufacturers of these products have done everything they can to take the process out of nature entirely and hide it in a shed, where every step of the production has been engineered to make a profit; to excel at quantity. I know you’re a little bit ahead of me here, but I’ll go ahead and ask the obvious question: What of quality? If you’re willing to degrade these many lives with impunity—the lives of the animals themselves, the workers “growing” them, the neighbors having to suffer the voluminous poisons being pumped into the ecosystem/watershed, and the humans consuming your products—then what are you about? Can that even be considered farming? Again, I’m asking this of us. Of you and me, because what I have just described is the way a lot of our food is produced right now, in the system that we all support with our dollars. How did we get here, in both the US and the UK? How can we change our national stance toward agriculture to accommodate more middle-size farmers and less factory farms? How would Aldo Leopold feel about it?

Modern natural science experiences the emerging of seeds as a chemical process that is interpolated in terms of the grinding gears of the mechanistically viewed interaction between seeds, the condition of the soil, and thermal radiation. In this situation, the modern mind sees only mechanistic cause- and-effect relationships within chemical procedures that have particular effects following upon them. Modern natural science—chemistry no less than physics, biology no less than physics and chemistry—are and remain, so long as they exist, ‘mechanistic.’ Additionally, ‘dynamics’ is a mechanics of ‘power.’ How else could modern [89] natural science ‘verify’ itself in ‘technology’ (as one says)? The technical efficaciousness and applicability of modern natural science is not, however, the subsequent proof of the ‘truth’ of science: rather, the practical technology of modern natural science is itself only possible because modern natural science as a whole, in its metaphysical essence, is itself already merely an application of ‘technology,’ where ‘technology’ means here something other than only what engineers bring about. The oft-quoted saying of Goethe’s—namely, that the fruitful alone is the true—is already nihilism. Indeed, when the time comes when we no longer merely fiddle around with artworks and literature in terms of their value for education or intellectual history, we should perhaps examine our so-called ‘classics’ more closely. Moreover, Goethe’s view of nature is in its essence no different from Newton’s; the former depends along with the latter on the ground of modern (and especially Leibnizian) metaphysics, which one finds present in every object and every process available to us living today. The fact that we, however, when considering a seed, still see how something closed emerges and, as emerging, comes forth, may seem insubstantial, outdated, and half-poetic compared to the perspective of the objective determination and explanation belonging to the modern understanding of the germination process. The agricultural chemist, but also the modern physicist, have, as the saying goes, ‘nothing to do’ with φύσις. Indeed, it would be a fool’s errand even to try to persuade them that they could have ‘something to do’ with the Greek experience of φύσις. Now, the Greek essence of φύσις is in no way a generalization of what those today would consider the naïve experience of the emerging of seeds and flowers and the emergence of the sun. Rather, to the contrary, the original experience of emerging and of coming-forth from out of the concealed and veiled is the relation to the ‘light’ in whose luminance the [90] seed and the flower are first grasped in their emerging, and in which is seen the manner by which the seed ‘is’ in the sprouting, and the flower ‘is’ in the blooming.

Modern natural science experiences the emerging of seeds as a chemical process that is interpolated in terms of the grinding gears of the mechanistically viewed interaction between seeds, the condition of the soil, and thermal radiation. In this situation, the modern mind sees only mechanistic cause- and-effect relationships within chemical procedures that have particular effects following upon them. Modern natural science—chemistry no less than physics, biology no less than physics and chemistry—are and remain, so long as they exist, ‘mechanistic.’ Additionally, ‘dynamics’ is a mechanics of ‘power.’ How else could modern natural science ‘verify’ itself in ‘technology’ (as one says)? The technical efficaciousness and applicability of modern natural science is not, however, the subsequent proof of the ‘truth’ of science: rather, the practical technology of modern natural science is itself only possible because modern natural science as a whole, in its metaphysical essence, is itself already merely an application of ‘technology,’ where ‘technology’ means here something other than only what engineers bring about. The oft-quoted saying of Goethe’s—namely, that the fruitful alone is the true—is already nihilism. Indeed, when the time comes when we no longer merely fiddle around with artworks and literature in terms of their value for education or intellectual history, we should perhaps examine our so-called ‘classics’ more closely. Moreover, Goethe’s view of nature is in its essence no different from Newton’s; the former depends along with the latter on the ground of modern (and especially Leibnizian) metaphysics, which one finds present in every object and every process available to us living today. The fact that we, however, when considering a seed, still see how something closed emerges and, as emerging, comes forth, may seem insubstantial, outdated, and half-poetic compared to the perspective of the objective determination and explanation belonging to the modern understanding of the germination process. The agricultural chemist, but also the modern physicist, have, as the saying goes, ‘nothing to do’ with φύσις. Indeed, it would be a fool’s errand even to try to persuade them that they could have ‘something to do’ with the Greek experience of φύσις. Now, the Greek essence of φύσις is in no way a generalization of what those today would consider the naïve experience of the emerging of seeds and flowers and the emergence of the sun. Rather, to the contrary, the original experience of emerging and of coming-forth from out of the concealed and veiled is the relation to the ‘light’ in whose luminance the seed and the flower are first grasped in their emerging, and in which is seen the manner by which the seed ‘is’ in the sprouting, and the flower ‘is’ in the blooming.

Dr. Sarah Jackson says that Black women’s sexuality and motherhood have been part of public discourse since slavery, when our reproduction was an integral part of the economy, like the livestock that kept the agricultural engine going.12 People were as inclined to talk about Black women birthing babies as they were cows bearing calves. And, like those cows, Black women were viewed as uncivilized and unintentional breeders. The institution of slavery required a voluntary blindness to the idea of Black family. No doubt this history influences the medical care (or lack thereof) Black women receive when pregnant, as well as how they are viewed as mothers. “If you’re treating a group of people like animals, you have to believe that they’re not capable of making the same emotional bonds with their children that you are. Otherwise, you might feel bad about selling their children off down the river,” Jackson says.

In the following years, Andrew remained at his father’s side, assisting in the farm work and livestock breeding and continuing his experiments with ostensibly labor-saving agricultural contraptions. That phase of his life came to an end with the close of the century. In 1898, the sixty-five-year-old Philip took his third wife, a widow named Frances Murphy Wilder, twenty-five years his junior. Not long afterward, Andrew left home. Despite the best efforts of researchers, little is known about the next eight years of Andrew Kehoe’s life. Census records show that, in 1900, he lived in a boardinghouse in Ann Arbor and worked as a “dairyman.”17 At some point—at least according to his claims—he enrolled at the Michigan State Agricultural College in East Lansing. Founded in 1855 as the nation’s first educational institution devoted to “instruction and practice in agriculture, horticulture and the sciences directly bearing upon successful farming,” the college (which later evolved into Michigan State University) gradually expanded its curriculum to include training in mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering, Kehoe’s alleged major.18 Sometime during this period, he evidently made his way to Iowa and found work as a lineman, stringing electrical wire. He also seems to have spent time in St. Louis, attending an electrical school while employed as an electrician for the city park.19 Family members would later report that, while residing in Missouri, he suffered a serious head injury: “a severe fall” that left him “semi-conscious for nearly two months.”20

LOVE IS THE FIRST CHEMISTRY; WAR IS THE FIRST HISTORY; DISCOVERY IS THE FIRST GEOGRAPHY; NATURE IS THE FIRST LANGUAGE; AGRICULTURE IS THE FIRST SCIENCE; BUSINESS IS THE FIRST MATHEMATICS; CULTURE IS THE FIRST ZOOLOGY; LAW IS THE FIRST PHYSICS; MEDICINE IS THE FIRST BIOLOGY; ENGINEERING IS THE FIRST EDUCATION; RELIGION IS THE FIRST GOD

Disruption of societies and human lives by new technologies is an old story. Agriculture, gunpowder, steel, the car, the steam engine, the internal-combustion engine, and manned flight all forced wholesale shifts in the ways in which humans live, eat, make money, or fight each other for control of resources. This time, though, Moore’s Law is leading the pace of change and innovation to increase exponentially.

engineering projects could have benefits beyond infrastructure, namely providing access to better education, jobs, agriculture, and health.

We know that if engineers, scientists or doctors are paid ten or a hundred times more than a labourer, and if a weaver earns three times more than an agricultural labourer, and ten times more than a girl in a match factory, it is not by reason of their 'cost of production', but by reason of a monopoly of education, or a monopoly of industry. Engineers, scientists and doctors merely exploit their capital - their diplomas - as middle-class employers exploit a factory, or as nobles used to exploit their titles of nobility.

Ever since I found, at age sixteen, the treatise in the agricultural engineer’s house, I hadn’t stopped wondering what it would have been like to be born as a mite or a louse, or one of the billions of polyps on coral reefs. I would have lived without knowing that I lived, my life would have been a moment of obscure agitation, with pains and pleasures and contacts and alarms and urges, far from thought and far from consciousness, in some abject hole, in a blind dot, in total oblivion. “But that is what I am, it is,” I suddenly found myself saying out loud. This is what we all are, blind mites stumbling along our piece of dust in an unknown, irrational infinity, in the horrible dead end of this world. We think we have access to the logical-mathematical structure of the world, but we continue to live without self-consciousness and without understanding, digging tunnels through the skin of God, causing him nothing but fits and irritation.

It is implicit in the idea of the agricultural engineering students... that their farm of the future would require the blending of human values. To propose to blend the farm with human values is simply to propose that it has no human values. That human values have been removed from it. The analogy is not accidental I think between this blending with human values and  the enrichment of bread after the nutrients have been removed from the wheat. If human values are removed from production, how can they be preserved in consumption? How can we value our lives if we devalue them in making a living? If we do not live where we work and when we work, we are wasting our lives, and our work too.

In the early 1900s, Soviet agronomist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov discovered a strange phenomenon: weeds in crop fields sometimes begin to look like the crop themselves. Original rye plants, he realized, looked nothing like the plump grain that by then was a staple crop in Russia. It was a scraggly, inedible weed. Rye, he realized, had performed an incredible trick of mimicry. Early wheat farmers, weeding by hand, pulled out and discarded the rye-weed to keep their planted crops healthy. So, to survive, a few rye plants took on a form more similar to wheat. Farmers still extricated the pesky rye, when they could spot it. This selective pressure molded the rye to evolve to trick a farmer’s discerning eye. In this case, only the best impressionists survived. Eventually, the rye became so excellent a mimic that it became a crop itself. “Vavilovian mimicry” is now a basic fact of agriculture.* Oats are a product of the same process; they also got their start mimicking wheat. In rice paddies, the weed known as barnyard grass is indistinguishable from the rice at the seedling stage. Recent genetic analysis found that this weed began to change its architecture to match the rice about a thousand years ago, when rice cultivation in Asia was well underway. In lentil fields, common vetch is a ubiquitous weed that masterfully redesigned its previously spherical seeds to be the same flat, round disc shape as lentils themselves. In that case, the plant needed not to trick a farmer’s eye but rather make itself impossible to eliminate from the mechanical threshing process. Winnowing machines simply could not tell the difference between a vetch and a lentil. Weed genomicist Scott McElroy argues that modern herbicide-resistant plants are actually just engaging in Vavilovian mimicry at the biochemical level; they are mimicking the crop plants that have been conveniently engineered to tolerate the herbicide.

Egypt was a precious possession, its fertility always one of its principal attractions to predators. The Greeks had not sought to deplete the country’s assets, but under the Romans the agricultural prosperity of Egypt diminished as its wealth, particularly its corn, was shipped back to feed the ever-increasing demands of the population in Rome. In return, the Romans did what they were good at: set their armies and engineers to improving connections and restoring and extending the crucial irrigation that brought more land into use – land which would feed Rome.

Japan, a country that had done its best to have no contact with strangers and to seal out the rest of the world. Its economy and politics were dominated by feudal agriculture and a Confucian hierarchical social structure, and they were steadily declining. Merchants were the lowest social class, and trading with foreigners was actually forbidden except for limited contact with China and the Dutch. But then Japan had an unexpected encounter with a stranger—Commodore Matthew Perry—who burst in on July 8, 1853, demanding that Japan’s ports be open to America for trade and insisting on better treatment for shipwrecked sailors. His demands were rebuffed, but Perry came back a year later with a bigger fleet and more firepower. He explained to the Japanese the virtues of trading with other countries, and eventually they signed the Treaty of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, opening the Japanese market to foreign trade and ending two hundred years of near isolation. The encounter shocked the Japanese political elites, forcing them to realize just how far behind the United States and other Western nations Japan had fallen in military technology. This realization set in motion an internal revolution that toppled the Tokugawa Shogunate, which had ruled Tokyo in the name of the emperor since 1603, and brought Emperor Meiji, and a coalition of reformers, in his place. They chose adaptation by learning from those who had defeated them. They launched a political, economic, and social transformation of Japan, based on the notion that if they wanted to be as strong as the West they had to break from their current cultural norms and make a wholesale adoption of Western science, technology, engineering, education, art, literature, and even clothing and architecture. It turned out to be more difficult than they thought, but the net result was that by the late nineteenth century Japan had built itself into a major industrial power with the heft to not only reverse the unequal economic treaties imposed on it by Western powers but actually defeat one of those powers—Russia—in a war in 1905. The Meiji Restoration made Japan not only more resilient but also more powerful.

It made the sheer incompetence of my colleagues at the research creamery in Anand even more intolerable to me. I could see that they had no interest in doing anything, not even the most elementary of jobs. They employed twenty people to run two small roller-dryers when in any other country twenty such roller-dryers were run by one man. I was the new dairy engineer to the Government of India Research Creamery and I realised very soon that I had no work at all. My frustration at this deadening job began rising and I started to write to the Ministry of Agriculture in Delhi every month, submitting my resignation, saying that I was drawing a salary of Rs 350 for doing no work and instead of wasting government money I should be allowed to go. After some eight months of this they must have felt that I was becoming a nuisance and they finally wrote back accepting my resignation.

Like the legends of Kon-Tiki Viracocha [...], the South American civilizing hero, white-skinned and bearded like Quetzalcoatl and the Apkallu sages [...], who was said to have come to the Andes during a terrifying period, thousands of years in the past, "when the earth had been inundated by a great flood and plunged into darkness by the disappearance of the sun." (Exactly like Quetzalcoatl in Mexico, and the Apkallu sages in Mesopotamia, Viracocha's civilizing mission in the Andes had been to bring laws and a moral code to the survivors of the disaster, and to teach them the skills of agriculture, architecture and engineering.

The fullest account we have of Oannes is found in surviving fragments of the works of a Babylonian priest called Berossos who wrote in the third century BC. [...] Oannes did not do his work alone but was supposedly the leader of a group of beings known as the Seven Apkallu--the "Seven Sages"--who were said to have lived "before the flood" (a cataclysmic global deluge features prominently in many Mesopotamian traditions, including those of Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylon). Alongside Oannes, these sages are portrayed as bringers of civilization who, in the most ancient past, gave humanity a moral code, arts, crafts and agriculture and taught them architectural, building and engineering skills.

The model of engineering is mechanical: the model of agriculture resembles the Socratic method. The engineer imposes forms on nature understood as a stockpile of energies and materials; the farmer accompanies the deployment of a natural form of which he is not the maker.

The Philippines has the most beautiful rice plantations in the world-the Ifugao rice terraces. Hand carved thousands of years ago on mountains upon mountains in northern Luzon, this seemingly endless view of rice terraces is not only truly breathtaking, but also an awesome agricultural and engineering feat.

I think you know how it works, Senator. The big chemical companies fill the coffers of one of your colleagues who is a lawmaker from an agricultural state such as, well, let’s take Iowa, for example, and the lawmaker recommends the president to install industry executives in high positions, such as the head of the FDA or the EPA, and, this way, the industry can approve its own products without safety testing.

...erosion control in Japan is like a game of chess. The forest engineer, after studying his eroding valley, makes his first move, locating and building one or more check dams. He waits to see what Nature's response is. This determines the forest engineer's next move, which may be another dam or two, an increase in the former dam, or the construction of side retaining walls. After another pause for observation, the next move is made and so on until erosion is checkmated." (An Agricultural Testament)

Cyclists thus found their hobby not as pleasant as it could be, to say the least, and the League of American Wheelmen committed to doing something about it. A year after Fisher opened his store, the league launched a magazine, Good Roads, that became an influential mouthpiece for road improvement. Its articles were widely reprinted, which attracted members who didn’t even own bikes; at the group’s peak, Fisher and more than 102,000 others were on the rolls, and the Good Roads Movement was too big for politicians to ignore. Yes, the demand for roads was pedal-powered, and a national cause even before the first practical American car rolled out of a Chicopee, Massachusetts, shop in 1893. A few months ahead of the Duryea Motor Wagon’s debut, Congress authorized the secretary of agriculture to “make inquiry regarding public roads” and to investigate how they might be improved.

Then, after 10,000 years of fitful advance from primitive agriculture to medieval windmills and 16th-century astrolabes, the modern world suddenly experienced relentless technological progress from the advent of the steam engine in the 1760s all the way up to about 1970. As a result, we have inherited a richer society than any previous generation would have been able to imagine.

It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that mechanical invention until the thirteenth century A.D. owed a greater debt to warfare than to the arts of peace. This holds over long stretches of history. The Bronze Age chariot preceded the general use of wagons for transportation, burning oil was used to repel enemies besieging a city before it was employed for powering engines or heating buildings: so, too, inflated life preservers were used by Assyrian armies to cross rivers thousands of years before 'water-wings' were invented for civilian swimming. Metallurgical applications, too, developed more rapidly in the military than in the civilian arts: the scythe was attached to chariots for mowing down men before it was attached to agricultural mowing machines; while Archimedes' knowledge of mechanics and optics was applied to destroying the Roman fleet attacking Syracuse before it was put to any more constructive industrial use. From Greek fire to atom bombs, from ballistas to rockets, warfare was the chief source of those mechanical inventions that demanded a metallurgical and chemical background.

When we pray the Lord's Prayer, observed Luther, we ask God to give us this day our daily bread. And He does give us our daily bread. He does it by means of the farmer who planted and harvested the grain, the baker who made the flour into bread, the person who prepared our meal. We might today add the truck drivers who hauled the produce, the factory workers in the food processing plant, the warehouse men, the wholesale distributors, the stock boys, the lady at the checkout counter. Also playing their part are the bankers, futures investors, advertisers, lawyers, agricultural scientists, mechanical engineers, and every other player in the nation's economic system. All of these were instrumental in enabling you to eat your morning bagel.

With its array of gadgets and machines, all powered by energies that are destructive of land or air or water, and connected to work, market, school, recreation, etc., by gasoline engines, the modern home is a veritable factory of waste and destruction. It is the mainstay of the economy of money. But within the economies of energy and nature, it is a catastrophe.

As mentioned, this conceptual knowledge, generated through the Scientific Tradition, has come to be used in the creation of designs in practical fields, such as mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, medicine, clinical psychology, social work, and education. It is easiest to measure the impact of scientific research on the economy. A study looked at the impact of research on economic growth in 65 countries over the period 1980–2016.19 They found that the amount of research output in a country increased economic growth, primarily through structural changes favoring the industrial sector. They found that academic knowledge was applied in a broad set of industries and that social and physical sciences impact economic growth the most. The impact of the research output of clinical and health sciences, and arts and humanities was characterized by low levels of applications, although they also led to positive economic growth.

Let’s take the example of Raju, who owns two acres of land near Madurai. In theory, he grows rice in the winter when the northeast monsoon brings rain, and once again in late summer, when the Mullaiperiyar dam opens and brings water from Kerala. Raju has two children; his daughter, having finished her tenth-standard examinations, is working in a nearby textile mill. His son, his pride and joy, is studying in school. Raju hopes he will be a mechanic, or even an engineer. When asked why he doesn’t want his children to take up farming, he laughs. The rains did not come in the summer, so the water was not sufficient to plant the summer crop. The winter temperatures were hotter than usual, and one big downpour close to harvest time, a month later than usual, destroyed half his crop. Only those with no other choice should pursue farming, he says. Indeed, one of the most tragic effects of climate change is the triple whammy on agriculture: rising temperatures cause falling yields, water shortages make the yields worse in rain-fed areas, and when the rain does fall, it packs a real punch and damages crops.

1. As the Industrial Revolution proceeded, modern society created for itself a self-congratulatory myth, the myth of “progress”: From the time of our remote, ape-like ancestors, human history had been an unremitting march toward a better and brighter future, with everyone joyously welcoming each new technological advance: animal husbandry, agriculture, the wheel, the construction of cities, the invention of writing and of money, sailing ships, the compass, gunpowder, the printing press, the steam engine, and, at last, the crowning human achievement—modern industrial society! Prior to industrialization, nearly everyone was condemned to a miserable life of constant, backbreaking labor, malnutrition, disease, and an early death. Aren’t we so lucky that we live in modern times and have lots of leisure and an array of technological conveniences to make our lives easy? Today I think there are relatively few thoughtful, honest and well-informed people who still believe in this myth. To lose one’s faith in “progress” one has only to look around and see the devastation of our environment, the spread of nuclear weapons, the excessive frequency of depression, anxiety disorders and psychological stress, the spiritual emptiness of a society that nourishes itself principally with television and computer games…one could go on and on.

women must become enlightened or educated, because being enlightened encompasses all the fields of human science: Physiology, Geology, Geography, Chemistry, Physics, Astronomy, Engineering, Agriculture, Geometry, History, Music, and Painting...Education is a beautiful and necessary thing.

Engineering, which until then had been concerned either with the construction of buildings, bridges, and other structures, or for military purposes arms manufacturing and fortification building, was now expanding to include new applications: machines and engines for mining, metallurgy and agriculture, allowing quick and efficient production.

Engineering, which until then had been concerned either with the construction of buildings, bridges, and other structures, or for military purposes arms manufacturing and fortification building, was now expanding to include new applications: machines and engines for mining, metallurgy and agriculture, allowing quick and efficient production. Interestingly, until about 1840, the inventors of early technologies were actually craftsmen; only toward the latter part of the 19th century did science become involved in industry, in a partnership that still goes on today.

But when the agricultural villages of the Neolithic expanded into larger towns that grew to more than two thousand inhabitants, the capacity of the human brain to know and recognize all of the members of a single community was stretched beyond its natural limits. Nevertheless, the tribal cultures that had evolved during the Upper Paleolithic with the emergence of symbolic communication enabled people who might have been strangers to feel a collective sense of belonging and solidarity. It was the formation of tribes and ethnicities that enabled the strangers of the large Neolithic towns to trust each other and interact comfortably with each other, even if they were not all personally acquainted. The transformation of human society into urban civilizations, however, involved a great fusion of people and societies into groups so large that there was no possibility of having personal relationships with more than a tiny fraction of them. Yet the human capacity for tribal solidarity meant that there was literally no upper limit on the size that a human group could attain. And if we mark the year 3000 BC as the approximate time when all the elements of urban civilization came together to trigger this new transformation, it has taken only five thousand years for all of humanity to be swallowed up by the immense nation-states that have now taken possession of every square inch of the inhabited world. The new urban civilizations produced the study of mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, history, biology, and medicine. They greatly advanced and refined the technologies of metallurgy, masonry, architecture, carpentry, shipbuilding, and weaponry. They invented the art of writing and the practical science of engineering. They developed the modern forms of drama, poetry, music, painting, and sculpture. They built canals, roads, bridges, aqueducts, pyramids, tombs, temples, shrines, castles, and fortresses by the thousands all over the world. They built ocean-going ships that sailed the high seas and eventually circumnavigated the globe. From their cultures emerged the great universal religions of Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, and Hinduism. And they invented every form of state government and political system we know, from hereditary monarchies to representative democracies. The new urban civilizations turned out to be dynamic engines of innovation, and in the course of just a few thousand years, they freed humanity from the limitations it had inherited from the hunting and gathering cultures of the past.

10,000 years of fitful advance from primitive agriculture to medieval windmills and 16th-century astrolabes, the modern world suddenly experienced relentless technological progress from the advent of the steam engine in the 1760s all the way up to about 1970.

My bet is that had Bt corn been Monsanto’s initial product launch instead of Roundup Ready soy, things might have been very different for GMOs. Genetic engineering could have been associated in the public mind from the outset with the reduction of chemical pesticides and might therefore have faced less widespread opposition. Some environmental groups might even have cautiously supported GMOs as part of their long-running campaigns to reduce pesticides in agriculture. Bt crops might even have been adopted by organic farmers as a more efficient way to deliver a biopesticide that they had already been relying on for many years. Instead, mostly because of the ‘original sin’ of Roundup Ready, Monsanto found itself embroiled in a succession of controversies that have today made the company a byword for chemical-dependent ‘Big Ag’.

You’re an engineer. Can’t you build a ladder or something out of all these spoons?” I asked. “Agricultural. Agricultural engineer.

The USDA has been in cahoots with these guys since its inception in 1862, because it has always had the dual mandate of protecting American agricultural interests and advising the public about food choices. In plain speak, this is called “the fox guarding the henhouse.” Or as my father likes to say, “This would be like having Al Capone do your taxes.

The scale of the technological transformation required dwarfs any achievement that has emerged from Silicon Valley—in fact dwarfs every technological revolution ever engineered in human history, including electricity and telecommunications and even the invention of agriculture ten thousand years ago. It dwarfs them by definition, because it contains all of them—every single one needs to be replaced at the root, since every single one breathes on carbon, like a ventilator.

During the two decades leading up to 2010, China was governed by engineers. Chinese officialdom was packed with men who studied the science of building physical things, and they put that knowledge to work transforming China from a poor agricultural society into a country of bustling factories and enormous cities.

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V信83113305：The University of Southern Queensland (USQ) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in Queensland, Australia, renowned for its strong focus on flexible learning and research excellence. Established in 1967, USQ offers a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and research programs across disciplines such as engineering, business, education, and health. With campuses in Toowoomba, Springfield, and Ipswich, as well as a robust online education platform, USQ caters to both domestic and international students, providing accessible and high-quality education. The university is recognized for its supportive learning environment, industry connections, and commitment to student success. USQ’s research initiatives address global challenges, particularly in agriculture, sustainability, and regional development. Its inclusive culture and strong community engagement make it a standout choice for students seeking a transformative educational experience in Australia.，USQ学位定制, 办理澳洲大学毕业证书, 办理University of Southern Queensland学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, University of Southern QueenslanddiplomaUniversity of Southern Queensland南昆士兰大学挂科处理解决方案, USQ毕业证认证, 定制USQ毕业证, 购买南昆士兰大学毕业证, 1:1原版USQ南昆士兰大学毕业证+USQ成绩单

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V信83113305：The University of Adelaide, located in South Australia, is a prestigious institution renowned for its academic excellence and research contributions. Established in 1874, it is one of Australia’s oldest universities and a member of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading research-intensive universities. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as engineering, health sciences, humanities, and business. Its strong emphasis on innovation and global engagement attracts students from over 100 countries, fostering a diverse and vibrant campus community. The University of Adelaide is also celebrated for its cutting-edge research, particularly in fields like agriculture, wine science, and environmental sustainability. With state-of-the-art facilities and a commitment to student success, it continues to rank among the world’s top universities, preparing graduates to make meaningful impacts in their careers and communities.，办阿德莱德大学学历证书学位证书成绩单, 阿德莱德大学毕业证学历认证, Adelaide阿德莱德大学挂科了怎么办？, 阿德莱德大学文凭复刻, 修改Adelaide阿德莱德大学成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 定做阿德莱德大学毕业证-Adelaide毕业证书-毕业证, 仿制阿德莱德大学毕业证-Adelaide毕业证书-快速办理, 办理阿德莱德大学毕业证-Adelaide毕业证书-毕业证

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V信83113305：Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), located in Serdang, Selangor, is one of Malaysia's leading public research universities. Established in 1931 as an agricultural school, it gained university status in 1971 and was renamed Universiti Putra Malaysia in 1997. UPM is renowned for its strong emphasis on agriculture, forestry, and veterinary sciences, though it also excels in engineering, medicine, and social sciences. The university boasts a sprawling 1,200-hectare campus with modern facilities, lush greenery, and a vibrant student community. UPM is consistently ranked among the top universities in Malaysia and Asia, recognized for its research output and academic excellence. With a diverse international student body and collaborations with global institutions, UPM fosters innovation and sustainability, contributing significantly to Malaysia's educational and economic development.，UPM马来西亚博特拉大学 颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 马来西亚博特拉大学 学位证书快速办理, 出售UPM证书-哪里能购买UPM毕业证, 一比一原版UPM马来西亚博特拉大学 毕业证购买, UPMdiploma安全可靠购买UPM毕业证, UPM硕士毕业证, 原装正版马来西亚博特拉大学 毕业证真实水印成绩单制作, UPM毕业证成绩单专业服务, 购买马来西亚博特拉大学 文凭

V信83113305：The University of Adelaide, located in South Australia, is a prestigious institution renowned for its academic excellence and research innovation. Established in 1874, it is one of Australia’s oldest universities and a member of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading research-intensive universities. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as engineering, health sciences, humanities, and business. Its strong emphasis on research has led to groundbreaking discoveries, including advancements in agriculture, medicine, and environmental sustainability. With a vibrant campus life and a diverse student community, the University of Adelaide fosters global connections and provides students with opportunities for internships and industry collaborations. Its commitment to excellence and innovation makes it a top choice for students worldwide.，留学生买文凭Adelaide毕业证-阿德莱德大学, 澳洲Adelaide阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 澳洲The University of Adelaide阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 阿德莱德大学电子版毕业证与澳洲The University of Adelaide学位证书纸质版价格, 高质阿德莱德大学成绩单办理安全可靠的文凭服务, 购买阿德莱德大学毕业证, Offer(Adelaide成绩单)Adelaide阿德莱德大学如何办理?, 阿德莱德大学成绩单制作, 极速办Adelaide阿德莱德大学毕业证Adelaide文凭学历制作

V信83113305：The University of Western Australia (UWA), located in Perth, is one of Australia’s leading research-intensive universities and a member of the prestigious Group of Eight. Established in 1911, UWA is renowned for its stunning campus, blending historic architecture with modern facilities. It consistently ranks among the top 100 universities globally, excelling in fields like agriculture, marine science, and engineering. UWA offers a vibrant student experience, with over 200 student clubs and societies fostering community and leadership. Its strong industry connections provide students with practical opportunities, while its commitment to innovation drives groundbreaking research. The university’s coastal location also supports unique studies in marine and environmental sciences. With a diverse international community and a focus on sustainability, UWA prepares graduates to tackle global challenges while maintaining a strong connection to Western Australia’s natural and cultural heritage.，专业办理University of Western Australia西澳大学成绩单高质学位证书服务, 制作文凭西澳大学毕业证-UWA毕业证书-毕业证, 挂科办理UWA西澳大学毕业证本科学位证书, 澳洲UWA西澳大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 购买澳洲毕业证, 专业办理西澳大学成绩单高质学位证书服务, University of Western Australia毕业证成绩单专业服务学历认证, 西澳大学颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 如何办理西澳大学学历学位证

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V信83113305：Central Queensland University (CQU) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in Australia, renowned for its strong focus on industry engagement and student success. With campuses across Queensland and a growing presence online, CQU offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in fields such as business, engineering, health, and education. The university is particularly recognized for its research excellence, especially in areas like environmental science, agriculture, and regional development. CQU prides itself on providing flexible learning options, including online and blended courses, catering to both domestic and international students. Its commitment to inclusivity and support services ensures a welcoming environment for learners from diverse backgrounds. As a leader in vocational and higher education, CQU continues to empower students with practical skills and knowledge, preparing them for global career opportunities.，挂科办理Central Queensland University中央昆士兰大学毕业证本科学位证书, 中央昆士兰大学毕业证购买, CQU毕业证定制, 办理中央昆士兰大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, CQU文凭制作, 极速办中央昆士兰大学毕业证CQU文凭学历制作, 办理Central Queensland University中央昆士兰大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 澳洲Central Queensland University毕业证仪式感|购买中央昆士兰大学学位证

V信83113305：Murdoch University, located in Perth, Western Australia, is a renowned institution known for its innovative research and commitment to student success. Established in 1973, it offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as science, engineering, business, and humanities. The university prides itself on its strong industry connections, providing students with practical experience and career opportunities. With a vibrant multicultural campus, Murdoch fosters an inclusive environment that encourages global perspectives. Its cutting-edge facilities, including veterinary and agricultural research centers, highlight its focus on real-world impact. Ranked among the top young universities globally, Murdoch emphasizes sustainability and social responsibility, preparing graduates to tackle global challenges. Its flexible study options and supportive learning community make it a top choice for students worldwide.，一比一原版Murdoch University莫道克大学毕业证购买, 购买莫道克大学毕业证, 网上制作莫道克大学毕业证-Murdoch毕业证书-留信学历认证, 澳洲莫道克大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 办莫道克大学毕业证学位证书文凭认证-可查, 办理澳洲莫道克大学毕业证Murdoch University文凭版本, 办理Murdoch文凭

V信83113305：The University of Perugia, founded in 1308, is one of Italy's oldest and most prestigious universities. Located in the picturesque city of Perugia in Umbria, it boasts a rich history and a strong academic reputation. The university offers a wide range of programs across disciplines such as law, medicine, engineering, humanities, and agriculture, attracting students from around the world. Known for its vibrant student life, the university fosters a dynamic cultural environment with numerous events, clubs, and international exchanges. Its historic campus blends medieval architecture with modern facilities, providing an inspiring setting for learning and research. The University of Perugia is also recognized for its contributions to scientific advancements and its commitment to sustainability, making it a leading institution in Italy and beyond.，挂科办理UNIPG佩鲁贾大学学历学位证, 极速办Università degli Studi di PERUGIA佩鲁贾大学毕业证Università degli Studi di PERUGIA文凭学历制作, Università degli Studi di PERUGIA佩鲁贾大学颁发典礼学术荣誉颁奖感受博士生的光荣时刻, 购买佩鲁贾大学毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, 佩鲁贾大学电子版毕业证与意大利UNIPG学位证书纸质版价格, 申请学校!UNIPG成绩单佩鲁贾大学成绩单UNIPG改成绩, 如何办理佩鲁贾大学学历学位证

V信83113305：The University of Southern Queensland (USQ) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in Queensland, Australia, renowned for its commitment to excellence in teaching, research, and community engagement. Established in 1967, USQ offers a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and research programs across disciplines such as engineering, business, education, and the arts. With campuses in Toowoomba, Springfield, and Ipswich, as well as a strong online presence, USQ provides flexible learning options to students worldwide. The university is recognized for its supportive learning environment, cutting-edge facilities, and strong industry connections, ensuring graduates are well-prepared for the global workforce. USQ’s research focuses on addressing real-world challenges, particularly in agriculture, health, and sustainability. Its inclusive culture and dedication to student success make it a top choice for both domestic and international students seeking a high-quality education in Australia.，南昆士兰大学电子版毕业证与澳洲USQ学位证书纸质版价格, USQ学位定制, 澳洲毕业证认证, 留学生买文凭University of Southern Queensland毕业证-南昆士兰大学, 澳洲文凭办理, 办理USQ南昆士兰大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务, 一比一原版南昆士兰大学毕业证-USQ毕业证书-如何办理, 澳洲大学文凭定制专业服务认证, 南昆士兰大学学位定制

V信83113305：The University of Parma, located in the historic city of Parma in northern Italy, is a prestigious institution with roots dating back to the 11th century. Officially established in 1601, it is one of the oldest universities in the world. Known for its strong emphasis on research and innovation, the university offers a wide range of programs across disciplines such as medicine, engineering, humanities, and food science. Its close ties to local industries, particularly in the renowned Parmigiano-Reggiano and prosciutto sectors, make it a hub for agricultural and food technology studies. The campus blends modern facilities with historic architecture, creating a vibrant academic environment. With a commitment to international collaboration, the University of Parma attracts students and scholars from around the globe, fostering a dynamic and multicultural community.，办理Università degli Studi di PARMA帕尔马大学成绩单高质量保密的个性化服务【V信83113305】, 办理大学毕业证-帕尔马大学【V信83113305】, Università degli Studi di PARMA毕业证成绩单专业服务学历认证【V信83113305】, 帕尔马大学文凭-Università degli Studi di PARMA【V信83113305】, 办理意大利大学毕业证书【V信83113305】, 极速办帕尔马大学毕业证Università degli Studi di PARMA文凭学历制作【V信83113305】, 办理帕尔马大学毕业证成绩单办理【V信83113305】, 帕尔马大学毕业证制作代办流程【V信83113305】, 意大利UNIPR毕业证仪式感|购买UNIPR帕尔马大学学位证【V信83113305】

【V信83113305】：The University of Basilicata, located in the scenic region of Basilicata in southern Italy, is a prominent institution known for its academic excellence and research contributions. Established in 1982, the university offers a wide range of programs across disciplines such as engineering, humanities, sciences, and agriculture. Its campuses in Potenza and Matera provide students with a vibrant learning environment, blending modern facilities with the rich cultural heritage of the region. The university is particularly recognized for its focus on sustainability, environmental studies, and innovative technologies. With a strong emphasis on international collaboration, it attracts students and researchers from around the globe. The University of Basilicata continues to play a pivotal role in fostering education, research, and regional development in Italy.，办巴西利卡塔大学毕业证UNIBAS-university, 购买巴西利卡塔大学成绩单, UNIBAS毕业证认证, 1:1原版Università degli Studi della BASILICATA巴西利卡塔大学毕业证+Università degli Studi della BASILICATA成绩单, UNIBAS毕业证成绩单专业服务, Università degli Studi della BASILICATA巴西利卡塔大学毕业证制作代办流程, 挂科办理Università degli Studi della BASILICATA巴西利卡塔大学毕业证文凭

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V信83113305：Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), located in Serdang, Selangor, is one of Malaysia’s leading public research universities. Established in 1931 as an agricultural school, it gained university status in 1971 and was renamed in 1997 to honor Malaysia’s first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. UPM is renowned for its strengths in agriculture, forestry, veterinary medicine, and environmental sciences, though it also excels in engineering, business, and social sciences. The university boasts a sprawling 1,200-hectare campus with modern facilities, including research centers, libraries, and sports complexes. UPM is ranked among the top universities globally, recognized for its research output and academic excellence. It fosters a multicultural environment with students and staff from over 60 countries, promoting innovation and sustainability. With strong industry ties and a commitment to community engagement, UPM continues to play a pivotal role in Malaysia’s educational and economic development.，哪里买马来西亚博特拉大学 毕业证|UPM成绩单, 马来西亚博特拉大学 文凭-Universiti Putra Malaysia, 办理 马来西亚 毕业证, UPM学位证书办理打开职业机遇之门, 想要真实感受马来西亚博特拉大学 版毕业证图片的品质点击查看详解, 想要真实感受Universiti Putra Malaysia马来西亚博特拉大学 版毕业证图片的品质点击查看详解, 马来西亚 留学本科毕业证, 购买马来西亚博特拉大学 毕业证

V信83113305：Massey University, one of New Zealand's leading educational institutions, is renowned for its strong research focus and innovative teaching methods. Established in 1927, it has campuses in Auckland, Palmerston North, and Wellington, offering a diverse range of programs across disciplines like business, health, engineering, and creative arts. Massey is particularly recognized for its excellence in agriculture, veterinary science, and aviation, reflecting New Zealand's key industries. The university embraces a multicultural environment, attracting students from over 100 countries, fostering global perspectives. Its distance learning programs are also highly regarded, providing flexibility for students worldwide. With state-of-the-art facilities and a commitment to sustainability, Massey University continues to be a hub for academic excellence and real-world impact, preparing graduates to thrive in an ever-changing world.，毕业证文凭-梅西大学 毕业证, 梅西大学 留学成绩单毕业证, 梅西大学 电子版毕业证与 新西兰 Massey University学位证书纸质版价格, 定制Massey毕业证, 定做梅西大学 毕业证-Massey毕业证书-毕业证, 新西兰 文凭办理, 新西兰 毕业证办理, 修改梅西大学 成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色, 办理Massey University大学毕业证-梅西大学

V信83113305：The University of Western Australia (UWA), located in Perth, is one of Australia’s most prestigious universities and a member of the Group of Eight. Established in 1911, UWA is renowned for its world-class research, academic excellence, and stunning campus, which blends historic architecture with modern facilities. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines like engineering, medicine, business, and the arts. UWA consistently ranks highly in global university rankings, particularly in fields such as agriculture, marine science, and psychology. Its strong industry connections provide students with valuable internship and employment opportunities. Beyond academics, UWA fosters a vibrant student life with numerous clubs, societies, and cultural events. The university’s commitment to innovation and sustainability further solidifies its reputation as a leading institution in the Asia-Pacific region.，办理西澳大学毕业证-UWA毕业证书-毕业证, 办理UWA毕业证, 原版定制西澳大学毕业证-UWA毕业证书-一比一制作, UWA留学本科毕业证, 西澳大学本科毕业证, 购买西澳大学毕业证办理留学文凭学历认证, UWA文凭制作, 出售证书-哪里能购买毕业证, 办澳洲西澳大学文凭学历证书

V信83113305：Murdoch University, located in Perth, Western Australia, is a renowned institution known for its innovative research and commitment to student success. Established in 1973, it offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as science, engineering, business, health, and humanities. The university prides itself on its strong industry connections, providing students with practical experience and career opportunities. With a focus on sustainability and social justice, Murdoch is a leader in environmental and agricultural research. Its vibrant campus fosters a multicultural community, welcoming students from over 100 countries. The university’s flexible learning options, including online courses, cater to diverse needs. Murdoch’s dedication to excellence and inclusivity makes it a standout choice for higher education in Australia.，哪里买Murdoch University莫道克大学毕业证|Murdoch University成绩单, 购买莫道克大学成绩单, 正版莫道克大学学历证书学位证书成绩单, 高质Murdoch莫道克大学成绩单办理安全可靠的文凭服务, 办理真实毕业证成绩单留信网认证, 购买莫道克大学毕业证, 莫道克大学成绩单购买, Offer(Murdoch成绩单)莫道克大学如何办理?

V信83113305：The University of Southern Queensland (UniSQ) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in Queensland, Australia, renowned for its commitment to excellence in teaching, research, and community engagement. With campuses in Toowoomba, Springfield, and Ipswich, UniSQ offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as business, engineering, health, arts, and sciences. The university is particularly recognized for its strong focus on flexible learning, including online and blended education, making it accessible to students worldwide. UniSQ prides itself on its research contributions, particularly in agriculture, environmental sciences, and regional development, addressing global challenges while supporting local communities. Its state-of-the-art facilities and industry partnerships ensure students gain practical experience and employability skills. With a vibrant multicultural environment and a strong emphasis on student support, UniSQ fosters a welcoming and inclusive atmosphere, empowering graduates to succeed in their careers and make meaningful societal impacts.，澳洲毕业证学历认证, 办南昆士兰大学毕业证USQ-university, 挂科办理University of Southern Queensland南昆士兰大学学历学位证, Offer(USQ成绩单)USQ南昆士兰大学如何办理?, 办南昆士兰大学成绩单, 极速办南昆士兰大学毕业证USQ文凭学历制作, 办南昆士兰大学毕业证USQ Diploma

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V信83113305：The University of Queensland (UQ), located in Brisbane, Australia, is one of the country's leading research and teaching institutions. Established in 1909, UQ is renowned for its academic excellence, innovative research, and vibrant campus life. It consistently ranks among the top universities globally, with strengths in fields such as agriculture, environmental science, engineering, and biomedical sciences. UQ's stunning campuses, including the iconic St Lucia site along the Brisbane River, provide a dynamic environment for over 55,000 students, including a diverse international community. The university fosters a culture of collaboration and entrepreneurship, supported by world-class facilities like the Queensland Brain Institute and the Sustainable Minerals Institute. UQ’s commitment to sustainability and social impact is reflected in its cutting-edge research and community engagement initiatives, making it a hub for global talent and innovation. With strong industry partnerships and a reputation for producing influential graduates, UQ continues to shape the future through education and discovery.，The University of Queensland昆士兰大学学位证书快速办理, 正版-澳洲毕业证文凭学历证书, 如何获取昆士兰大学-The University of Queensland-毕业证本科学位证书, 挂科办理The University of Queensland昆士兰大学学历学位证, UQ文凭制作服务您学历的展现, 办理澳洲The University of Queensland本科学历, 如何办理UQ昆士兰大学学历学位证, 办昆士兰大学毕业证成绩单, UQdiplomaUQ昆士兰大学挂科处理解决方案

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V信83113305：Central Queensland University (CQU) is a dynamic and innovative Australian institution known for its strong focus on industry engagement and student success. With campuses across Queensland, including Rockhampton, Brisbane, and Melbourne, CQU offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in fields like business, engineering, health, and education. The university is renowned for its flexible learning options, including online and blended courses, catering to both domestic and international students. CQU emphasizes practical, hands-on learning, ensuring graduates are job-ready. Its research strengths lie in areas such as environmental science, agriculture, and regional development, contributing significantly to regional and global challenges. With a supportive learning environment and strong ties to industry, CQU is a top choice for students seeking quality education and career opportunities.，办理澳洲中央昆士兰大学毕业证Central Queensland University文凭版本, Central Queensland University中央昆士兰大学毕业证制作代办流程, 办理CQU文凭, 澳洲中央昆士兰大学毕业证成绩单在线制作办理, 办理澳洲大学毕业证书, 高质Central Queensland University中央昆士兰大学成绩单办理安全可靠的文凭服务, 中央昆士兰大学毕业证学历认证, 想要真实感受Central Queensland University中央昆士兰大学版毕业证图片的品质点击查看详解, CQU中央昆士兰大学挂科了怎么办？

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V信83113305：Western Sydney University (WSU) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in one of Australia's fastest-growing regions. Established in 1989, WSU has rapidly grown into a globally recognized university, renowned for its research excellence, industry connections, and commitment to social justice. With multiple campuses across Greater Western Sydney, the university serves a diverse student population, offering a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in fields such as health, engineering, business, and humanities. WSU is particularly celebrated for its strong focus on community engagement and real-world impact. It ranks among the world's top universities for research in areas like agriculture, environmental science, and social inclusion. The university's state-of-the-art facilities, including the cutting-edge NICM Health Research Institute, underscore its dedication to innovation. Additionally, WSU fosters a vibrant multicultural environment, supporting students from over 170 countries. Its emphasis on employability ensures graduates are well-prepared for global careers, making it a top choice for students seeking a transformative educational experience.，如何办理西悉尼大学学历学位证, 西悉尼大学文凭-UWS, 高仿原版西悉尼大学毕业证-UWS毕业证书-外壳-offer制作, 专业办理University of Western Sydney西悉尼大学成绩单高质学位证书服务, 办理University of Western Sydney学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, 澳洲学位证毕业证, 西悉尼大学-大学毕业证成绩单, UWS学位定制

V信83113305：The University of Southern Queensland (USQ) is a dynamic and innovative institution located in Queensland, Australia, renowned for its strong focus on flexible learning and research excellence. Established in 1967, USQ offers a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and research programs across disciplines such as engineering, business, education, and the arts. With campuses in Toowoomba, Springfield, and Ipswich, as well as a robust online education platform, USQ caters to both domestic and international students, providing accessible and high-quality education. The university is celebrated for its supportive learning environment, industry connections, and commitment to student success. USQ’s research initiatives address global challenges, particularly in agriculture, health, and sustainability, making it a key contributor to regional and international development. Its inclusive and forward-thinking approach ensures graduates are well-prepared for the evolving workforce.，办理澳洲南昆士兰大学毕业证USQ文凭版本, 南昆士兰大学-USQ大学毕业证成绩单, 办南昆士兰大学文凭学位证书成绩单GPA修改, Offer(USQ成绩单)USQ南昆士兰大学如何办理?, 南昆士兰大学成绩单复刻, 办南昆士兰大学毕业证成绩单, USQ南昆士兰大学原版购买, 南昆士兰大学文凭-University of Southern Queensland, 办理南昆士兰大学毕业证

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V信83113305：The University of Adelaide, located in South Australia, is a prestigious institution renowned for its academic excellence and research contributions. Established in 1874, it is one of Australia’s oldest universities and a member of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading research-intensive universities. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across disciplines such as engineering, health sciences, humanities, and business. Its strong emphasis on innovation and global engagement attracts students from over 100 countries. Adelaide is known for its cutting-edge research, particularly in fields like agriculture, wine science, and artificial intelligence. The university collaborates with industry leaders and governments to address global challenges. Its vibrant campus life, state-of-the-art facilities, and supportive learning environment foster student success. With a commitment to sustainability and social impact, the University of Adelaide continues to shape future leaders and drive meaningful change worldwide.，极速办Adelaide阿德莱德大学毕业证Adelaide文凭学历制作, 高仿原版阿德莱德大学毕业证-Adelaide毕业证书-外壳-offer制作, 挂科办理Adelaide阿德莱德大学毕业证文凭, 办理澳洲阿德莱德大学毕业证Adelaide文凭版本, 澳洲毕业证学历认证, The University of Adelaide阿德莱德大学-多少钱, 办理The University of Adelaide学历与学位证书投资未来的途径, 阿德莱德大学毕业证制作, 澳洲学位证毕业证

V信83113305：The University of Western Australia (UWA), located in Perth, is one of Australia’s leading research-intensive universities and a member of the prestigious Group of Eight. Established in 1911, UWA is renowned for its stunning campus, blending historic architecture with modern facilities. It consistently ranks among the top 100 universities globally, excelling in fields like agriculture, marine science, and mining engineering, leveraging Western Australia’s unique natural resources. UWA offers a vibrant student life with over 150 clubs and societies, fostering a strong sense of community. Its proximity to the Swan River and Indian Ocean provides unparalleled opportunities for outdoor activities. The university emphasizes innovation and industry collaboration, producing graduates who excel globally. With a commitment to sustainability and Indigenous engagement, UWA continues to shape future leaders while preserving its rich academic heritage.，购买澳洲毕业证, 办理真实毕业证成绩单留信网认证, 原版定制西澳大学毕业证-UWA毕业证书-一比一制作, 挂科办理UWA西澳大学毕业证本科学位证书, UWA西澳大学原版购买, UWA文凭购买, 修改西澳大学成绩单电子版gpa让学历更出色

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